@prefix cc: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix foaf: . @prefix geo: . @prefix jld: . @prefix jlo: . @prefix owl: . @prefix prov: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix skos: . @prefix void: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . jlo:hasAbstract "ABAKAN (in 1925–31 - Khakassk), a city, the capital of the Republic of Khakassia (Russian Federation). Main in 1675 as the Abakan prison. In 1782-96 - p. Ust-Abakan province of Tobolsk, in 1796-1822 - Tobolsk, from 1822 - Yenisei province. In 1930–91, it was the capital of the Khakass Autonomous Okrug, part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. 149 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939, 188 Jews in 1970, and 146 Jews in 1979."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABAKAN OSTROG, see Abakan."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABASHA, city (since 1964), regional center (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Senaki u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1939 there were 22 Jews living in Armenia, in 1959 - 7, in 1970 - 1, in 1979 - 8 Jews. M.A. Mostkov."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABASOV, does not exist now. In the 19th century. - the village of the Kyurinsky env. Dagestan region Jewish community A. main. immigrants from Derbent in the middle. 17th century The Jews were engaged in agriculture, gardening, viticulture, and fishing. A. was the spiritual center of the nearby Jewish communities. In 1797 (according to another version - in 1799) Armenia was destroyed, 157 Jews were exterminated, approx. 150 were taken prisoner, the rest moved to Derbent. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in Armenia; the oldest grave dates back to 1687. (At the beginning of the 19th century, the Jews of Derbent buried their dead in this cemetery.) The author of the piuts Elisha ben Shmuel and comp. Commentary on \"Yad Ha-Hazak\" by Maimonides Gershon Lala ben Moshe Nagdi."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABASTUMANI, an urban-type settlement (since 1926) in the Adigensky district (Georgia). At 17 - early. 19th century - as part of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire. In 1828-40 - in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, since 1846 - in Akhaltsykh u. Kutaisi, from 1867 - Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1868 25 families (smoke) lived in Armenia, in 1913 there were 26 Jews, in 1926 - 8, in 1939 - 23, in 1970 - 12, in 1979 - 6 Jews (all Ashkenazi ). 17th century Jews who fled from Kakheti settled in A. Main occupations - small trade in the surrounding villages and weaving. With the beginning of the Russian tour. During the war of 1828–29, the Jews of Armenia moved to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe). After taking the last one grew. troops returned to Armenia. In the 1840s. because of the post. attacks by the Adjarians, 27 Jewish families again moved to Akhaltsyh. The resettlement of Jews from Armenia to other cities and villages of Georgia continued later. M.A.Kapelyushnikov.D.M.Khananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABATSKY, an urban-type settlement (since 1964), a regional center in the Tyumen region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Abatskoe Ishimsky u. Tobolsk Gubernia. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABATISH, see Abatsky."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABAZOVKA, now part of the village. Korytnoye in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Baltsky district Podolsk, from 1920 - Odessa province. in 1849 by immigrants from Podolsk and Kiev provinces. Initially, 90 families lived in Armenia, and 20 dessiatines were allocated to them. free state lands. Not having experience of working on the land and not receiving benefits from the treasury for the acquisition of agricultural. inventory and draft animals, the colonists did not cultivate their plots, but gave them for grazing. In 1859 - 70, the number of families in the colony decreased from 125 to 40, the inhabitants were poor, engaged in small trade, and harness. In 1872 the lustration commission took away arable land and hayfields from the colonists, leaving only 94 dess. for farmsteads and pastures for cattle (later 80 dess. pastures were plowed up for sowing grain and industrial crops). In 1893, the colony had 43 courtyards and 333 inhabitants; in 1898-99 - 280 inhabitants, in 1905 - 47 households and 324 inhabitants, there was a synagogue. As a result, Civil. war, pogroms, famine, and epidemics by 1922, Armenia ceased to exist."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABCHUK Avrom (1897, Lutsk - 1937), prose writer, literary critic. In 1921 he settled in Kiev, worked as a Hebrew teacher. lang. in schools, then became a scientist. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. span. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. From 1926 he was published in Heb. g. \"Prolit\", \"Di dig Velt\", \"Stern\", \"Farmest\" and other ed. Mean. event in the present. Heb. the literature was his rum. \"Gershl Shamai\" - about Heb. workers and their new way of life. He also printed scientific research. works on the history of Heb. classic and modern lit-ry. Author of the book: \"Mendele Moicher-Sforim: Zayn lebn un zane verk\" (\"Mendele Moicher-Sforim: His life and his works\"), 1927; \"Gershl Shamai un andere derceilungen\" (\"Gershl Shamai and other stories\"), Kiev, 1929, \"Wegn unzer prose\" (\"About our prose\"), Kharkov-Kiev, 1932; \"Etuden un materiali zu der geshichte fun der geeshichte fun der Yidischer literary-bavegung in FSSR\" (\"Studies and materials for the history of the Jewish literary movement in the USSR\"), Kharkov, 1934; \"Baryshevs Brigade\" (\"Baryshev's Brigade\"), Kiev, 1934, etc. Repressed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABDULINO, city (since 1923), a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1795. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orenburg u. 33 Jews (0.2%) lived in Armenia in 1926, and 35 Jews in 1939."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABELEV Garry Izrailevich (b. 1928, Moscow), biochemist, immunologist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987), acad. Grew up. Academy of Natural Sciences. Science (1992). At the end of biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950) worked at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamalei of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1977 as part of the department. Virology and immunology of cancer transferred to Oncologic. scientific. Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (head of laboratory of immunochemistry). Since 1964 - prof. Department of Virology Biol. Faculty of Moscow State University, where he teaches a course in immunochemistry. tr. on immunochemistry, tumor immunology, immunobiology, cell biochemistry. He discovered the production of an embryospecific protein - alpha-fetoprotein by malignant cells of the liver, testis and ovaries, which formed the basis for immunodiagnostics of certain forms of cancer. He proposed extremely sensitive methods for the determination of antigens, as well as a method for immunodiagnostics of certain forms of leukemia. h. Amer. associations of immunologists and Europe. Society of Oncologists, Chl. New York Academy of Sciences. State pr. USSR (1978), Gold Medal of the Institute of Cancer (1975, USA), Medal Between Nar. about-va of cancer-embryonic biology and medicine (1976), Abbotovskaya pr. (1991). Works: Virology and immunology of cancer. M., 1962 (with L.A. Zilber)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABELEV Nosan Shneurovich (Naum Aleksandrovich) (b. 1901), process engineer, organizer of production. He graduated from Leningrad in 1927. technol. in-t. In 1925–41, working for Leningrad. metallic s-de, was engaged in the development and creation of large-caliber naval and coastal turret artillery. In 1942–44, Ch. engineer, then der. artillery plant. In 1944-57, the director. Taganrog Combine Plant. From 1957 to the beginning. Department of agricultural machines of the North Caucasus Economic Council. Linen. etc. (1964)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABELEV Yuri Matveyevich (real name and surname - Lev Mordukhovich Yuda) (1897, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1971, Moscow), civil engineer. Graduated from the Gomel city (1919) and the Moscow Higher Technical School (1929). From 1931 he worked at Vses. Institute of Foundations and Structures (since 1956 - Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures). One of the founders of a new direction in foundation engineering - construction on subsiding loess soils. The method and principles of construction on loess soils developed by A. in 1934–37 (with N.M. Gersevanov) were the basis of construction in the USSR and in pl. countries of the world. With the participation and consultations of A. on subsidence soils, many were erected. production - Bobrikovsky chemical plant, Zaporizhstal plants, Nikopol South-pipe plant, Volzhsky automobile plant in Togliatti, etc. Introduced creatures. contribution to the development of methods for the study of soils and construction on soft soils. Became. pr. (1948). Cit .: Practice of construction on loesslike soils according to the experience of Kuznetskstroy, M.-L., 1934; Course of foundations and foundations, M.-L., 1934 (jointly with Sh.Ts. Voin); Erection of buildings and structures on fill soils, M., 1962 (with V.I.Krutov); Building in the USSR: 1917-1967, M., 1967 (co-author); Fundamentals of design and construction on subsidence macroporous soils. 3rd ed., M., 1979 (with M.Yu. Abelev)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABELI, see Obey."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABEL Shloyme (1857 - 1886), rabbi and publicist. He taught at the yeshiva in Telšiai. Author of Art., Publ. in Heb. periodic. press directed against the socialist. and anarchist ideas. In the book. A. \"Beis Shlomo\" (Vilna, 1893) examines the issues of human relationships."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABELMAN Ilya Solomonovich (1866, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1898, Vilna), astronomer. Graduated from physics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1891). Hands. the best private observatory of the Schwabe company. Then at the Pulkovo observatory. Among his scientific. works - \"Collection of Algebraic Problems\" (Riga, 1887) and \"On Falling Stars\"; the latter was adopted by Moscow. un-tom as a manual for young astronomers. The work \"On the motion of meteor showers\" was published in 1898 Imp. Russian astronomical. about-vom of St. Petersburg. A. is the author of pl. Art. on astronomy in rus. and it. lang."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABELSON Avrom-Yoel (1841, Marijampole, Suvalki province - 1903, Odessa), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. He was a rabbi in several cities of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1883-1903 he was a rabbi in Odessa. From 1893 he produced the rabbinical train. \"Kneses hahamey Israel\". He headed the Zionist organizations in Odessa. Published in Heb. periodic. ed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABEZGAUZ Evgeny Zalmanovich (b. 1939, Leningrad), painter. Studied in Leningrad at Electrotechnical. in-those communications them. MABonch-Bruevich (1957–62) and at the Higher. art-prom. uch-shche them. VI Mukhina (former Baron Stieglitz) (1968–72). In 1974, org. Leningrad. gr. Heb. thin Alef participated in her exhibitions in Moscow, Leningrad and abroad. Since 1977 - in Israel. Had staff. exhibitions in pl. countries of the world. A.'s works are kept in museums and private collections. Russia (including the State Russian Museum), Israel, USA, Canada, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABIATAR (IV century, Georgia), legends. spiritual hand. Jews of Georgia. In the chronicle \"Kartlis Tskhovreba\" (\"Life of Georgia\") A. and his daughter Sidonia are named the first known. writers of Ancient Georgia. It is known that A., considering Christ as one of the teaches. Judaism, began to promote its spread in Georgia, which led to the split of Heb. communities. A. was subjected to persecution, an attempt was made to stone A. and his daughter, from which they were saved only by the intervention of the king."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABINSK, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Vozn. like the Abinsk fortification. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Abinskaya Temryuk dep. Kuban Region In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABINSKAYA, see Abinsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABIN FORTIFICATION, see Abinsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABKIN Abram Davydovich (1903, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1983, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences, prof. from 1959. In 1928 graduated from Kazan University. From 1928 he worked in N. - and. physical and chemical in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova in Moscow, head. laboratory basic scientific. tr. are devoted to the study of the mechanism of polymerization. processes. Developed quantities, the theory of copolymerization (1951), research. ionic radiation polymerization and the influence of nature, environment on the polymerization of water-soluble monomers. Created (1966–70) an original method for producing polyacrylamide. Carried out solid-phase polymerization of a number of monomers at a temperature of approx. 4 ° C. In 1980 he discovered a photosensitizer. polymerization taking place at a temperature of approx. 4 ° K with a high rate and almost complete monomer conversion. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1974). Linen. pr. (1980). Works: Radiation chemistry of polymers, Moscow, 1973 (with co-authors)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABO, see Turku."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAGAM Anatol (Anatoly Izrailevich) (b. 1914, Moscow), physicist. Lives in France since 1925. Graduated from the Sorbonne (1937). Since 1947 - at the Atomic Energy Commissariat. Since 1960 - prof. College de France. Member Parisian Academy of Sciences (1973), Brit. Royal Society and other scientific. org-tions. Main tr. in the field of magnetism and solid state physics, in particular, nuclear magnetism, hyperfine structure of a solid, the theory of spin temperature, polarization of nuclei, gamma-resonance spectroscopy of a solid. Works: Yaderny Magnetism, Moscow, 1963; Electronic paramagnetic resonance of transition ions (et al.), M., 1973 (translated from French); Nuclear Magnetism: Order and Disorder (et al.), Vol. 1, 2, M., 1984; Backward Time, or Physicist, Physicist, Where Have You Been, M., 1991."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAGAMSON Bernard Yakovlevich (1798, Lemberg - 1874, Odessa), doctor and society, activist. R. in the family of the master of surgery and obstetrics of the local un-that. Studied for honey. f-takh of Krakow and Berlin un-tov. Since 1824, Doctor of Medicine Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. From 1835 - to the state. service. In 1838-43 - military. doctor. In 1843 - 47 chap. doctor of the Kiev province. at the Cherkasy district administration. In 1847, he retired with the rank of court councilor. He was engaged in private practice in Odessa, was a che. scientist to-that Min-va state. property. The participant will enlighten the activities of the Maskilim. In the field of reform, Heb. education sotr. with M. Lilienthal and O. Rabinovich, becoming related with the latter (A.'s son is the husband of his daughter). Raised to the hereditary nobility of the Vladimir province. Author of the op .: \"Odessa estuaries, their medicinal properties and use in various diseases\" (Odessa, 1850)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAKHAMOV Naftali (b. 1905, Bukhara), an entrepreneur in the region. tourism. From 1913 in E.-I. Graduated from Ped. seminary in Jerusalem. In 1928–37 he served in banks and in the Palestinian Authority, and later headed the Heb. schools in Iran and Afghanistan. The Creator will order. dir. tourist firms \"Abrahamov Brothers\" and \"Abratur\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAHAMS Israel (1903, Vilna - 1973, Cape Town, South Africa), rabbi, writer. Studied at the University of London, received a master's degree in the humanities. From 1928 to 1932 he was rabbi of the Shepherds Bush synagogue in London, and from 1933 to 1937 - the Great Synagogue in Manchester. Since 1937 - in South Africa, Ch. Rabbi of Cape Town. Since 1938 - prof. Hebrew (Cape Town University). Head of the Rabbinical Court (Beth Din) and dec. educational and societies, institutions. The author of the books: \"Remember the past days\" (1942), \"War and Peace\" (1943), \"Tragedy and Hope\" (1944), \"Foundations of Judaism\" (1945), \"Essays on the History of the Jews Vost. provinces (Cape) from 1870 to 1902 \",\" The birth of a community \"(1955)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOV (real name Pasternak) Abram Matveyevich (| - |), opera singer (bass). He worked as a machinist at the Kursk-Kharkov-Azov railway. D., studied in Moscow. He made his opera debut in Kiev. In 1876–82 he was a soloist of the Bolshoi Theater (he made his debut in the part of Susanin in A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka). From 1882 he was a soloist of the Mariinsky Theater (he made his debut in the part of Ramses in Aida by G. Verdi). He toured the USA and Italy (1884), Mexico and Cuba (1886-87), Great Britain (1890). Among the parties: Demon (\"The Demon\" by A.G. Rubinstein), Eliakim and Holofernes (\"Judith\" by A.N.Serov), Cardinal (\"The Jew\" by F. Galevi)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOV Lev Solomonovich (b. 1919, Dmitrov Moscow province), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1993). Graduated from geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1941. In 1942 52 served in the army. In 1952–60 scientific. ed. g. \"Nature\". Since 1960 he has been working at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Deputy ch. ed. g. \"Izvestia RAN: Series of Geography\". Tr. on the history of geogr. science in Russia, by physical. geography."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOV Shetiel Semenovich (b. 1918, Derbent), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Studied at Grozny Oil. in-those. Since 1941 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Grozny military infantry. uch-shche. From May 1942 - at the front. Deputy com. battalion, captain A. rank Hero of the Sov. The Union was awarded for the liberation of Poznan. In 1949 he graduated from Grozny Oil. in-t. Cand. geological and mineralogical. sciences. Head Department of General Geology of Grozny Oil. in-that, dean of the geological-prospecting faculty."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOV Solomon Abramovich (1884, Lipy, Mogilev Province - 1957, Moscow), publisher, editor, art critic and poet. Studied at Kazan University. In 1917 in Moscow he created a private publishing house \"Tvorchestvo\", a cut published by many. poetic collections (first publications) izv. later poets, literary-artistic. and children's almanacs \"Creativity\", art-publ. g. “Moscow” (No. 1-7, 1918-22), “Rus. art ”(No. 1–3, 1923–24), as well as ser. monographs about the masters of the \"World of Art\", \"Union of Rus. thin. \" and others. In the 1920s - early. 1930s was, along with I.E. Grabar, K.F. Yuon and S.L. Vinogradov, co-founder of the cooperative Moscow. thin publishing house that produced thin. and a suit-vedic literature. Under contracts with Izogiz, he produced high-quality. albums of reproductions (\"Museum of New Western Art\", \"Koro in the Museums of the USSR\", etc.), postcards. In recent years, he was engaged in the assembly of traveling exhibitions of reproductions."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOV Zalman (b. 1908), polit. activist. From 1920 in E.-I. Graduate of the Herzliya state institution. Member central bodies of the General Zionists. Dep. Knesset 4-8 convocations: first from the General Zionists, and then from the Liberal Party. For many years he was before. Israel-USA Friendship Society. Author pl. articles on current topics in Israeli and foreign affairs. press."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH (real family member Rein) Raphael Abramovich (1880, Dinaburg - 1963, New York), politician, activist. Studied at the Riga Polytechnic. in-those; in 1901 he was expelled for participation in illegal activities. student circles. Completed his education in Liege (Belgium). From 1901 - member. Bund, was arrested, after his release he went abroad, worked in gr. assistance to the Bund. In 1903 he took part in the 5th Congress of the Bund, then returned illegally to Russia; worked in Bund organizations in Vilna and Warsaw. In 1904 he was co-opted into the Central Committee of the Bund. In the end. 1905 - member. Petersburg. Council of the slave. dep. In 1906 - cases. (with a deliberative voice) from the Bund at the 4th Congress of the RSDLP; elected member Central Committee. In 1907 - cases. 5th Congress of the RSDLP, where he joined the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction, one of the leaders of the \"liquidationist\" trend. in the Central Committee of the Bund. In 1910 he was exiled to the Vologda province, from where he fled abroad. In 1912-14, while living in Vienna, he was a member. editions of the legal organs of the Bund. In the years of the 1st world. war stood on \"centrist\" (social-pacifist) positions. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, re-entered the Central Committee of the Bund, and within the RSDLP joined gr. Menshevik internationalists. Dep. Petrogr. Council. Was a member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, and then the Bureau of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In aug. participated in the work of the State. meetings. On Sept. participated in the work of Demokr. meetings in Oct. - member Time. Council Ros. rep. (Pre-parliament). In the end. oct. - cases. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, called on cases. leave the congress in protest against the arms. performances of the Bolsheviks. 07/23/1918 arrested, released at the end. jan. 1919 at the request of the Western European s.-d. In the years of civil. war supported the tactics of \"peace with the Bolsheviks.\" After the decision of the 12th Conf. Bund (April 1920) on the withdrawal from the RSDLP and on the recognition of the program of the RCP (b) one of the created. S.-d. Bund, who stood for the Menshevik. positions. In oct. 1920 went abroad, headed Zagran. delegation of the Central Committee of St. Bund, became part of Zagran. delegation of the RSDLP; in 1921 he participated in the creation of the railway. \"Socialist. messenger \", to-rogo entered the editorial office until his death. In May 1923 after the creation. Socialist. Workers' International - member. Bureau of his Executive Committee. From 1940 he lived in the United States, the author of the memoirs \"Sov. revolution: 1917-1939. \" (1962, in English)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Abram Grigorievich (1910, Katerinka, Kherson province - 1937, Brunete, Spain), Hero of Owls. Union (1937). Since 1932 - in Kr. Army. Com. tank. platoon. leit., participant citizen wars in Spain. Killed in battle."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Alexander Vladimirovich (1900, Odessa - 1988, Chisinau), musicologist. Grandson of the Jewish writer Mendel Moicher-Sforim. Graduated from the Odessa Music Theater. in-t them. L. Beethoven in 1924, in 1926 - jurid. Faculty of Odessa Institute of Nar. x-va. In 1924-30, a teacher of music. literature and head. uch. part of the muses. courses. In 1929–41 he taught the history of music at the Odessa muses. technical school, at the same time. from 1930 he read the history of music in the Odessa State. cons. in 1933–41 deputy. dir. by scientific. and uch. work. In 1941–49 he taught at the Irkutsk muses. uch-shche and in the same place was ed. muses. broadcasting obl. radio-ta. In 1949–70 he headed the Department of Music History of the Chisinau State. cons. Articles published in Moscow. collection of books in 1955-73, devoted to the history of muses. culture of the Sov. Moldavia and other problems of mold. music. Member Union comp. Moldova since 1957. Awarded with medals and honors. diplomas. Daughter - Elena Aleksandrovna A. - musicologist and teacher of the history of music."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Boris Alexandrovich (b. 1910, Kharkov), pianist-ensemble player. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1930), where in 1931–32 he was an assistant in the opera class and the department of chamber singing; worked with K.N.Dorliak, Z.P.Lodiy, A.L.Dolivo and others. Since 1933, accompanist Mosk. Philharmonic. In 1934–40 he was an accompanist in the class of A.V. Nezhdanova at the Bolshoi Opera Studio, and was also Nezhdanova's accompanist. In 1941–43 he worked in the Leningrad city evacuated to Molotov (now Perm). Opera and Ballet Theater as an assistant to A.M. Pazovsky - Ch. conductor and thin. hands. t-ra. He performed in an ensemble with the largest owls. and foreign vocalists (including with D.Ya. Pantofel-Nechetskaya, E. Bandrovskaya-Turskaya)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH David Iosifovich (1904, Yukseevo, Yenisei province - 1966, Novosibirsk region), geographer-hydrologist and climatologist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1947). Graduated in 1930 Geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1930–36 he worked at Gidrologich. in-those and simultaneously. was an assistant at the Department of Hydrology of Moscow State University. In 1936–49 in Geogr. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Since 1949 in Zap.-Sib. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the lab. hydrology Transport and energy in-that in Novosibirsk. Since 1964 - at the Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. In 1952-66 before. Novosibirsk branch Geogr. about-va USSR, scientific. hands. exp. research on the study of reservoirs of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric station, runoff in the Middle Ob. Osn. work related to the development of problems of water resources use in the bunkers. x-ve. In 1931–34 research. sediments of river Dagestan runoff for the construction of a number of hydroelectric power plants at pp. Sulak and Samur and published the country's first monograph on this issue. In 1960, for the first time, he gave a comprehensive coverage of the natural conditions of the Kulunda steppe, established the size of the static. and dynamic. sediments of groundwater on this territory. Completed a cycle of works on the use of water. resources in with. x-ve Zap. Siberia, works: Research. sediment load of the Sulak River, M.-L., 1935; The Pakhra River - as an example of small rivers Mosk. region, M.-L., 1946; Waters of the Kulundinskaya steppe, Novosibirsk, 1960."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Dov-Menashe (1870, Rossieny, Kovno province - 1942, Siauliai), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. All R. 1890s - 1915 - Rabbi in Rossiens. In 1915 he was evacuated to Ukraine. Passed as an external student for the course of the city and graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University. Since 1920 - in Lithuania. He was one of the most famous lawyers in Lithuania. Prev Heb. communities of Siauliai. Member commission for assistance to refugees from Germany. One of the leaders of religions. Zionism in Lithuania. 1941–42 - member. Judenrat in the Siauliai ghetto. Founded in the ghetto Heb. school."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Emily (Emil) Abramovich (1864, Grodno - 1922, Saratov), ​​politician, activist, doctor. He graduated from the city of Grodno (1882). He studied at the Sorbonne (Paris), then honey. Faculty of Dorpat University (graduated in 1889). In student. years chl. Marxist, circle in Dorpat. In 1884–88, coming to Minsk for the summer, he led a roar. propaganda among the Hebrews. workers and artisans, joint. with L.E.Berkovich created a number of first workers' circles in the city, made up a program for classes in them (it was used until the second half of the 1890s). In 1886–87 he organized a study circle in Vilna, from which a number of prominent propagandists emerged. In 1889 he moved to Kiev, joint venture. with Berkovich created one of the first Social-Democrats. org-tions in southern Russia, organized a library, a mutual aid fund, led a roar. propaganda among the workers. Arrested in the same year. By imperial command, in 1890 he was imprisoned for 2 years in the Kresty prison (St. Petersburg), in 1892 he was exiled to Olekminsk, Yakutsk region, then to Nizhneudinsk, where he worked as a doctor. In 1896 he returned to Europe. Russia, settled in Smolensk. In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s worked as a doctor for angry. mines in Siberia, then in Saratov, where he was a member of the local Social-Democratic Party. org-tion. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP - Menshevik. In the 2nd floor. 1900s lived and worked in Yekaterinoslav. In 1912 for the publication of Art. arrested on the occasion of the Lena execution and exiled to Siberia. In 1915-17 he worked as a doctor in the village. Kaptsevo, Yaroslavl province. After 1917 he returned to Saratov, was one of the hands. local organization RSDLP, was persecuted by the Sov. authorities. In the 1910s. in letters to friends, he was pessimistic about the prospects of growing up. Jewry."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Genrikh Naumovich (b. 1911, Warsaw), scientist, specialist in the region. theoretical and applied gas. speakers. R. in the family of a mechanical engineer. Graduated from Moscow. engineering and construction. Institute (1932). In 1932–44 he worked at the Center. aerohydrodynamic in-those (TsAGI) - Ing. (until 1938), deputy. early experiment. dep. (1938–42), early. aerodynamic. lab. (1942–44). In 1944–45 - deputy. early Research Institute-1 of the Ministry of Aviation industry of the USSR. At the same time. from 1939 he taught. work in Moscow. Aviation in-those (since 1945 prof., in 1962–82 - head of the department of theory of air-jet engines). Member Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1976). Doct. tech. Sciences (1939). work in the region. turbulent flows. One of the hands. projects of large wind tunnels (1934–39), proposed and substantiated projects of transonic and supersonic aerodynamics. pipes of high power with a closed working part and variable pressure (1936–40). Developed (since 1939) the basis for gas. dynamics of a ramjet engine at subsonic speeds. Created (1942) the theory of the centrifugal nozzle, which was used in the design and creation of jet engines. Author of the textbook “Applied Gas. dynamics ”(1951), which went through 5 editions. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1972). Became. pr. (1943) Cit .: Gaz. dynamics of jet engines, M., 1947; Foundations of theories of air-jet engines, M., 1947; The theory of turbulent jets, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1984 (in co-authorship); Applied gas. dynamics, parts 1–2, 5th ed., 1991."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH German (1880 - 1948), rabbi, society. activist in the field of social. provision. From 1890 to the USA. He was educated at New York College, becoming a bachelor in 1900. After graduating from Theological Seminary in 1902, he was elected Rabbi of the Shaar Gashomayim Congregation in Montreal (Canada), where he was actively involved in educational, educational and philanthropic activities. He was one of the main founders of the \"Sinai\" sanatorium for tuberculosis patients and a member. to-that on the organization of the Montreal Federation of Jews. philanthropic societies. In 1907 he was one of the first graduates of the Theological Seminary to receive a doctorate; in 1932 he was awarded another doctorate. In 1909, having created a whole network of Hebrews. schools in Canadian agriculture. colonies belonging to the Association of Heb. settlers, A. became the director. Department of Education. Thanks to his achievements in this area, he was invited to the Canadian committee and in 1913 was sent on his behalf to the conference. in Paris. Represented Canada at the Congress. Zionists, held in Vienna the same year. Former prez. United Synagogues of America (1926) A. remained a member of the executive. to-that of this organization. The director also worked. Federation of Heb. philanthropic societies in Montreal, was hand. Montreal Hospital and Poch. Vice President Zionist organization of Canada. Member first Heb. about-va of school workers at Quebec. During the 1st world. war served as a soldier. a rabbi in the Canadian army."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Grigory (ps. Zevi Avraami, V. Farbman, Mikhail Farbman) (1880 - 1933), socialist Zionist, publicist, publisher, journalist. He studied in Munich and Zurich, where he became an active Zionist. Supported the plan of Heb. colonization of Uganda, wrote a number of articles on Zionism and the Ugandan problem (published in the Zionist newspaper \"Evr. Zhizn\", 1905). The author of Art. about Heb. emigration and economy. Moving away from societies. activity, created the publisher. the firm. From 1915 he lived in England, wrote Art. as an expert Sovietologist for English. and Amer. g. Among his book. - \"After Lenin\" (1924), \"Five-Year Plan\" (1931)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Joseph Isaakovich (b. 1901), specialist in the region. lifting and transport equipment, prom organizer page-va. He graduated from the Kharkov building. in-t. From 1935 ch. engineer, then early. building of the Verkhne-Saldinsky plant. In 1936–39, associate professor of Moscow. in-that chem. machine. From 1940 ch. Defense Engineer Since 1942, he headed the construction of the aviation complex. s-dov near Kuibyshev, other industrial objects. production. In 1944 he directed the development of the project and methods of high-speed construction. After 1945 he headed the construction of a number of large industrial enterprises. objects. Author of Art., Uch. benefits. Became. pr. (1944). Works: Lifting machines, parts 1–2, Moscow, 1956 (jointly with L.G. Kifer); Atlas of drawings for lifting machines, Moscow, 1956 (with L.G. Kiefer)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Mikhail (1860, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1940, Brussels), poet. Son of Mendele Moicher-Sforim. He spent his early years in Zhitomir. Graduated from the city. From a young age he joined the roar. movement, was a member. Zhytomyr circle of populists. In 1877 he was brought to trial, several. months was under house arrest. In the fall of 1878 he arrived in St. Petersburg to enter a medical surgeon. Academy, but was arrested and exiled to the Arkhangelsk province. After his release in 1884, he lived for some time in Odessa, where he graduated as an external lawyer. f-t. Novoros. un-that. In the beginning. 1880s printed poetry in Russian. lang. in f. \"Voskhod\", and in 1889 released Sat. \"Poems\", in which biblical motives predominated, ist. themes and love lyrics. In 1891 he published in Zh. \"Sunrise\" per. several heads of pov. his father \"Nag\", which led to the suspension of the publication of g. After the revolution, he moved to Zap. Europe to the end. life lived in Brussels. Son - Vsevolod (1890-1913) - was one of the first Russian. aviators. For the first time in the history of aviation in 1912 he made a long flight Berlin-Petersburg, died in a plane crash."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Mikhail Vladimirovich (1884, Baku - 1965, ibid.), Specialist in the region. geology of oil fields, acad. AN Azerb. SSR (1955). After graduating in 1910 Petersburg. mining institute worked in the oil industry of Azerbaijan (until 1930), then headed the department of geology of Azerb. Phil. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the study of oil fields of the Apsheron Peninsula, the productive strata were identified in its stratigraphic. section. He proved the possibility of dividing the oil strata into formations, the rhythm of the accumulation of oil sediments. Participated in the creation of a system for the rational placement of wells in the development of oil-bearing formations. He proposed the use of gas logging in the search for oil and gas. Developed a methodology for assessing oil and gas resources. Author of the first textbook in the USSR on prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields. A submarine uplift in the Caspian Sea is named after A."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Nikolay Yakovlevich (1881, Taganrog Region. Don Cossack - 1922, Moscow), writer. Published under ps. P.Kadmiya, Aratov. Graduated from grade 7. Taganrog city. From 15 years old publ. in the local press. From the beginning. 1900s - to petersburg. and sinks. ed. In 1909 he published the Social-Democrats. gas. \"New Day\", soon closed by the censors. How lit. the critic belonged to the modernists. He also wrote philosophy. work. In rum. \"Woman on the Way\" (M., 1917) and in issl. \"Woman and the world of male culture\" (M., 1913) expressed A.'s antifeminism. In the pamphlets \"Russian word\", \"New time\" and seduced babies \" about-va under the pernicious influence of big newspapers. A. had an inherent feeling of disaster. development of Russia. Compiled by A. “History of Rus. poetry \"was awarded in 1914 by the Scientist of the Min-va Nar. education. He died as a psychiatrist at the Kanatchikova Dacha hospital. Works: Man of the Future, St. Petersburg, 1908; In the autumn gardens. Lit-ra of today, M., 1909; The philosophy of murder, M., 1913; Demon of nakedness, M., 1916; Modern lyrics, M., 1921."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVICH Zeev (Zinovy ​​Khefets) (1891-1970), polit. activist. Before the 1st world. Poalei Zion was an active activist during the war. After the revolution - one of the leaders of this party in Russia. After the split of Poalei, Zion joined her lion. wing. From 1922 in E.-I. One of the leaders is a lion. labor movement in E.-I., its ideologist. Later - one of the leaders of the Mapam party."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMOVO, a village in the Kamenets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Avraamovo, Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1872, 10 Jewish families lived in Armenia, in 1921 there were 97 Jews (100%), and in 1935 the Jewish population was 75%. In the beginning. jan. 1941 Jews of Azerbaijan were sent to the ghetto in Kamenets-Litovsk (present-day Kamenets). 9 nov. 1942 Jews gathered on the railway stations in Vysokoe were sent to Treblinka."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMS Charles (1901, Vilna - 1970, New York), lawyer and writer. In the USA since 1904.Since 1924 member. New York Bar Association. In the 1920s and 30s. participated in the struggle for the preservation of Greenwich Village, its ist. streets and buildings. In 1934–37 in the mountains. council of New York, then in decomp. missions providing tech. assistance to developing countries. In 1936–60 he lectured on urbanization and economics at the New York School of Social. issl., in 1965 headed the faculty of mountains. planning price at Columbia Unt. Vice President liber. batch pcs. New York (1940), prev. commission pcs. New York Against Discrimination and Chl. Harriman's Cabinet (1955–59). The author of the book. and Art. on the mountains. planning and living. pages: \"Revolution on the ground\" (1937), \"The future lived. p-va \"(1946),\" Forbidden Neighborhood \"(1955),\" Struggle for Shelter \"(1964)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Abraham Yehezkel (1886, Dashkovichi, Grodno province - 1976, Jerusalem), rabbi, Talmudist, commentator on rabbinical sources. He studied at large Lithuanian yeshivas. In 1912-14, the rabbi in the Smolyany borough of Orshansky district. Mogilev province, in 1914–23 - in the m. Smolevichi, Minsk province, in 1923–30 - in Slutsk. In 1928, joint. with Sh.I. Zevin published a rabbinic journal. \"Yagdil Toire\", the only edition. of this kind in the USSR. In 1930 he was sentenced to 10 years for “counterrev. activity \". In 1931 he was released and left for England. He held the position of Dayan in London Religion. court. Since 1951 - in Israel. Pres. Associations of yeshivas. Member Council of Sages of the Torah - supreme. body of the party Agudat Yisrael. State pr. Israel (rabbinic literature, 1956) for research. work in the field of halakha."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMSKY Shmuel (b. 1913, Suwalki), ethnographer. In his youth - an active member. Communist Party of Poland. In 1930 he was arrested and spent a year in prison. In E.-I. since 1934. Studied at ped. seminary in Jerusalem, graduated from Heb. un-t in the same place. Was a lion activist. socialist movement. In 1938 he retired from watered, activities. Published articles and research, dedicated. ist. geography and archeology E.-I. Ed. \"Encyclopedias of Biblical Geography\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMSON Manuil (Emmanuil) Moiseevich (ps. Mazurin) (1898, p. Privolnoye, Kherson province - 1941), orientalist-Sinologist. R. in the family of a farmer-colonist. In 1924 he graduated from the whale. Dipl. Faculty of Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (MIV), worked in China, from 1928 on scientific. work in the Communist. un-those workers of China and research institutes in China. Member of the Harbin and Vladivostok underground in civil. war; secretary-referent VK Blucher in the \"Great campaign\" 1925-27 in China, sotr. Comintern, Far East. Secretariat of the ECCI. In 1935-37 at the Institute of World Economy and World Politics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member editorial board “Mat-fishing on the whale. question \". The author of the work \"Polit. about-va and parties in China \"(\" New East \", 1922, No. 1), reference encyclopedic. materials, etc. Ed. A. published “Brief Kit.-Rus. dictionary \"V.S.Kolokolov (sred. Hu Jia; M., 1935) and others. 1938 arrested."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMSON Shakhno Girshevich (Alexander Grigorievich) (1861 - 1907, Kovno), attorney at law. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Dep. 2nd State thoughts from the Kovno lips. He was a member of the cadet faction."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMSON Shraga (b. 1915, Tsekhanovets Grodno province), rabbi. In 1936 he was promoted to rabbi in omжеa and in the same year he moved to E.-J. In 1950 he graduated from Heb. un-t in Jerusalem. In 1952–58 - prof. Heb. theological. seminaries (New York), from 1958 - Heb. un-that. Member Academy of Hebrew, was its vice-president. and ed. g. Lachoneinu (1970-80). State pr. Israel (Judaism) in 1974 for the study of the rabbinical literature of the Talmud era and the period of the Gaons and their languages., Middle-century. biblical exegesis, poetry and prose of the Middle Ages in Hebrew, Wed-century. philology lang. Hebrew."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAMZON Saul Mendelevich (b. 1905, Dmitrovsk, Orel province), ethnographer. Dr. East Sciences (1969). R. in the family of a craftsman. Graduated from ethnography. department of geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1926). In 1926–31 the first director. Museum of Local Lore in Frunze (Kyrgyzstan). Since 1931 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. Department of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on ethnography and ethnicity. history of the Kyrgyz. In 1962 and 1973, A.'s works were sharply criticized, and A. himself was accused of “Kirg. nationalism \". Cit .: Essay on the culture of the Kyrgyz. people, Frunze, 1946; Kirghiz and their ethnogenetic. historical and cultural ties, L., 1971 (republished by Frunze, 1990)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRAS Yehoshua (1820, Brody, Austria - 1896, Odessa), cantor. From childhood he became famous for his singing. Studied with B. Schulzinger and Sulzer. He was a cantor in Tarnopol, Lvov and Odessa (from 1880). He had the best singers of his generation. data. Issued Sat. melodies and tunes to prayers (Vienna, 1874)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRENE, see Pytalovo."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ABRIKOSOV Alexey Alekseevich (b. 1928, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. (1964), acad. (1987) Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1948). In 1948–65 he worked at Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1965–88 the head. dep. Ying-that theoretical. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.D. Landau. In 1988–91, the director. Institute of Physics of High Pressure of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1991 advisor at the directorate of this Institute. At the same time. since 1966 - prof. Moscow un-that, in 1976-91 - head. Department of Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys. Since 1991 he has been working in the USA under a contract. interests - TV theory. bodies, quantum electrodynamics, physics of metals, theory of superconductivity, plasma physics. Calculated Green's functions and effective cross sections of different. processes at high energies in quantum electrodynamics (1954–56). He put forward the idea of ​​the existence of type II superconductors (1952). Built the theory of magn. properties of superconducting alloys, introducing the concept of two critical. fields and a \"mixed\" state with a vortex structure of currents (\"vortices of Abrikosov\", 1957). Joint. with LP Gorkov developed the theory of superconductors with magn. impurities and predicted the phenomenon of gapless superconductivity (1960). Research properties of highly compressed matter, gave the equation of state of hydrogen at ultrahigh pressures with the transition from the molecular to atomic phase (1954). He created a theory of semimetals like bismuth, predicted the appearance of a gapless state and excitonic phases in a strong magn. field, proposed the theory of gapless conductors (1970–74). Developed a general approach for studying the conductivity of quasi-one-dimensional systems and introduced the concept of the delocalization parameter (1976). Created the theory of spin glasses with short-range action (1978–80). Develops the theory of high-temperature superconductivity (crystalline excitonic phases with heavy holes). The author of St. 300 scientific. works. Linen. pr. (1966), State. pr. USSR (1982), Intern. etc. them. F. London (1972), Ave. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.D. Landau, Works: Introduction to the theory of normal metals, Moscow, 1972 (English, 1972); The phenomenon of gapless superconductivity of metals, M., 1985; Foundations of the theory of metals, M., 1987; Methods of quantum field theory in statistical physics, M., 1962; 2nd ed., M., 1989 (jointly with L.P. Gorkov and I.E. Dzyaloshinsky)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ACHIR, a village in the Omsk district of the Omsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1929, the first in the West was created in the Achair region. Siberia Jewish s.-kh. the team \"Equality\" (300 people); wall gas came out. \"The Voice of the Jewish Farmer\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ACHINSK, city, regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1682. In 1782 - the district town of the Tomsk region. Tobolsk governorship, from 1822 - in the Yenisei province. 161 Jews lived in Armenia in 1861, in 1888 - 308, in 1897 - 484, in 1904 - 572, in 1905 - 580, in 1910 - 565 (6.2%). in 1913 - 776, in 1917 - 1091 (7.5%), in 1920 - 1149, in 1926 - 1192 (6.7%), in 1939 - 675 Jews. 19th century Jewish exiles began to settle in A. In 1859–61 there was a wooden synagogue; in 1895, with the permission of the Minister of the Interior, another synagogue was opened. In 1910, there were two synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Armenia, and in 1913–14, a society of benefits for poor Jews. March-Apr. 1917 Jewish literature was formed in Armenia. on-in, there were Zionist groups and a branch of the Bund. From 1918 to 1919 a Zionist organization functioned in Armenia. In 1921 a branch of the Irkutsk Jewish library was opened. A Jewish school operated in 1920–25. In the 1930s. OK. A. there were 2 Jewish collective farms. In the 1990s. a Jewish community was created. M.A.Milshtein.I.V. Us"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ACHKINAZI Veniamin Moiseevich (Boris Mikhailovich) (1927 - 1992, Simferopol), historian. Graduated from the Crimean state. un-t. Collector of materials on the language and folklore of the Krymchaks. The author of several. publications about the Krymchaks. First prev. Crimean cultural and educational. about-va \"Krymchakhlar\". Apologist for the theory of non-ethnicity of the Krymchaks. Jewry."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADABASH, railway station in the Novoukrainsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Adabashevo Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. During the 2nd world. During the war, there was a prisoner of war camp in Armenia. In oct. 1941, 150 Jewish prisoners of war were shot in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADABASHEVO, see Adabash."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADALBERG Shmuel (1868, Warsaw - 1939, ibid.), Lit. critic, folklorist. He studied in different Europe. capitals. The main tr. A. is a collection of Polish proverbs and sayings (1889–94), the largest in the world. For this work A. was awarded a membership in the Krakow Academy of Sciences. A. translated and annotated 580 Heb. proverbs from the collection of I. Bernstein. They were published in the Polish Ethnographic. g. \"Vistula\" (v. 4, 1890), and later dep. book From 1918 A. was an adviser on Hebrew. issues in the Polish Ministry of Education and Religion and did everything possible to promote the Heb. communities and institutions. When the Nazis occupied Warsaw, he committed suicide."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADAM Baal-Shem-Tov, legendary figure of the 18th century According to legend, A. bequeathed his comments to the Kabbalah to Rabbi I. Baal Shem Tov. Some people believe that A. is Rabbi Dovid Moishe Avraham of Rohatyn, who is considered the teacher of the Baal Shem Tov."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADAMOV, see Adamov."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADAMUV, a city in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Adamov Lukovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 494 Jews (32.7%) lived in Armenia in 1897. The Jewish population of Armenia was exterminated during the Holocaust."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADASKINA Ginda Simkhovna (b. 1928, Moscow), trapeze trapeze artist. In 1949 she graduated from the State. school of circus arts. She performed in the program \"Women - Masters of the Soviet Circus\". After being injured in 1953, she worked as an assistant at E.T.Kio's illusion attraction. Since 1955 again an aerialist. In 1960 she prepared a complex innovative number on the air horizontal bar. From 1974 - stage director. The performances, staged by A., have repeatedly become laureates of competitions. Honored. art. RSFSR (1971)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADEL (1725— |), the only and beloved daughter of I. Baal-Shem-Tov. She was very revered by the Hasidim and entered Hasidic folklore as the image of an ideal woman. She was educated by her father. Accompanied him during his trip to E.-I. A.'s grandson - Rabbi Nachman from Bratslav."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADELBERG Avraham (1875, Vilna - 1936, New York), entrepreneur, societies. activist. He studied at the yeshiva in Vilna and in the city of St. Petersburg. Since 1888 in the USA, where he created a network of sewing companies. In 1907 he helped a lot in the creation of Sidehurst Park on Long Island. Since 1910, members the first Board of Trustees of Sidehurst County, in 1920–24 - its treasurer, in 1926–27 the governor of the district; from 1928 to 1932 he was unanimously elected mayor of Sidehurst three times. Collaborated with decomp. philanthropic., societies. and patriotic. about-you, during the 1st world. war is one of the leaders of societies. movement for aid to soldiers, donated 100 thousand dollars for the construction of soldiers. club (later - the residence of the American Legion)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADELHEIM, br. - Robert Lvovich (1860, Moscow - 1934, ibid.) And Rafail Lvovich (1861, Moscow - 1938, ibid.), Actors. Robert graduated from technical. uch-shche, later studied singing and fencing in Italy, Raphael was educated at the conservatory in the class of php. In 1888 A. graduated from drama. branch of the Vienna Conservatory, several. years worked in t-ts Germany, Austria, Switzerland. In 1894 Raphael and then Robert (in 1895) returned to Russia. Raphael made his debut in Oryol as Lear (King Lear, W. Shakespeare), Robert - in Zhitomir as Uriel Acosta (play of the same name by K. Gutskov). Soon, the brothers teamed up and toured for about 40 years. cities of Russia, incl. in Moscow and Petrograd, only occasionally performing on stage post. t-ditch. The repertoire of the A. brothers was extensive, it included the best works of classical music. drama. Robert played Ch. arr. heroic. roles: Acosta (Uriel Acosta, Gutskova), Othello, Hamlet; Edgar (\"King Lear\"), in the tragedies of W. Shakespeare; Karl Moor (\"The Robbers\" by F. Schiller), Faust, Oedipus; Godda (Execution by G.G. Ge). Raphael played the character roles: Iago, Shylock, Richard III, Lear, Franz Moor; Mephistopheles (\"Faust\" by IV Goethe), Ben Akiba (\"Uriel Acosta\" by Gutskov) and others. Nar. artists of the RSFSR (1931)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADELSON Osip Isaakovich (1800 - |), physician, graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in 1823, received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. From 1826 to 1848 A. - Senate physician and physician at the Ministry of Finance in St. Petersburg, state councilor."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADELSON Wolf (| - 1866, Odessa), educator. A student of the rabbi-philosopher M. Ilier, in his youth he was a teacher in Brest-Litovsk, in 1833 he settled in Dubno, enjoyed great influence among the Jews. youth, was persecuted by the Hasidim for \"freethinking\". After long wanderings, he settled in Odessa, died in poverty, most of A.'s manuscripts perished. Among the students and followers of A. - the grammarist H. Ts. Lerner, rus. censor V. Fedorov (before baptism - Greenberg). In the circle \"Maskilim\" ser. 19th century A. is known under the nickname \"Diogenes\"; among the surviving op. A. - etude about the book. \"Esther\" and a number of essays on ancient Hebrews. lit-re."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADIGENI, urban-type settlement (since 1961), regional center (Georgia). In 1828-40 - in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Georgian-Imereti province, from 1846 - in Kutaisi province, from 1867 - in Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1959 - 17, and in 1970 - 14 Jews. According to information from some sources, Jews lived in Armenia already in the first half. 18th century, occupying a special quarter - rabat (settlement). In Armenia there was a synagogue where a Torah scroll received from Istanbul was kept. The local rabbi was at the same time. Khazan, Shokhet and Heder teacher. Main Jewish occupations - small trade in the surrounding villages, cattle breeding and weaving. In 1826 20 Jewish families moved from Armenia to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe), 2 families to Atskuri. K ser. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADINI Yaakov-Yosef (1898, Warsaw - 1969, Israel), translator, ed. He was an activist of the Ge-Halutz movement in Poland. Since 1920 - in E.-I. In 1923–24 he worked in Berlin, published books ser. \"Et Lebanot\". In 1924 he returned to E.-I. He was engaged in lit. activities. He studied in Jerusalem and England. Translated into Hebrew plural. books, among them the works of L. Feuchtwanger, G. Fast, F. M. Dostoevsky, I. S. Turgenev and others. Was one of the editors. encyclopedias \"Yzrael\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADINKATA, see Lumpy."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADIROVICH Emmanuil Ilyich (1915, Melitopol - 1973, Tashkent), theoretical physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR (1962). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1940). In 1940–62 he worked at Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he defended his doct. dis. under the hands. S.I. Vavilov (1949). Since 1962 hand. created by him. physics of semiconductors Phys.-tech. in-ta them. S.V. Starodubtseva of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR in Tashkent. interests - physics tv. body and semiconductors. One of the founders of the band theory of luminescence of crystals, on the basis of which he first solved the problem of nonradiative electronic transitions in solids, predicted and discovered the phenomenon of \"cold flash\". He established the law of electronic polarization and depolarization of photoelectrets, calculated the distribution of heterocharge and field, developed a general theory of the photoelectret state and showed the principle, the possibility of creating a photoelectret without external. polarizing zero. He showed the possibility of the existence of excitons of a new type, which made it possible to reveal the mechanism of fast low-temperature polarization. He laid (jointly with others) the foundations of optoelectronics (developed the theory of optocouplers and optocouplers, discovered the effect of anomalously high photovoltages and photomagnetic voltages in semiconductor films; developed optoelectronic methods of correlation processing of large amounts of information). One of the founders of dielectric. electronics, decided a number of funds. tasks in this area, developed and researched. dielectric diode structures based on thin high-resistance monocrystalline. layers of silicon, gallium arsenide and silicon carbide. Created the Tashkent School of Physics and Electronics TV. Tel. The author of St. 200 scientific. works: Nek-ry questions of the theory of luminescence of crystals, Moscow-Leningrad, 1951; M., 1956; Double injection currents in semiconductors, M., 1978 (in co-authorship); Photovoltaic phenomena in semiconductors and optoelectronics, Tashkent, 1972 (in co-authorship)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADIVI Rekhavya (1900, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1972, Ashkelon), engineer, public. activist. In E.-I. came as a child with his parents. Graduated from the Herzliya government in Tel Aviv. Received an engineering degree from Philadelphia University. An active member of the Union of Engineers and Architects of Israel. Since 1965 - Mayor of Ashkelon."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADLER, now a district within the city of Sochi (Russian Federation). Until 1961, it was an urban-type settlement, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory. In 1926, 1 Jew lived in Armenia, and in 1939, 14 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADLER German (b. 1899, Jablonec nad Nisou, Austria-Hungary - |), conductor. In 1924 he graduated from the German Music. academy in Prague. 1927–32 - conductor of opera ts in Czechoslovakia and Germany. In 1932–35 - Ch. conductor symph. orchestra (Kharkov), in 1935–37 - ch. conductor orc. Ukr. radio (Kiev). Since 1939 in the USA."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADLER Israel Yehuda (Ishai) (1870, Pinsk - 1948, Israel), teacher, society. activist, translator, ed. From 1886 he was engaged in ped. activities. From 1905 - in E.-I. One of the first teachers to teach in Hebrew. He founded the first newspaper for teachers in Hebrew \"Ha-Khinuh\". Founder of the publishing house at the teachers' union \"Kagelet\". One of the first residents of Tel Aviv. For many years he taught at a girls' school in Jaffa. Author pl. Art. on pedagogy, education and societies, problems, as well as textbooks. Compiled the Little Library for Children (1916–17). The settlement of Ramat Yishai in northern Israel is named after him."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADLER Morris (1906, Slutsk - 1966, USA), rabbi, leader in the region. education. R. in the family of a rabbi. Since 1913 in the USA. Rabbi first in Buffalo, then from 1938 until the end of his life in Detroit. In 1943–46 - soldier. rabbi. In 1957–66 A. before. Board of the Union of Workers of the Automotive Industry, member. Michigan Election Commission and K-that for citizens. management. In 1963–66 A., member. Governments. commissions for higher. education."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADLER Shaul (1895 - 1966, Jerusalem), parasitologist. In 1900 he moved with his parents to England. He studied medicine at the University of Leeds, majored in tropical. diseases in Liverpool. During the 1st world. War - physician and pathologist in the British Army. In 1921–24 he was engaged in scientific research. research in Sierra Leone. Since 1924 - in Heb. un-those. Headed by scientific. expeditions from the Royal Society of London to the Tikhoi Islands approx. Main works are devoted to the etiology, pathology and ways of spreading pathogenic parasites in humans and animals, tropical. diseases and their treatment. Got the world. the fame of his tr. on malaria, relapsing fever, leprosy, dysentery, and ch. arr. research leishmaniasis. In 1934 he was awarded evil. medal to them. Chalmers, awarded by Eng. Royal Society Tropical. diseases. He translated the work of Charles Darwin \"The Origin of Species\" into Hebrew. State Israel Ave (1957)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADLER Yakov A. (1855, Odessa - 1926), actor, director. He performed in loves. performances. From 1879–83 in the troupe iz. playwright, director, theater. organizer A. Goldfaden. He left Russia after the ban on the activities of the Jews. troupes. He performed in London, then in Chicago, New York and other cities of the USA. Has toured in Warsaw, Lodz, Lvov. Back in New York, post. performances \"Soldier Motele\", \"Siberia\" (1891). These scenic production, especially the first, were a great success. Shylock (\"The Merchant of Venice\" by W. Shakespeare) stood out among the acting works that brought fame to A. also played Iago (\"Othello\" by W. Shakespeare). The play \"Cafe Crown\" told about the life path of A. He performed on the stages of \"People-teetr\", \"Grand-teetre\", where his children often played with him."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADLER Yankel-Yaakov (1895, Lodz - 1949, London), artist. He studied in Bremen. Since 1911 - in Dusseldorf, prof. Academy of New Art (1930). In the 1920s. published in Poland. Jung Yiddish. Since 1935 - in France. After the start of the 2nd world. During the war, he joined the Polish army, served until 1943. From 1945 - in England. At the beginning, creative. activities joined him. Expressionist school, but his thin. the style has always been based on plank beds. Heb. traditions. Later he became an imagist. In the last years of his life he had a great influence on the development of modern. art-va in England."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADLIVANKIN Samuil Yakovlevich (1897, Tatarsk, Mogilev province - 1966, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, film designer. He studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche (1912-17), then in the State. free thin workshops in Moscow (1918-19) with V.E. Tatlin. Worked for the publishing house \"Young Guard\" (1923-28), ill. g. \"Lapot\", \"Atheist\" and others, created by. polit. posters and cartoons (together with V.V. Mayakovsky). - one of the founders thin. association KNIFE (New Society of Painters, 1921–24), created. ex. graduates of VKHUTEMAS, opposition. attuned to non-objective art. Turning to subject painting, A. and other members. The KNIFE was used in the tradition of Nar. lubok and creatively processed hoods. methods of primitivism and expressionism (\"Tram B\", etc.). A. participated in the creation. f. to / st. Soyuzdetfilm (A Cup of Tea, 1927). Member Society of Artists \"Isobrigada\" (1931–32), which put forward the slogans \"polit, realism\" and \"class. orientation of creativity \". A.'s works are kept in the State Russian Museum and the State Tretyakov Gallery."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADMON (Rappoport) Shmuel (1914 - 1972, Israel), military leader, one of the creators of the Israeli artillery. From 1922 - in E.-I. Graduate of the Herzliya State University (Tel Aviv). Since 1938 - a member of the kibbutz Alonim. In 1940 he was mobilized into the British army, served in the artillery. He took part in battles in Italy. Demobilized in 1946 with the rank of captain. During the War of Independence, he commanded the Israeli artillery. Later it was the beginning. headquarters of the North. env."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADMONI Vladimir Grigorievich (1909, Petersburg, - 1993, ibid.), Literary critic and philologist-Germanist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1947), prof. (1948). Son of the historian G.Ya. Krasny-Admoni. In 1941–42 he worked at the Leningrad Political Administration. fr. and prepared antifash. agitator. materials. He taught at the universities of Leningrad. Since 1960 in Leningrad. department of Ying-ta yaz-knowledge of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The section was headed by poet. translation leningr. writing organization. A. acted as a witness for the defense at the trial in the case of I.A. Brodsky. Works in the field of Germanic and Scandinavian studies; he was the first to single out a \"system of construction\", i.e. a set of interrelated formal language facilities that provide both the structural integrity of grammaticals. units, and their structural division. He owns the concept of the musical score organization of the speech chain; the doctrine of syntactic. form, word order and actual division of the sentence, text linguistics, poetry language and art. prose, factors and ways of language development. Göttingen Academy of Sciences; och. Doctor of Philosophy, Uppsala University (Sweden). Great gold medal to them. Goethe (1971), etc. Konrad Duden (1987) Works: Introduction to modern syntax. yaz., M., 1955; East syntax is it. yaz., M., 1963; Syntax modern. German lang .: System of relations and system of construction, M., 1973; The grammatical structure as a system of construction and the general theory of grammar, L., 1988."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADUTISHKIS, a village in the Svenchen district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Godutishki Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–40 - in the Vileika region. Byelorussian SSR, and in 1940–91 in the Lithuanian SSR. 570 Jews lived in Armenia in 1847, 387 Jews in 1863, and 1373 Jews (61.1%) in 1897. In 1863, Armenia had a synagogue. Since 1905, Abraham-Dovber Popel (1869–?) Was the rabbi in Armenia. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution was established in Armenia. t-in. A. genus. N.-Sh. Feigenson."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADZHAMKA, a village in the Kirovograd district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alexandria Kherson Gubernia. In 1910, 217 Jews (1.8%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 60 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery and a synagogue in Armenia. On May 18, 1919, a pogrom took place in Armenia, organized by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ADJIASHVILI Jemal (Semyon) (b. 1941, Tskhakaya, Georgian SSR), translator, publicist, playwright. Graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Studies (department of Persian languages) Tbilisi. state un-that. In 1979 publ. Sat. per. “Wed-century. Heb. poetry \"on the load. lang. Book. had a great resonance all over the world. His lane is also known in Georgia. Russian, English, Japanese. and other classics. In 1988 in Bat Yam (Israel) his play “Sing, Harp” about the life of the Jews of Georgia was staged. The play was written for one actor and in tech. several years old iz. the actor K. Makharadze. Several his lane. manuf. were marked by foreign. lit. pr. since 1991 Parliament of the Georgian Rep."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AJIASHVILI Itzhak (1929 (|), Kutaisi - 1993, Kiriyat-Ata, Israel), rabbi. Beginning religious educated by Rabbi M. Davarashvili in Kutaisi, higher. religious education in mosk. yeshiva \"Kol Yaakov\". His teachers were iz. rabbis Sh. Trebnik, Sh. Shlifer, I. Khanzin and others. After returning to Georgia he became one of the leading rabbis in Tbilisi. Since 1973 - with his family in Israel, settled in the city of Kiriyat-Ata. Here he served as cantor, shohet, moel. Actually became a spiritual hand. immigrants from Georgia in Kiriyat-Ata."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AFRICANDA, urban-type settlement (since 1955) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 2 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AFTARAN-MAJI, see Muji-Gaftaran."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGAFIEVKA, a village in the Lyubashevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Agafievka (other name. Kolendov) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. Oct.-Dec. 1941 during the deportation of Jews from Bessarabia to the territory. Agafiyevsky village council shot 180 weakened Jews and died of hunger and disease 200 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGALYK, a village in the Samarkand region of the Samarkand region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Since 1876 - part of Ros. empire, from 1887 - in the Samarkand district. Samarkand Region. In 1930, an incident related to the \"blood libel\" took place in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGARA, an urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Karelian region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 9 Jews living in Armenia, in 1939 - 9, in 1970 - 3, in 1979 - 1 Jew."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGARON Shmuel ben Israel Kaidanover (Magarshak) (1614, Koydanovo - 1676), one of the largest rabbis of his time. In his youth he studied at the famous yeshiva Rabbi Yaakov from Lublin. During the pogroms of B. Khmelnitsky (1648) he fled to Vilna, where he became one of the mountains. religious judges. During the Swedish-Russian. During the war, his house was robbed and a unique library burned down. He fled to Moravia. Later he was a rabbi in Glug, Fjord and Frankfurt am Main. After returning to Poland - the rabbi of Krakow. Author pl. religious essays."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGARONI (Aronovich) Israel (1882, Vilno - 1946, Jerusalem), zoologist. He studied at un-those in Prague. From 1901 - in E.-I. He was a teacher, first in Rehovot, and then in Jerusalem. During World War I he served as a zoologist in the Turkish army. After the war, he was a zoological advisor to the British Credentials. Zool Creator. Museum, which later came under the jurisdiction of Heb. un-that in Jerusalem, in which in 1930-46 the professor. zoology. He studied and searched for the animals mentioned in the Tanakh and Talmud. He was engaged in breeding wild animals in captivity, incl. the golden hamster is one of the most important labs. animals. Autobiographical author. book “Memoirs of Heb. zoologist \"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGARONOVICH Yosef (1877 - 1937, Tel Aviv), polit. and societies. activist, publicist. In his youth there was a s.-kh. a worker, a watchman. From 1906 - in E.-I. Active member \"Ha-Poel ra-Tsair\", ed. of the same name. gas. (1906–22), one of the ideologists of the labor movement, delegate from the workers E.-I. at the Zionist congresses. During the 1st world. war was expelled from the country by the Turkish authorities, lived in Egypt, opposed the entry of volunteers in Heb. legion. He actively participated in the creation and activities of Histadrut and Mapai. One of the founders of Bank Ha-Poalim, headed it until the last days of his life. Was a member. City Council of Tel Aviv. The head of the Writers' Union E.-I. Moshav Beit Yosef in the Beit Sheana valley is named after him. Author pl. works on the theory and practice of the labor movement."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGARYAN Yisroel-Moishe (1865, Alexandrovka Chigirinsky district. Kiev province - 1940, Cleveland, USA), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Since 1892 - in the USA. One of the pioneers of religious Zionism in the United States. I took an active part in helping the 1st world refugees. wars from Europe. Author of the book \"Sulam Yisrael\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGBULACH, see Tetri-Tskaro."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGDAM, city (since 1828), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Main in 1741. From 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1868 - in the Elizavetpolskaya province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 it was the AzSSR. In 1910, 33 Jews lived in Azerbaijan, and in 1939 - 7 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGDASH, city (since 1900), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1868 - in the Elizavetpolskaya province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - the AzSSR. In 1910, 38 Jews (0.7%) lived in Azerbaijan, and in 1939 there were 21 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGDATI (Kaumansky) Baruch (1895, Bender - 1976, Israel), cultural figure. He studied ballet in Odessa. Since 1910 - in E.-I. Studied painting at the Bezalel Academy. With the beginning of the 1st world. the war grew up. the subject was exiled to Russia. Was the soloist of the ball. in the opera house of Odessa. In 1919 he returned to E.-I. on the ship \"Ruslan\". Organizer of Purim carnivals in Tel Aviv. One of the first choreographers in the nat. ball. Founder of nat. cinema. Creator of the first film studio and the first doc. films."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGINSKOE, urban-type settlement (since 1959), the center of the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Russian Federation). Main in 1811 as a village of the Nerchinsk voivodeship, from 1851 - the Nerchinsk environs. Transbaikal Oblast. In 1939, 12 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGLOBI, a village in the Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Derbent province, from 1860 - in the Kurinsky environs. Dagestan Province. 35 Jews lived in Armenia in 1867, 55 Jews in 1875, 33 in 1886, 25 in 1900, and 165 Jews in 1926 (67%). Jews lived in Armenia from the beginning. 19th century Between 1860 and 1870, anti-Jewish demonstrations by local Muslims took place in Armenia. population. In the 1870s. a synagogue was built. Jews owned 25 dess. arable land. During the Civil. During the war, self-defense was organized in Armenia, and in 1918 most of the Jews left Armenia. During the period of collectivization, Jewish collective farms were created in Armenia. Lenin (19 x-c) and \"Red Dagestan\" (15 x-c). In the 1930s. Jews left A."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGLONA, a village in Preili district (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Aglon Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In July 1941, 56 Jews were killed in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGLON, see Aglona."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGMON (Kuzminsky) Raphael (b. 1915, Mogilev), teacher, specialist in the region. s.-kh. production. From 1920 in E.-I. Studied at Ped. seminaries (Jerusalem), in s.-kh. school \"Mikvah-Israel\", un-those Nancy (France), at advanced training courses in the USA. In 1935–42 he taught. work. In 1942–44, dir. farms at Ying-those with. x-va (Magdiel). In 1944–48, he was an agricultural inspector of the Station. research in Galilee, at the same time. taught in S.-kh. school \"Bet Shemen\". The head of the department of agricultural. planning Min-va with. x-va of Israel; worked in Verkh. Volte (headed the demonstration center, was the head of projects for agricultural training). Member Center, to the Association of workers with. x-va. Comp. g. Gadassah, author of a number of brochures."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGNYATSVET Eddie (real name and surname Edi Semyonovna Kagan) (b. 1916, Minsk), poetess. Lit. she began her activity in 1929. Writes for a Belarusian. lang. Graduated from Minsk ped. Institute (1936). Worked ed. children radio broadcasting (1934–38). Head of the department poetry in f. Polymya (1940–41), in 1945–46 revised. State Publishing House of the BSSR. The author is poetic. collection: \"My Generation\" (1935), \"Poems\" (1938), \"Spring Morning\" (1941), \"The Road to the Future\" (1949), \"Belarusian Rowan\" (1959), \"Desire\" (1971); book for children \"Vasilki\" (1947), \"Your comrades\" (1957), \"Country of childhood\" (1975), \"We are serious, we are funny\" (1976), etc. Translated into Belarusian, lang. manuf. Heb. poets and prose writers, French. (P.Zh.Beranger, P.Eluard), Russian, Ukrainian, Uzbek, Latvian. poets. According to her libretto, op. for children \"Janat\" (1942, music by L. A. Schwartz) and \"Marinka\" (1955, music by G. K. Puksta). In 1976, Fav. manuf. \" in 2 volumes."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGOL Israel Iosifovich (1891, Bobruisk - 1936), geneticist and philosopher, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1934). Father V.I.Agol. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1923) and the Institute of Red Professors (1927) in Moscow. From 1926 he worked in Moscow. zootechnical in-those, from 1928 headed by Biologich. in-t them. K.A. Timiryazeva. In 1931 he worked in the lab. G. J. Moeller in the USA. Since 1932 - in the All-Ukrainian. associations of Marxist-Leninist scholars Institute (in 1933–34 - vice-president), since 1934 - at the Institute of Zoology and Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (head of the department). Repressed. tr. on genetics and philosophy. questions of natural science. Research the influence of x-rays on the genetic. apparatus (for example, Drosophila). Studied dominance in the genetic process. changes. One of the authors. the theory of stepwise allelomorphism (gene divisibility). Developed organic problems. expediency. A number of works are devoted to the criticism of neovitalism and neo-Darwinism. D. h. Communist. academy (1929). Founder and 1st Responsible ed. g. \"Success of the present. biology \"(1932). Cit .: Dialectic. method and evolution. theory, M., 1930; Vitalism and Marxism, 3rd ed., M., 1932; The origin of animals and humans, Kiev, 1935; I want to live, M., 1936."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGOL Vadim Izrailevich (b. 1929, Moscow), virologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1986). Son of I. I. Agol. At the end of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that (1951) worked in the Karaganda honey. in-those, since 1956 - in Ying-those of poliomyelitis and viral encephalitis of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1961 head of laboratory of biochemistry); in 1963 he participated in the organization of the Department of Virology at Biological. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1969 - prof.), in 1965 - Interfaculty Lab. bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow State University (since 1991, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology). Auth. OK. 200 scientific. works. Main tr. by pier biology of RNA-containing animal viruses. He made a significant contribution to the study of the mechanisms of replication, translation, complementation and recombination of RNA-containing viruses. Member New York Academy (1983). Works: Molecular biology of viruses, M., 1971, (co-authors); Molecular biology: Structure and biosynthesis of nucleic acids, M., 1990 (co-authors)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGRANOV Yakov Solomonovich (Saulovich) (real name and surname Sorendzon Yankel Shevelev-Shmaev) (1893, Chechersk Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1938), employee of state bodies. security. In 1912-14 members. Socialist-Revolutionary Party, from 1915 - RSDLP (b). In 1919 20 sec. SNK, at the same time. Special Representative at the Presidium of the Cheka. Since 1921 sotr. secret-polit. Department of Management of the Cheka-GPU. From Oct. 1922 early. special bureau of the GPU. Since 1923 deputy. early Secret department OG-PU, then deputy. early OGPU in Moscow and Mosk. region On Feb. 1933 - July 1934 deputy. prev. OGPU, in July 1934 - May 1937 first deputy. Commissar int. affairs of the USSR, simultaneously. in dec. 1936 - Apr. 1937 early. Ch. management of state. security of the NKVD of the USSR, in April-May 1937 - early. 4th department of this department. From May 1937 beginning. Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR in the Saratov region. Carried out \"supervision of the investigation\" (actually fabricated cases) on all the most important political processes of the 1920s and 1930s. (from the so-called case of the Industrial Party to the case of G.E. Zinoviev-LBKamenev), conducted an investigation into the case of the so-called. Labor cross. parties (\"the case of A. Chayanov-N.D. Kondratyev\"). A. was close to many. writers and poets, but actually supervised their polit. moods. Soon after his appointment to Saratov, A. was arrested, taken to Moscow and executed on 08/01/1938."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGRANOVICH Leonid Danilovich (b. 1915, st. Zmievka, Oryol province), screenwriter, film director. In 1933–38 the actor Mosk. Modern t-ra, State. t-ra them. Sun Meyerhold, t-ditch of Tashkent, Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. In 1941–43, actor and dir. Front t-ra, in 1943-46 Art. teacher of acting at VGIK. Since 1946 he has been engaged in literature activities, author of screenplays: \"A man was born\" (1956), \"Life is in your hands\" (1959, in co-authorship), \"Heaven is subdued by them\" (1963, in co-authorship); theater, plays: \"Light is burning in the windows\", \"Pilots\", \"Devil's River\" and others, as well as scripts of their films. He made his directing debut in 1963 f. “The Man Who Doubts” (with VG Semakov). He independently put f. \"Case from the investigative practice\" (1968), \"Own\" (1969), \"In our factory\" (1971), \"City shield\" (1979), \"Statute of limitations\" (1983). State pr. USSR (1971)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGRANOVICH Mikhail Leonidovich (b. 1946, Moscow), cameraman. In 1962–64, a developer at the laboratory for processing amateur photographs. Mosgorfabriki photoworks. In 1964-65, a mechanic for the maintenance of shooting equipment at the c / st. Mosfilm. In 1970 he graduated from the cinematography department of VGIK. Since 1970 - at Mosfilm (camera assistant, director of photography). 1st are independent. work - \"Tryn-grass\" (1976). Among other fictions: \"Rudin\" (1977), \"Funny People\" (1978), \"Little Tragedies\" (1980), \"Three Years\" (1981), \"Look for a Woman\" (1983), \"Winning a Lonely Trader\" (1984), \"Repentance\" (1986) and others."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGRANOVSKY Anatoly Abramovich (1922, Moscow - 1984, ibid.), Journalist. Son Izv. journalist A.D. Agranovsky (1896-1951). In 1943 he graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t them. K. Liebknecht. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1947–61 he worked at Lit. gas. ”, in 1961-84 - in gas. \"News\". Participated in writing the book. LI Brezhnev Brother A. - Valery (b. 1929, Moscow), playwright, critic. Author pl. book, naib. fame from which got the pov. \"Stop Malakhov!\" (M., 1976). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGRON (Agronsky) Gershon (1893, Ukraine - 1959, Jerusalem), journalist, society. activist. Since 1906 - in the USA. In 1918 he joined Heb. legion. After demobilization he moved to E.-I. Founder and first ed. gas. Palestine Post (later - Jerusalem Post). Mayor of Jerusalem (1955–59)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGROSKIN Anatoly Abramovich (1908 - 1993, Moscow), geochemist, specialist in the region. chem. technologies and thermal physics of coal. Dr. Tech. sciences, professor. Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk Mining Institute. He worked in Donetsk coal chemistry. in-those, was one of the creatures. department of specialists-coke chemists in the Donetsk industrial in-those (dean of the coal chemistry department, headed the department), in Energetich. in-those them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of the energochemical laboratory). In 1941–45 he proposed and supervised the introduction of a method for increasing the bulk density of a charge for coking by wetting it with microadditives of hydrocarbon liquids. He made a significant contribution to the development of coke chemistry. Developed by scientific. basics of heating modern. coke ovens, hydraulics the theory of gas movement as applied to coke ovens. Author of scientific. works, monographs, textbooks. Became. pr. (1946). Works: Sovr. coke ovens and heat engineering for their heating, Moscow, 1932 (with G.S. Halabuzarsm); Ways of expanding the coal base of coking, M., 1959; Chemistry and technology of coal, 2nd ed., M., 1969; Phys. properties of coal, M., 1961; Physics of coal, M., 1965; Brown coals as technological. raw materials, M., 1976 (jointly with I.E. Svyatets); Thermophysics of Solid Fuel, I M., 1980 (with V.B. Gleybman)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGROSKIN Iosif Ilyich (1900, Khotimsk, Klimovsk u. Mogilev province. - 1968, Moscow), engineer, specialist in the region. hydraulic engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1938), professor. Since 1919 in Kr. Army. In 1924 he graduated from the irrigation and drainage faculty of the Goretsky agricultural department. in-that and worked in-those until 1927. In 1927–39 in Omsk agricultural. in-those (assistant of the department of hydraulics, since 1933 dean of the irrigation and drainage faculty, since 1937 head of the department and director of the institute). At the same time. in 1927–33 chap. Ing. Zap.-Sib. Melivodstroy. From 1939 he was appointed deputy. prev. Vses. to-that for higher affairs. schools under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. At the same time. from 1940 head. Department of Hydraulics in Moscow. irrigation and drainage institute. Since 1948, dir. in-ta.Osn. tr. associated with the development of hydraulic methods. calculation of canals and open reservoirs. He proposed new methods for determining conjugation. and critical. depths, differentiation integration. equations of uneven motion in open channels. He proposed methods for calculating rapid currents of uneven width, surge tanks, interface structures. Completed a series of works on the study of kinematic. the structure of the channel flow when flowing around cylindrical. Tel. One of the main. experimental developers, lab. and field sprinklers \"Aida\". Dep. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1938–47). Honored. worker of science and technology (1966). Works: Canal hydraulics, M.-L., 1940; Hydraulics calculation of channels, M.-L., 1958; Hydraulics, 4th ed., M.-L., 1964 (in co-authorship)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGRYZ, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sarapulsky u. Vyatka Gubernia. In 1939, 38 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGUDAS AHIM (Hebrew - the union of brothers), a former Jewish farmer. partnership to the Crimea. ASSR. Main In 1925 they were immigrants from Gomel. In 1925, 124 people lived in AA."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGUDZERA, a railway station in the Gulripsh district of Abkhazia (Georgia). In 1970, 31 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGURSKY Samuil Khaimovich (1884, Grodno - 1947, Pavlodar), part. and polit. activist, historian. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1936). Received a tradition. Heb. education. From the age of 12 - a worker. Since 1902, members Bund. From 1905 - in the USA, worked as a tailor, sotr. in Heb. socialist ed. in Yiddish, one of the creators of the Chicago Heb. working institute where emigrants could get an education. In 1917, corr. one of the Amer. Heb. newspapers in Russia. In Jan. 1918 cum. with Amer. R. Williams, a journalist, formed one of the first internats. units Kr. Army. One of the creators and deputy. prev. Evsektsii, together with J.V. Stalin, signed a decree on the liquidation of the center. leadership Heb. religious communities. In the years of civil. War Commissioner for Heb. affairs of Vitebsk province, published by the Bolshevik. gas. Yiddish. In the beginning. 1920s repeatedly (including illegally) visited the United States, participated in the creation. Communist Party of the United States, raised funds to support the Sov. Russia (formally - to help starving people in the Volga region). Since 1930 deputy. dir. Institute of Party History at the MK VKP (b), since 1934 Dir. Ying-that history of the party of Belarus and Ying-that Evr. proletarian culture of Belarus. In 1938 he was arrested on charges of belonging to the Hebrews. fasc. organization and sabotage in the Academy of Sciences, sentenced to 5 years of exile (served in Pavlodar). Son A. - Mikhail (Malib) (1933, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), specialist in the region. cybernetics, member of the human rights movement in the USSR. Cand. tech. Sciences (1969). Since 1975 in Israel, he worked in the media, was engaged in history and political science. In 1983 he received an academic degree in Paris. Doctor's degree in reg. Slavic studies. Prof. Heb. un-that in Jerusalem, chl. Central Committee of the Party of Labor. Author of the book: \"Ideology of National Bolshevism\" (1980), \"Sov. Golem \"(1982) and others."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AGUS (Agushevich) Irving A. (1910, Svisloch - 1984, New York), a leader in the field of Jewish education. Since 1927 - in the USA. Graduated from New York University (1932), Doctor of Philosophy (1937). Since 1951 he taught Hebrew. history at Yeshiva University. In 1939–51 hands. religious uch. establishments in America and Israel; 1939–45 - Baron Hirsch Society in Memphis; 1945–47 - Yeshivas in Long Island; 1947–49 - Harry Fishel Institute for research. Talmud (Jerusalem); 1949–51 - Ekib Academy in Philadelphia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AK-MOSQUE, see Simferopol."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKBULAK, urban-type settlement (since 1937), a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Orenburg province. In 1939, 50 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АХАД ГА-AM (наст. имя и фам. Ушер Исаевич (Ашер-Гирш) Гинцберг) (1856, Сквира Киевской губ. – 1927, Тель-Авив), писатель, публицист. Р. в богатой купеч. хасидской семье. Получил трад. евр. образование, самостоятельно осваивал естеств. науки, философию, иностр. яз. В 1882—84 слушал лекции в ун-тах Вены, Берлина и Бреславля. В 1884 поселился в Одессе, вошел в гр. «Ховевей Цион» (рук. Л.Пинскер). Впервые выступил в печати в 1889 в газ. «Га-Мелиц». В ст. кон. 1880-х – нач. 1890-х гг. доказывал необходимость длит. воспитат. работы в среде рос. еврейства, к-рая в конечном итоге приведет к более сознательной деятельности по заселению Э.-И. В 1889 А.г.-А. создал и возглавил орд. «Бней-Моше», объединивший его сторонников. Посетив в 1891 и 1893 Э.-И., А.Г.-А. в ряде ст. нач. 1890-х гг. дал критич. обзор экон., соц. и духовной жизни евр. поселений в стране, одноврем. выступил с резкой критикой ассимиляционных тенденций в зап.-европ. еврействе. В 1896 А.г.-А. возглавил изд-во «Агиасеф», в 1896–1902 редактировал ж. «Га-Шиллоах». После 1-го Всемирн. сионист. конгр. А.г.-А. в своих ст. подверг критике теорию полит, сионизма Т.Герцля, упрекал последнего в отказе от трад. ценностей евр. духовной культуры, выступал идеологом т.н. духовного сионизма, гл. цель к-рого – возрождение еврейства как нац.-культурной общности. В 1900 А.г.-А. вновь посетил Э.-И. В ст. нач. 1900-х гг. резко критиковал администрацию Э.Ротшильда в Э.-И., всю систему т.н. опеки, применявшуюся ею в отношении евр. поселений, а также деятельность евр. школ, созд. Всемирн. сионист. союзом в Э.-И. за их пренебрежение к нац. культурным и духовным ценностям. На съезде рос. сионистов в Минске (1902) А.г.-А. выступил с докладом «Духовное возрождение», посвященным практич. мерам подъема евр. нац. культуры. В 1903 А.г.-А. поступил на службу в чаеторг. фирму Высоцких, а фактически целиком отдался лит.-публицистич. деятельности. После Кишиневского погрома 1903 выступил за созд. евр. самообороны. Резко критиковал план евр. колонизации Уганды, считая его результатом забвения евр. духовных ценностей. В 1905–07 А.г.-А. участвовал в деятельности «Союза для достижения полноправия евреев в России». В 1908 А.г.-А. переехал в Лондон, где продолжал обществ, и публицистич. деятельность. В 1922 окончательно поселился в Э.-И.В своих публицистич. выступлениях А.г.-А. отказывался считать достижение гл. цели полит, сионизма (воссоздание евр. нац. независимости в Э.-И.) окончат. решением евр. вопроса. По его мнению, за мн. века рассеяния у евреев ослабло естеств. самовосприятие себя как частицы единой нации, отсюда тенденции к ассимилированию, отказ от собств. наследия. Этот процесс может быть остановлен только возрождением созидат. сил иудаизма. Воля нации к жизни, согласно А.г.-А., не только требует верности духовным ценностям, но непосредственно формирует их. Эта воля должна заставить сторонников традиции привести нац. духовно-культурные ценности в соответствие с условиями новой реальности, а сторонников ассимиляции – проникнуться чувством их сущностной связи с наследием народа, к к-рому они принадлежат. По убеждению А.г.-А., даже такие концепции иудаизма, как мессианизм или монотеизм, являются лишь функциями воли нации к жизни, и поэтому они должны получить перевыражение в формах и терминах, свойственных совр. европ. ментальности, что адаптирует их к существованию нации в настоящем и будущем. Высказывания А.г.-А. об «окаменелых» традициях евр. религии вызвали резкие отповеди со стороны раввинов, доброжелательно относившихся к движению «Ховевей Цион». Тогда А.г.-А. занялся проблемами нормативной части иудаизма, в надежде примирить религ. и светское направление в еврействе. Отвергая реформизм, полагая, что религия подлежит не реформе, а развитию, А.г.-А. видел это развитие во внесении изменений в Галаху в соответствии с требованиями жизни. Взгляды А.г.-А. оказали влияние на все направления в сионизме. Его произв. сыграли видную роль в становлении новой лит-ры на иврите, послужили одним из решающих факторов интеграции процессов возрождения нац. евр. культуры., pronunciation=АХАД ГА-AM (наст. имя и фам. Ушер Исаевич (Ашер-Гирш) Гинцберг) (1856, Сквира Киевской губ. – 1927, Тель-Авив), писатель, публицист. Р. в богатой купеч. хасидской семье. Получил трад. евр. образование, самостоятельно осваивал естеств. науки, философию, иностр. яз. В 1882—84 слушал лекции в ун-тах Вены, Берлина и Бреславля. В 1884 поселился в Одессе, вошел в гр. «Ховевей Цион» (рук. Л.Пинскер). Впервые выступил в печати в 1889 в газ. «Га-Мелиц». В ст. кон. 1880-х – нач. 1890-х гг. доказывал необходимость длит. воспитат. работы в среде рос. еврейства, к-рая в конечном итоге приведет к более сознательной деятельности по заселению Э.-И. В 1889 А.г.-А. создал и возглавил орд. «Бней-Моше», объединивший его сторонников. Посетив в 1891 и 1893 Э.-И., А.Г.-А. в ряде ст. нач. 1890-х гг. дал критич. обзор экон., соц. и духовной жизни евр. поселений в стране, одноврем. выступил с резкой критикой ассимиляционных тенденций в зап.-европ. еврействе. В 1896 А.г.-А. возглавил изд-во «Агиасеф», в 1896–1902 редактировал ж. «Га-Шиллоах». После 1-го Всемирн. сионист. конгр. А.г.-А. в своих ст. подверг критике теорию полит, сионизма Т.Герцля, упрекал последнего в отказе от трад. ценностей евр. духовной культуры, выступал идеологом т.н. духовного сионизма, гл. цель к-рого – возрождение еврейства как нац.-культурной общности. В 1900 А.г.-А. вновь посетил Э.-И. В ст. нач. 1900-х гг. резко критиковал администрацию Э.Ротшильда в Э.-И., всю систему т.н. опеки, применявшуюся ею в отношении евр. поселений, а также деятельность евр. школ, созд. Всемирн. сионист. союзом в Э.-И. за их пренебрежение к нац. культурным и духовным ценностям. На съезде рос. сионистов в Минске (1902) А.г.-А. выступил с докладом «Духовное возрождение», посвященным практич. мерам подъема евр. нац. культуры. В 1903 А.г.-А. поступил на службу в чаеторг. фирму Высоцких, а фактически целиком отдался лит.-публицистич. деятельности. После Кишиневского погрома 1903 выступил за созд. евр. самообороны. Резко критиковал план евр. колонизации Уганды, считая его результатом забвения евр. духовных ценностей. В 1905–07 А.г.-А. участвовал в деятельности «Союза для достижения полноправия евреев в России». В 1908 А.г.-А. переехал в Лондон, где продолжал обществ, и публицистич. деятельность. В 1922 окончательно поселился в Э.-И.В своих публицистич. выступлениях А.г.-А. отказывался считать достижение гл. цели полит, сионизма (воссоздание евр. нац. независимости в Э.-И.) окончат. решением евр. вопроса. По его мнению, за мн. века рассеяния у евреев ослабло естеств. самовосприятие себя как частицы единой нации, отсюда тенденции к ассимилированию, отказ от собств. наследия. Этот процесс может быть остановлен только возрождением созидат. сил иудаизма. Воля нации к жизни, согласно А.г.-А., не только требует верности духовным ценностям, но непосредственно формирует их. Эта воля должна заставить сторонников традиции привести нац. духовно-культурные ценности в соответствие с условиями новой реальности, а сторонников ассимиляции – проникнуться чувством их сущностной связи с наследием народа, к к-рому они принадлежат. По убеждению А.г.-А., даже такие концепции иудаизма, как мессианизм или монотеизм, являются лишь функциями воли нации к жизни, и поэтому они должны получить перевыражение в формах и терминах, свойственных совр. европ. ментальности, что адаптирует их к существованию нации в настоящем и будущем. Высказывания А.г.-А. об «окаменелых» традициях евр. религии вызвали резкие отповеди со стороны раввинов, доброжелательно относившихся к движению «Ховевей Цион». Тогда А.г.-А. занялся проблемами нормативной части иудаизма, в надежде примирить религ. и светское направление в еврействе. Отвергая реформизм, полагая, что религия подлежит не реформе, а развитию, А.г.-А. видел это развитие во внесении изменений в Галаху в соответствии с требованиями жизни. Взгляды А.г.-А. оказали влияние на все направления в сионизме. Его произв. сыграли видную роль в становлении новой лит-ры на иврите, послужили одним из решающих факторов интеграции процессов возрождения нац. евр. культуры., extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHALDABA, an urban-type settlement (since 1965) in the Borjomi region (Georgia). Izv. from the 12th century In the 15-18 centuries. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Georgian province., from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti province., from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. The fact of residence of Jews was first documented in 1703. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), Armenia was inhabited by Georgians and Jews, who were serfs of the Kartli queen and carried in her favor numerous. duty. Due to the constant raids of the Dagestanis, Persians and others. The number of the Jewish population in tech. 18th century decreased from 150 families (smoke) to 8 families in 1801. By the middle. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHALGORI (1934-92 - Leningori), an urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center (Georgia). In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the Ksan kn-va as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1939, 4 Jews lived in Armenia. According to legend, A. founded. in 1 century. BC e., from the end. 16th century - the princely residence of the Ksan princes, then. bargain. Centre. Jews appeared in Armenia after the 1760s. and up to mid. 19th century made up means. part of the population. Later, the Jewish community ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHALI ATONI (1955-92 - New Athos), an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Gudauta region of Abkhazia (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Psirtskha of Sukhumsky u. Kutaisi province. In 1921-91 it was a member of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 in A.A. there were 3 Jews, in 1939 - 55, in 1970 - 21, in 1979 - 7 Jews (all Ashkenazim). Jews lived in A.A. from 1921. In 1992, Jews left AA."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHALI GAVAZI, a village in the Kvareli region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Gavazi New Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1904 there were 7 Jews living in AG, in 1926 - 24 Jews. Jews settled in AG in the beginning. 20th century"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHALKALAKI, city, regional center (Georgia). Izv. from the 9th century. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti region, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi region, from 1867 in the Akhaltsykh u. Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1883, 27 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1887 - 53, in 1897 - 193 (5.5%), in 1910 - 69 (1.4%), in 1939 - 3 Jews . Jews lived in A. from the middle. 19th century after relocation several. Jewish families from Akhaltsikhe (modern Akhaltsikhe). There was a synagogue in 1883. The Jews lived separately in the Jewish quarter. In 1910 a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery existed in Armenia. In 1918-21, when Armenia was under Turkish rule, Jews moved from Armenia to Akhaltsykh and Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi). DMKhananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHALSOPELI, a village in Lanchkhuti district (Georgia). Main in the 1850s. as the village of Lanchkhutsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1904 15 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 66, in 1939 - 15 Jews. In 1889, a Jewish merchant from Tskhinvali was killed in Armenia. (modern Tskhinvali) D. Davarashvili and Y. Davarashvili wounded. Jews lived in Armenia from the beginning. 20th century In 1928, in connection with the founding in the Lanchkhut region of the Jewish collective farm \"Tsiteli Gora\" some of the Jews of A. moved to the collective farm. In the 1940s. Jews left A.D.M. Khananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АХАЛЦИХЕ, город, районный центр (Грузия). Изв. с 12 в., в 12—16 вв. — центр ист. обл. Самцхе. С 1578 — под властью Османской империи, с 1628 — центр Ахалцыхского пашалыка. С 1828 — в составе Рос. империи, в Имеретинской обл., с 1840 — центр Ахалцыхского у. Грузино-Имеретинской, с 1846 — Кутаисской, с 1867 — Тифлисской губ. В 1921—91 — в составе ГССР.В 1830 в А. проживало 117 еврейских семей (в т. ч. 327 мужчин), в 1835 — 623 еврея, в 1837 — 60 еврейских семей, в 1852 — 724 еврея (5,9%), в 1859 — 1364 (9,7%), в 1864 — 1852 (15,1%), в 1882 — 1972 (10,9%), в 1897 — 1533 (10%), в 1905 — 2322 (12%), в 1910 — 2610, в 1911 — 2934, в 1915 — 3248 (12,7%), в 1926 — 921 (в т. ч. 94 ашкеназа), в 1939 — 1007, в 1970 — 836, в 1979 — 337 евреев (в т. ч. 245 грузинских).Евреи в А. впервые упом. царевичем Вахушти Багратиони в 1745 (селились в особом квартале к З. от крепости, поблизости располагалось еврейское кладбище). В 1740-х гг. сооружена синагога. В ходе рус.-тур. войны (1828—29) община пострадала от нападений мусульман-аджарцев, учинявших грабежи и погромы. После присоединения А. к России евреи причислены к гос. крестьянам. В 1827—29 в А. переселились евреи из соседних сел (Абастумани, Ахалдаба, Двири, Дигвири). В нач. 1830-х гг. во время эпидемии холеры умерло 100 евреев. В 1837 вновь вспыхнула эпидемия холеры, в результате к-рой число еврейских семей сократилось до 60. Гл. занятие еврейского населения А. — торговля (с 1830-х гг. существовало «Торг. об-во Соломона», к-рое вело торговлю с Персией, Турцией, а также с внутр. губерниями России). В сер. 1860-х гг. построена 2-я синагога. В 1872 из 206 еврейских семей 16 были состоятельными, 103 — малоимущими. С постройкой ж.-д. Поти — Тифлис (1873) торговля в А. постепенно пришла в упадок, начался отток еврейского населения в др. крупные города края. Осн. занятием евреев А. стала мелочная разъездная торговля. В 1889 евреи А. едва не стали жертвами «кровавого навета». В кон. 19 в. численность населения А. (в т. ч. еврейского) начала увеличиваться за счет притока жителей из окрестных мест. В нач. 20 в. евреи, выходцы из А., владели в Тифлисе (совр. Тбилиси) 17 галантерейными магазинами из 23, принадлежавших евреям, на их средства в 1910 сооружена новая синагога, названная «Ахалцыхской».В 1910 в А. — 2 синагоги с хедерами при них и еврейское кладбище. В 1888, 1903 и 1912 община безуспешно ходатайствовала перед властями о разрешении на открытие талмуд-торы. В жен. уч-ще в 1894 из 74 учениц 14 были еврейками (в 1901 — 10 из 110), в 1915 в местной прогимназии обучались 3 еврея (из 206 учеников).В 1880—90-х гг. раввином в А. был Иосиф Давиташвили (в 1910 выехал в Э.-И.), в 1910—28 — Элиягу-Шмуэль Коханов, в 1917—19 — Д.Баазов, в 1910-х гг. — Иехезкиэль Тетруашвили. В окт. 1917 Баазов избран членом гор. совета. На выборах делегатов на Всерос. еврейский конгресс (март 1918) сионисты во гл. с Баазовым получили 173 голоса, а представители движения «Агудат Исраэль» — 45.После оккупации А. тур. войсками (июнь 1918) мн. евреи покинули город. С установлением сов. власти (март 1921) ликвидирована частная торговля, мн. евреи оказались на грани нищеты. В 1923 власти закрыли обе синагоги (после долгих хлопот евреи в 1924 добились их открытия). В 1926 отмечен факт ритуального навета. В 1920-х гг. мн. евреи переселились из А. в др. города. В 1927 создан еврейский колхоз, к-рый объединял 23 еврейских семьи (127 чел. из 180 колхозников). К 1930 число еврейских семей в колхозе возросло до 34, в 1937 — до 65 (из 85). В колхозе были открыты еврейский дет. сад, школа, еврейский кружок самодеятельности, в 1928 — еврейская б-ка. В 1929 создан К-т бедных евреев (евкомбед), занимавшийся трудоустройством евреев (в т. ч. рабочими на пром. пр-тиях, созданных при его участии). К 1937 в еврейском квартале действовали дет. сад на 60 детей и школа на 220 учеников. После ликвидации Грузевкомбеда (1936) упразднены все еврейские пр-тия и артели, после закрытия ГрузОЗЕТа (1938) еврейский колхоз объединен с грузинским (евреи постепенно покидали его). В 1941—45 численность еврейского населения вновь сократилась за счет миграции в др. регионы. В 1947 одна из синагог, раввином в к-рой был Абрам Ихошвили (1888 — после 1965), превращена в спортзал. В 1950 за систематич. неуплату налога со строения закрыта 2-я синагога, в 1952 в ее здании разместились культурно-просветит. учреждения. В 1950-х гг. раввином в А. был Меир Филхазович Левиашвили (1880—?), шохетом — Б.М.Вилкин (1879—?). В результате массового выезда число еврейских семей в А. сократилось с 400 (1970-е гг.) до 20 (1999).В А. род. А.Ш.Батошвили, И.Давиташвили, Ш.Кобошвили.Д.М.Хананашвили, pronunciation=АХАЛЦИХЕ, город, районный центр (Грузия). Изв. с 12 в., в 12—16 вв. — центр ист. обл. Самцхе. С 1578 — под властью Османской империи, с 1628 — центр Ахалцыхского пашалыка. С 1828 — в составе Рос. империи, в Имеретинской обл., с 1840 — центр Ахалцыхского у. Грузино-Имеретинской, с 1846 — Кутаисской, с 1867 — Тифлисской губ. В 1921—91 — в составе ГССР.В 1830 в А. проживало 117 еврейских семей (в т. ч. 327 мужчин), в 1835 — 623 еврея, в 1837 — 60 еврейских семей, в 1852 — 724 еврея (5,9%), в 1859 — 1364 (9,7%), в 1864 — 1852 (15,1%), в 1882 — 1972 (10,9%), в 1897 — 1533 (10%), в 1905 — 2322 (12%), в 1910 — 2610, в 1911 — 2934, в 1915 — 3248 (12,7%), в 1926 — 921 (в т. ч. 94 ашкеназа), в 1939 — 1007, в 1970 — 836, в 1979 — 337 евреев (в т. ч. 245 грузинских).Евреи в А. впервые упом. царевичем Вахушти Багратиони в 1745 (селились в особом квартале к З. от крепости, поблизости располагалось еврейское кладбище). В 1740-х гг. сооружена синагога. В ходе рус.-тур. войны (1828—29) община пострадала от нападений мусульман-аджарцев, учинявших грабежи и погромы. После присоединения А. к России евреи причислены к гос. крестьянам. В 1827—29 в А. переселились евреи из соседних сел (Абастумани, Ахалдаба, Двири, Дигвири). В нач. 1830-х гг. во время эпидемии холеры умерло 100 евреев. В 1837 вновь вспыхнула эпидемия холеры, в результате к-рой число еврейских семей сократилось до 60. Гл. занятие еврейского населения А. — торговля (с 1830-х гг. существовало «Торг. об-во Соломона», к-рое вело торговлю с Персией, Турцией, а также с внутр. губерниями России). В сер. 1860-х гг. построена 2-я синагога. В 1872 из 206 еврейских семей 16 были состоятельными, 103 — малоимущими. С постройкой ж.-д. Поти — Тифлис (1873) торговля в А. постепенно пришла в упадок, начался отток еврейского населения в др. крупные города края. Осн. занятием евреев А. стала мелочная разъездная торговля. В 1889 евреи А. едва не стали жертвами «кровавого навета». В кон. 19 в. численность населения А. (в т. ч. еврейского) начала увеличиваться за счет притока жителей из окрестных мест. В нач. 20 в. евреи, выходцы из А., владели в Тифлисе (совр. Тбилиси) 17 галантерейными магазинами из 23, принадлежавших евреям, на их средства в 1910 сооружена новая синагога, названная «Ахалцыхской».В 1910 в А. — 2 синагоги с хедерами при них и еврейское кладбище. В 1888, 1903 и 1912 община безуспешно ходатайствовала перед властями о разрешении на открытие талмуд-торы. В жен. уч-ще в 1894 из 74 учениц 14 были еврейками (в 1901 — 10 из 110), в 1915 в местной прогимназии обучались 3 еврея (из 206 учеников).В 1880—90-х гг. раввином в А. был Иосиф Давиташвили (в 1910 выехал в Э.-И.), в 1910—28 — Элиягу-Шмуэль Коханов, в 1917—19 — Д.Баазов, в 1910-х гг. — Иехезкиэль Тетруашвили. В окт. 1917 Баазов избран членом гор. совета. На выборах делегатов на Всерос. еврейский конгресс (март 1918) сионисты во гл. с Баазовым получили 173 голоса, а представители движения «Агудат Исраэль» — 45.После оккупации А. тур. войсками (июнь 1918) мн. евреи покинули город. С установлением сов. власти (март 1921) ликвидирована частная торговля, мн. евреи оказались на грани нищеты. В 1923 власти закрыли обе синагоги (после долгих хлопот евреи в 1924 добились их открытия). В 1926 отмечен факт ритуального навета. В 1920-х гг. мн. евреи переселились из А. в др. города. В 1927 создан еврейский колхоз, к-рый объединял 23 еврейских семьи (127 чел. из 180 колхозников). К 1930 число еврейских семей в колхозе возросло до 34, в 1937 — до 65 (из 85). В колхозе были открыты еврейский дет. сад, школа, еврейский кружок самодеятельности, в 1928 — еврейская б-ка. В 1929 создан К-т бедных евреев (евкомбед), занимавшийся трудоустройством евреев (в т. ч. рабочими на пром. пр-тиях, созданных при его участии). К 1937 в еврейском квартале действовали дет. сад на 60 детей и школа на 220 учеников. После ликвидации Грузевкомбеда (1936) упразднены все еврейские пр-тия и артели, после закрытия ГрузОЗЕТа (1938) еврейский колхоз объединен с грузинским (евреи постепенно покидали его). В 1941—45 численность еврейского населения вновь сократилась за счет миграции в др. регионы. В 1947 одна из синагог, раввином в к-рой был Абрам Ихошвили (1888 — после 1965), превращена в спортзал. В 1950 за систематич. неуплату налога со строения закрыта 2-я синагога, в 1952 в ее здании разместились культурно-просветит. учреждения. В 1950-х гг. раввином в А. был Меир Филхазович Левиашвили (1880—?), шохетом — Б.М.Вилкин (1879—?). В результате массового выезда число еврейских семей в А. сократилось с 400 (1970-е гг.) до 20 (1999).В А. род. А.Ш.Батошвили, И.Давиташвили, Ш.Кобошвили.Д.М.Хананашвили, extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHALTSYKH, see Akhaltsikhe."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AHDUS, see Leninsky."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHIEZER Alexander Ilyich (1911, Cherikov, Mogilev province), physicist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1964), Hon. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1986). Since 1934 he has been working at the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology. Tr. in nuclear physics, quantum electrodynamics, elementary particle physics, plasma physics, magnetohydrodynamics, solid state theory, magnetism. Created a theoretical school. Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.I. Mandelstam (1948). Works: Some questions of the theory of the nucleus (in co-authors), M.-L., 1948; 1950. Quantum electrodynamics (et al.), M., 1949; 1959; 1969; 1981. Biography of elementary particles (et al.), Kiev, 1983. Atomic physics: Reference book, Kiev, 1988."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHIEZER Alexander Samoilovich (b. 1929, Moscow), economist, specialist in social philosophy and methodology of history. Sciences. Graduated from Moscow. state econom. Institute (1953), postgraduate studies at the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in the specialty \"Planning bunks. x-va \"(1964), graduate school at Moscow. in-those nar. x-va them. GV Plekhanov with a degree in Philosophy (1967). Cand. Philos. sciences. In 1969-91 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of the workers' movement and compare, political science of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1991 leading scientist. sotr. Institute of International employment of RAS. A. develops reproduction. the concept of the about-va, anti-entropic understanding of the essence, genesis and essence of mass people. activities. In addition, in his tr. problems and topics are being developed: the inconsistency of modern. grew up. worker as a subject of reproduction about-va; mechanisms of cultural dynamics, their significance and place in activity; humanization ist. the process of human development; originality (specificity) ist. the paths of Russia. Cit .: Culture. Modality. Interpretation: Categories and concepts of the Marxist-Leninist theory of culture, M., 1985; Culture and social relations: Restructuring societies, relations and contradictions in culture, M., 1989; Russia: Critique of East. experience, t. 1-3, M., 1991; Social and cultural problems of the development of Russia: Philos. aspect, M., 1992."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHIEZER Naum Ilyich (1901, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1980, Kharkov), mathematician. Ch.-c. AN VOIN (1934). Graduated from Kievsk. Institute of Higher Education education (1924), graduate school - in the same place (1928). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936), prof. (1940). He worked in Kievsk. un-those, (1928–33), Kiev. Aviation in-those (1928–33), Kharkov. un-those (1933–41), Alma-Atinsk. Mining Institute (1941–43), Moscow. energetic in-those (1943–47), from 1947 - to Kharkov. un-those. results - in the theory of best approximations, where he developed the ideas of P.L. Chebyshev and S.N.Bernstein. Works on the theory of functions, funkts. analysis, theory integr. equations, approx. and num. methods, aerodynamics, history of mathematics. He introduced functions known as Akhiezer-Baker functions, which play an important role in the theory of nonlinear integrals. systems. The author of a number of ist.-mat. research Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences P.L. Chebyshev (1952). Works: Lectures on the theory of approximation, Moscow, 2nd ed., 1965; Theory of linear operators in a Hilbert space, M.-L., 1950, sovm. with I.M. Glazman."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AHIMEIR Abba (real name and surname - Abba Shaul Geisinovich) (1898, Dolgoe Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1962, Tel Aviv), polit. activist, publicist, writer, one of the leaders of the Zionist revisionists, the ideologist of the most radical revision wing. movement In 1912 he arrived at E.-I. In 1914 he returned to Russia, joined Ceirei Zion. After the 1st world. war studied history in high fur boots of Liege and Vienna. In 1924 he returned to E.-I., joined Ga Poel Ha-Tsair, and in 1928 joined the Zionist revisionists. A supporter of active resistance to the Britons, the mandate authorities, A. organized a series of protests against them, for which he was repeatedly arrested. In 1933 Brit. the authorities in the murder of Kh. Arlozorov, but was acquitted by the court. In 1935 he was arrested and imprisoned for illegal organization. \"Union of rebels\" (\"Brit ha-birionim\"). A.'s views have rendered meaning. influence on the formir. ideology of clandestine fighting organizations Etzel and Lehi. Author pl. ostropolich. publicistic. Art. (partly included in his \"Selected works.\", v. 1–2, 1966–68) and several. book"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHMETA, city (since 1966), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926 15 Jews lived in Armenia. Jews lived in Armenia in the 1910s and 1930s."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AHRON Iosif Yulievich (1886, Lodz - 1943, Hollywood, USA), violinist, composer. He studied violin in Warsaw under I. Lotto, in 1899-1904 in St. Petersburg. cons. in the class of prof. L.S.Auer (preliminary training was given by the adjunct Auer I.R.Nalbandyan); he studied composition with A.K. Lyadov. He gave concerts in Russia and Europe. In 1913-16 he taught at the Kharkov muses. uch-shche. Member \"Society of Hebrews. folk music \". In 1922 he left Russia for Europe, then in 1925 for the USA. In 1925, together with the world famous musicians - S.V. Rachmaninov, I. Hoffman, J. Kheifets, E. Tzimbalist - he took part in the celebrations, an anniversary concert in the Carnegie Hall, having eaten. 80th anniversary of Auer. Author of 3 concertos for violin and orc., 2 sonatas for violin and fp., 4 suites for violin and fp. and others. In his work he addressed the intonation of the Hebrews. muses. folklore: “Heb. melody \"for violin and orc., suite\" Golem \"for chamber orc.,\" Heb. lullaby \"for violin and fp. (as amended by Auer), suite \"Stempenu\" after Sholem Aleichem for violin and piano, piece for cello \"Khazan\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AHRON Isidor Yulievich (1892, Warsaw - 1948, New York), pianist. Graduated in 1918 from St. Petersburg. cons., learned to play php. A.N. Dubasov and A.N. Esipova, compositions - from A.K. Lyadov. From 1918 he toured cities in Russia and Germany. From 1922 he lived in the USA. Debuting in New York, in 1922–33 he was the accompanist of J. Heifetz. He performed both as a soloist and in ans. with other musicians. From 1933 he toured the USA as a soloist with leading Amer. symph. orc. He performed with success in 1936 in The Hague and Amsterdam. Author of \"Grotesque Suite\" for orc. (performed in 1942) and fp. plays."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHSHARUMOVA Anna Markovna (b. 1957, Moscow), chess player; international grandmaster (1989). B.F. Gulko's wife. International Winner tournaments in Tbilisi (1975), Budapest and Timishiara (1978). USSR champion (1976 and 1984). Since 1986 - in the USA. USA Champion (1987). As part of the US team, a member of two Everyone. Olympiads (1988–90). Participant of the World Championship: Interzonal Tournament (Kuala Lumpur, 1990) - 5th-6th place."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AHSU, city (since 1967), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Shemakha province., from 1859 - Shemakha district. Baku lips. In 1918–20 - as part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - in the Azerbaijan SSR. 20th century The rabbis in Armenia were Rabbi Abraham, Rabbi Daniel, Rabbi Gershon, Rabbi Irliya, Rabbi Azaria, Rabbi Michael, and Rabbi Gershon-Shmuel."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKHTIAR, see Sevastopol."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Akhty, a village, a regional center in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1840 - the city of the Cuban y. Caspian Region, from 1846 in Derbent Gubernia, from 1860 in Dagestan Region. 11 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939. In 1734, the troops of the Persian military leader Nadir Shah captured Armenia and converted the entire surviving Jewish population to Islam. Jews who converted to Islam over time began to consider themselves Lezgins. The Lezgins living now in A. remember their Jewish origin. Back in the 1920s. In A. there were Lezgi women who lit Shabbat candles. On the wall of one of A.'s mosques there was an inscription in Hebrew indicating the date of construction."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Akhtyrka, city (since 1703), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1641. In 19 - early. 20th century In 1902, there were 30 Jewish families in Armenia, 161 Jews in 1910, 640 in 1920, 369 (1.4%) in 1926, and 277 Jews in 1939. the synagogue was opened. 1942 in A., apprx. 25 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKILOV Yakhiel (1900, Samarkand - 1972, Tashkent), writer. One of the first Komsomol members of Turkestan. In 1920 he graduated from the teacher. courses. Then he begins to publish his poems in the local press. First. book \"Dadi u\" (\"His father\") in Bukhara-Heb. lang. came out in 1927. Delegate of the First All-Union Congress of Sov. writers."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKIMOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1833. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 305 Jews did not live in the Akimovsky District, and in 1939 there were 44 Jews in Armenia. 1941 - early. 1942 in Armenia several were killed. remaining Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKIVIS Max Aizikovich (b. 1923, Novosibirsk), mathematician. Participant in the 1941–45 war: He studied at Moscow State University, was expelled from the 5th year in ideological studies. reasons. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1951. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964). Prof. (1966). He worked in Tulsk. mechanical in-those (1956-60) and in Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (since 1960). Author fuidam. results in multidimensional projective and conformal geometry, the theory of webs and the theory of differential-geometric. Structures, Works: Conformal Differential. geometry. On Sat. \"Geometry. 1963 \"(Results of Science), M., 1965, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKKERMAN, see Belgorod-Dnestrovsky."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ACCORD Elias (Ilya Samoilovich) (|, Mogilev - 1811), doctor. He studied medicine in Berlin, received a medical degree in St. Petersburg in 1788. From 1789 he served as a military man. doctor in Kiev and Vasilkov, and also had a private practice. In 1798 he was promoted to the courtyard. advisors. Later he was an obstetrician at the Kiev Medical Council. Interested in the reforms of the living conditions of Jews in Poland, trans. anonymous pamphlet \"Jews, or Reforms in the life of the Jews of the Polish Rep.\" (1786) from Polish. lang. on it., in which immediate changes in the status of Polish Jews were required. Appreciating this work, A. opposed certain conclusions of the pamphleteer, in particular, denying the assertion that Jews are alien to enlightenment and explaining this by their exclusion from secular education. A.'s arguments reflected the views of the skylight. M. Mendelssohn's school and other scientists of Haskala."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKMECHETSKIE RATES, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Akmechetsky Ananyevsky u. Kherson province. 1942 until March 1944 in AS there was a camp of Jews from Odessa, transferred from the camp in Domanevka. There were also Jews from Bessarabia in the camp, in particular from Chisinau, including 58 psychic. patients delivered in the summer of 1942. Approx. 3 thousand people, of which 150 survived."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKMECHETSKY, see Akmechetskie Stavki."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKMOLA, see Astana."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKMOLINSK, see Astana."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKMOLS, see Astana."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKMYANE, city (since 1956), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Okmyany Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 677 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 543 (36%), in 1921 - 150, at the end. 1930s - OK. 100, in 1979 - 3 Jews. Jews lived in Armenia from the middle. 18th century Main occupations - trade, craft, villages. x-in. In 1867 there were three synagogues in Armenia. In the end. 19th century Rabbi A. was Aron-Eliyahu Kagana, from 1907 - Nokhum-Mordkhe Verbovskiy (1875-1941). During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of A. were evicted to the int. province of Russia. After 1920, some of them returned to A. 4-9 August. 1941 Jews of A. were shot. Through several. years at the place of execution a monument was erected. After 1944, several. Jewish families returned to A.V. the clan B.Kader."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKNISTE, city (since 1991) in Jekabpils region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20 c - the town of Oknista Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was in the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 194 Jews (75%) lived in Armenia, in 1930 - 176 Jews, in 1935 - 199 Jews (42%). in A. in the middle. 19th century In the 1920s. there were 2 synagogues in Armenia, and there was a shohet. Library and drama worked. circle. Jews A. were shot in the 2nd half. July 1941 on the bank flowing approx. A. rivers. After 1945, a monument to the executed was erected at the Catholic cemetery of Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKOSTA Yand (in Russian sources - Lacoste) (| - |), court jester of Peter I. R. in the family of Portuguese. Jews - Marrans who fled the country from the persecution of the Inquisition. In the beginning. 18th century maintained a brokerage office in Hamburg. OK. 1714 by invitation grew up. resident in Hamburg moved to Russia (according to another version, brought to the country by Peter I himself) and was appointed court jester. Thanks to his cheerful disposition, wit and resourcefulness, as well as the ability to speak almost all Europe. languages ​​A. won the favor of Peter 1; an expert on the Bible, A. often waged theological disputes with the tsar and was one of his favorite interlocutors. For his diligent service, Peter I bestowed on A. the clownish title of \"Samoyed King\" and presented him with the uninhabited Sommera Father in the Hall of Finland. In the 1730s. A. was still a jester at the court of the imp. Anna Ivanovna; his further fate is unknown. Numerous. \"Anecdotes\" attributed to A. were widely circulated in Russian. lubochny lit-re con. 18-19 centuries"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKSAY, a city (since 1957), a regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 16th century. as the village of Ust-Aksayskaya, from 1791 - the village of Aksayskaya, Cherkassky, from 1805 - Novocherkassky env. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKSAY, see Aksai, Rostov region."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AXELROD Albert Yulievich (1934, Voronezh - 1991, Moscow), resuscitator, dir. t-ra and TV. In 1958 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t them. I.M.Sechenov. In 1962–69 he worked in the lab. experimental physiology for the revitalization of organisms of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Org. and headed the first in the country C. outgoing reanimation. Since 1969 he worked at the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. Created a department. neuroresuscitation in Moscow. clinics hospital them. S.P. Botkin, organized the country's first reanimation baro-center, developed the principles of using the hyperbaric method. oxygenation in intensive care. One of the main. resuscitation service in the USSR. Cand. honey. Sciences, Assoc. He hosted on TV a weekly program \"You - 03\" about the rules for providing first aid in extreme situations. He contributed to the development of growing up. culture. In 1957, together with IG Rutberg and MG Rozovsky, he organized the pop studio of Moscow State University \"Our House\". He was the initiator of the creation and presenter of the game television programs (with M. Yakovlev and S.A. Muratov) \"BBB\" (\"Evening of cheerful questions\", 1959) and \"KVN\" (\"Club of the cheerful and resourceful\", 1961). Op. : Problems of reanimatology, M., 1968 (et al.); Anesthesia and resuscitation for acute massive blood loss in obstetrics, M., 1971; Revival without sensations, M., 1988; Hyperbaric oxygenation - medical and business information, M., 1990 (et al.)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AXELROD Elena Meerovna (b. 1932, Minsk), poet. Daughter of M.M. Axelrod and writer R.R. Rubina. Graduated from the Faculty of Rus. lang. and literature from MGPI. Author pl. book for children: \"Vanka-Vstanka and Sanka-Spanka\" (M., 1961), \"The Blizzard Walked in Moscow\" (M., 1965), etc., as well as poetry. collection of books \"Window to the North\" (Moscow, 1975), \"Poems\" (Jerusalem, 1992). Also known as the lane. poetry from different languages, incl. and from Yiddish. The Jewish theme in her work has long served as an obstacle to the publication of poems. A.'s work is distinguished by subtle lyricism, romanticism of the world view. Since 1992 - in Israel."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AXELROD Gleb Borisovich (b. 1923, Moscow), pianist. Studied under L.I. Roizman in music. school at Moscow. conservatory. In 1948 he graduated from Moscow. conservatory, class fp. from G.R. Ginzburg (p.), in 1951 he also took a postgraduate course. Laureate of the International. piano competitions - them. B. Smetana (1st avenue, Prague, 1951), them. M. Long and J. Thibault (4th avenue, Paris, 1955), them. J. Viana da Mota (2nd Ave., Lisbon, 1957). Member jury of the 1964 pianist competition Viana da Mota in Lisbon. In 1951–56 he was a soloist of the Touring Bureau (since 1957, the All-Union Concert Touring Association). Since 1959 he has been teaching at Moscow. Conservatory, since 1967 - associate professor, since 1979 - prof. The repertoire includes ch. arr. PI Tchaikovsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, RK Shchedrin, D.B. Kabalevsky, as well as traditional pianists' op. D. Scarlatti, I. Haydn, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. Liszt (including the play \"Memories of Russia\"), C. Debussy. Includes rarely executed FPs in programs. pieces by B. Smetana, J. Sibelius, B. Bartok, Portuguese composers J. de Sousa Carvalho, J. Seixas. In a duet with O.G. Glebov, he performed all 4-hand php. manuf. Beethoven. Honored. art. RSFSR (1966)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AXELROD Lyubov Isakovna (ps. Orthodox) (1868, Dunilovichi, Vilna province - 1946), rev. activist, literary critic. The daughter of a rabbi. She broke up with her family and joined the Narodnaya Volya. circle in Poltava. She worked in the roar. org-tions of Kharkov and Melitopol. In the end. 1885 passed the examination for the title of house in St. Petersburg. teachers. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Berne University in 1900. In 1887-1906 - in France and Switzerland. From 1892 - member. gr. “Union of Rus. social democrats abroad \", as well as gr. Emancipation of Labor. Follower of G.V. Plekhanov's ideas. In 1917 - member. Menshevik. Central Committee, then - member. Central Committee of the Plekhanov group \"Unity\". After 1917 she was engaged in scientific research. and ped. work. From 1917 to 1920 she lectured at the Tambov State. un-those, Nar. un-those, in 1920 - in the 1st Moscow. state un-those, in 1921-23 led a seminar on philosophy at the Ying-those red professors, later worked at Ying-those scientific. philosophy Ros. Association of Scientific Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the sociological dep. State academy thin. sciences. Main directions of philosophy. research: history of philosophy, ethics, social philosophy, ontology. A. is known as a participant in philosophy. discussions of the 1920s; was one of the leaders of the so-called. \"Mechanists\" and opposed the Deborin (\"formalistic\") interpretation of philosophy. She criticized the concept of class morality from the standpoint of the eternal principles of morality. The author of the book. “Philos. sketches \", M.-Pg., 1923 (2nd ed.); \"Against idealism\", M.-Pg., 1922; \"Leo Tolstoy\", M., 1922; “Morality and beauty in the production. Oscar Wilde \", Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 1923; K. Marx as a Philosopher, Kharkov, 1924; “In defense of the dialectical. materialism: Against scholasticism \", M.-L., 1928; “Idealistic. Hegel's dialectics and materialist, Marx's dialectics \", M.-L., 1934, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKSELROD Meer Moiseevich (1902, Molodechno Vileisky district. Minsk province - 1970, Moscow), painter, theater, art. Brother of Z.M. Axelrod. Studied at VKHUTEMAS under V.A. Favorsky, P.Ya. Pavlinov and S.V. Gerasimov. Since 1926 - a member of the association \"Four Arts\", a supporter of drawing from life, portrait and landscape painter. The early impressions of the life of the poor Jews remained the breeding ground for A.'s creativity. small towns of Belarus, illustrated by Sholem Aleichem and I.E. Babel, in the 1930s. tried to reflect the originality of the life of Heb. collective farms of Belarus and Crimea. As a theater, the artist A. collaborated in Moscow, Belarus. and Ukr. GOSETS. The most famous was his design of \"Jacquerie\" by P. Merimee in the 1st Belarusian. t-re, as well as \"Measure of Severity\" D. Bergelson in Moscow. GOSET (1933), \"The Strike of the Reapers\" by Z. Lev in Belarus. GOSET (1935), \"The Robber Boytre\" M. Kulbak in the State Department of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Creating a pictorially plastic. decisions theater, space, A. acted as the author of costumes (each sketch is a portrait of a character with his lively character). During the war, he created a series of gouaches dedicated to the tragedy of the Jews in the 20th century, and in the middle. 1960s - a cycle of large compositions \"Ghetto\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AXELROD Moisey Markovich (1897, Smolensk - 1940), orientalist. 1918–20 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1923) and an Arab, branch of Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1924). In 1924–27 sotr. owls. consulates in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). In 1927-29 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. cases, from 1929 in foreign. department of the OGPU (worked in Turkey, in 1934–37 in Italy). In 1929–30 he taught at Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies and Moscow State University. In 1938 he was arrested and died in prison. The author of works on Arab countries. East, ed. \"Arabic-Russian. dictionary \"(Moscow, 1931)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AXELROD Nathan (1905, Mogilev - 1987, Bnei Brak, Israel), film producer. In his youth he was fond of cinema. Per. credits from rus. in Ukrainian lang. In 1926 he was sentenced to 3 years in exile for Zionist activities. After the hunger strike was declared, the link was replaced by expulsion from the USSR. From 1926 in E.-I. One of the creatures. Israeli cinema. In 1920-30, a cameraman and dir. first Heb. doc. f. in E.-I. Deer. \"The film is moving\" (from 1927), \"Carmel the film\" (from 1933). Then the producer pl. films."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AXELROD Pavel (Pinkus) Borisovich (1850, Chernigov province - 1928, Berlin), polit. activist, publicist, memoirist. From the family of an innkeeper. He graduated from the government in Mogilev, studied at the Nizhyn Lyceum, where he met with the roar. lit-swarm. In the beginning. 1870s left the Lyceum and devoted himself to the roar. activities. From 1872 - in Kiev, created a roar. populist. circle, in 1873 - one of the founders of the Kiev branch of St. Petersburg. circle \"Tchaikovsky\", participated in the preparation of \"going to the people\" in southern Russia. In 1874 he left for Berlin, became close to the Germans, Social-Democrats, and soon moved to Switzerland. In Geneva he joined the growing circle. roar. emigrants - supporters of M.A. Bakunin, on their instructions went to Russia to establish contacts with local roar. circles. In the 1870s. put in gas. “Mogilev lips. Vedomosti \"a number of articles on the position of Heb. the poor. In 1875 he returned to Switzerland, sotr. roar. g. \"Worker\", one of the editors. roar. g. \"Community\". From 1879 - in Russia, conducted propaganda in Odessa, in the fall of 1879 he joined the roar. org-tion \"Black redistribution\", was one of her hands. In the beginning. 1881 emigrated to Switzerland due to the threat of arrest. In 1883 - one of the founders of the first rose. Marxist, c. \"Emancipation of Labor\", translated into Russian. lang. a number of works by K. Marx and F. Engels, the author of a number of publications on the parliamentary activities of Western Europe. s.-d. parties. Comp. s.-d. g. \"Worker\" (1885), \"Banner\" (1889), one of the editions. g. \"Socialist\" (1889), \"Social Democrat\" (1888–92), \"Worker\" (1896), since 1900 - one of the founders and editors. gas. Iskra and Zh. \"Zarya\", one of the hands. “Zagran. league rus. roar. s.-d-tii \". Affairs. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), after which - one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. Supporter of cooperation of the Social-Democratic Party with Ros. liberals. At the 4th Congress of the RSDLP (1906), he spoke out for the participation of Social-Democrats. in the State. thought. Affairs. 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907); after the defeat of the revolution of 1905-07 - a supporter of a radical transformation of the party on the basis of legalization, in 1908-10 - one of the leaders of the \"liquidators\", sotr. gas. \"Voice of a Social Democrat\", w. \"Luch\" and others. Since 1912 - member. Org. to-ta (OK) Mensheviks, one of the editors. “Izvestia zagran. Secretariat of the OK \". Affairs. a number of Congresses of the 2nd International, since 1913 - a member. Inter-dunar. socialist the Bureau. Into the 1st world. war participant Zimmerwald (1915) and Kintalskaya (1916) international. socialist conferences. From May 1917 in Russia, he opposed the continuation of the war. In aug. went abroad to prepare a new international. socialist conferences. Oct the coup of 1917 was regarded as “military. conspiracy of the Bolsheviks. \" In emigration - Member. Bureau of Socialist. working international, sotr. g. \"Socialist. Bulletin \"and other Social-Democrats. editions. Memoirs A. \"Experienced and changed his mind\" (Berlin, 1923) - a valuable source on the history of societies, movement in Russia in the 2nd half. 19th century Vol .: The Working Class and the Revolution. movement in Russia (Sat. Art. 1890-1904), St. Petersburg, 1907; Struggle for peace and restoration of the International, P., 1917; From the archive of P.B. Axelrod, Berlin, 1924; Letters from P.B. Ak-selrod and Yu.O. Martov, Berlin, 1924; Correspondence between G.V. Plekhanov and P.B.Akselrod, vols. 1–2, M., 1925; Group \"Emancipation of Labor\", \"Chronicle of Marxism\", 1928, No. 6."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AXELROD Zelik Moiseevich (1904, Minsk - 1941, ibid.), Poet. At the age of 16, he made his debut verse. in Minsk Heb. gas. Der Veker. Studied in Moscow in Lit. in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusov, then in Leningrad. After returning to Minsk in the middle. 20s actively participated in lit. life of Belarus. He published poems and reviews in f. \"Stern\", as well as in the period, ed. Moscow and Kharkov. In Heb. after having finished. poetry occupies a prominent place as a lyricist who knows how to subtly convey deep feelings. In 1939 he worked in the mountains. gas. in Bialystok. After returning to Minsk he was repressed. He died in a Minsk prison. Author of collection of poetry., Ed. in Minsk: \"Tsapl\" (\"Trembling\"), 1922; Leader (Poems), 1932; \"Oig af oig\" (\"Eye to eye\"), 1937, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AXENFELD August (1825, Odessa - 1876, Paris), doctor. Graduated from honey. faculty in Paris, received scientific. Dr. med. Participated in the fight against cholera in Paris at the beginning. 1850s, for which he was awarded the French. pr-va, including a large gold medal. From 1853–58 A. taught at the Sorbonne, from 1857 - prof., In 1858–71 - Ch. doctor of the hospital \"Bojan\" in Paris."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AXENFELD Yisroel (1787, Nemirov, Podolsk province - 1866, Paris), prose writer, playwright. R. in a Hasidic family. All R. 20s 19th century moved to Odessa, took up self-education, worked as a notary. One of the first among the Hebrews. educators began to write in Yiddish. Author of over 20 plays, pov. and rom., to-rye spread in manuscripts for a long time. During his lifetime he managed to print only two works: the play \"Der Ershter Yidischer Recruit\" (\"The First Jewish Recruit\"), Leipzig, 1862 and p. \"Dos sterntihl\" (\"Headdress\"), ibid., 1861. Author: \"Man un vibe, schwester un brooder\" (\"Husband and wife, sister and brother\"), \"Di gefkervelt\" (\"Deceiving world\" ), \"Kaptsn oysher spire\" (\"From wealth to poverty\"), \"Noh tsvei gozn\" (\"For two hares\"), etc. He died in Paris, where he moved from Odessa to his son, A. Aksenfeld. Some of A.'s works were translated and published in French. the tongue of his son."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKSENOV Vasily Pavlovich (b. 1932, Kazan), writer. Son of E.S. Ginzburg. Graduated from Leningrad. honey. in-t. First stories publ. in 1959. In 1960 in the railway. \"Yunost\" comes out pov. \"Colleagues\", and in 1961 rum. \"Star ticket\" - about the life of the present. youth, after the publication to-rogo A. becomes one of the recognized leaders of the so-called. youth confessional prose. In the 60s. in the same train. \"Youth\" are published and other works. A. - \"Oranges from Morocco\", \"It's time, my friend, it's time\", \"Overstocked barrel\", stories, some of them become the subject of fierce disputes. Was a member. editorial board \"Youth\", in 1969 excluded from it together with EA Evtushenko. In the 70s. published a little. One of the books. this period - p. about LB Krasin \"Love for Electricity\" (M., 1972) in the middle. \"Ardent Revolutionaries\". A. is one of the organizers and participants of the samizdat alm. \"Metropol\" (1979), which entailed repression against the department. its authors. In protest left the SI of the USSR (together with I.L. Lisnyanskaya and S.I. Lipkin). I ate, manuf. this period, publ. in the USSR, became a pov. \"Search for a genre\" (\"New World\", 1978). In the same year he leaves at the invitation abroad, and after a few. months comes out the decision of the Top. Council of the USSR on deprivation of A. owls. citizenship. 1979 in the USA. He worked at the University of Southern California, Kennon Institute, then prof. in un-those \"George Mason\" (Washington). Already in the US, they published. works written in the USSR: p. Our Golden Piece of Iron (1973), rom. \"Burn\" (1969-75), \"Crimea Island\" (1977-79), as well as new ones - rum. \"Paper Landscape\", \"Say Raisins\", collection of works. stories \"The Right to the Island\", Sat. plays \"Aristophanic with frogs\", book. about America \"In Search of a Sad Baby\" and others. lang. written rom. \"Egg yolk\". Realistic. in fact, A.'s prose is mixed with fantasy, parody, grotesque, irony and lyricism are fused in it. Mn. manuf. emphatically experimental. In naib, multi-faceted rum. A.'s \"burn\" concerns Hebrews. Topics. A. also owns scripts for t-ra and cinema, trans. from English lang. (E. Doctorow and others). Since 1987 manufactured. A. again begin to be published in Russia: \"Burn\", M., 1990; \"Crimea Island\", M., 1990; \"The Right to the Island\", M., 1991, etc. In Harbors (USA) published in 6 vols. collection op. AND."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKSENOVO-ZILOVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1930) in the Chernyshevsky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Zilovo station, Nerchinsky environs. Transbaikal region. In 1939 in A.-Z. there were 38 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Aksha, a village, a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of the Trans-Baikal Region. In 1897, 10 Jews (0.6%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 4 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ACTIN Ruth (b.1900), society. activist. Kibbutz activist. She took part in the activities of the Zionist socialists in Russia. She was arrested on charges of Zionist activities. Since 1924 - in E.I. Member parties Akhdut ha-Avoda and Mapai. Member reign \"Ha-kibbutz ha-meuhad\". She was the ambassador of the kibbutz movement in Italy (1946). One of the leaders of the women's labor movement. Member Knesset from Akhdut ha-Avoda - Poalei Zion, member. c. Labor Party, member. c. \"Naamat\", part. Centre. control commission of Histadrut and Labor."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKTSIN Binyamin (1904, Riga - 1985, Jerusalem), lawyer. Graduated from Vienna (1929, Doctor of Law) and Parisian (1929) high fur boots. In the 1930s and 40s. active member of the Zionist movement in the USA, revisionist. In 1941–46 he was an expert on international issues. rights at the B-ke of the Congress (Washington). In E.-I. - since 1949, since the same year prof. constitution. law and polit, sciences in Heb. University of Jerusalem (honored prof. from 1972). State pr. Israel (right) 1967 for tr. according to int. right."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKTUBE, see Aktyubinsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AKTUBINSK (until 1891 - Aktobe), city, center of Aktobe region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1869.Since 1891 - a district town of the Turgai region, from 1921 - a provincial town. Since 1932 it has been the center of the Aktobe Region. In 1910, 35 Jews (0.3%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 251, in 1959 - 902 (0.9%), in 1970 - 870 (0.6%), 1979 - 705 Jews (0.4%) In 1996 the Jewish cultural center \"Shalom\" and a Jewish Sunday school were opened in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALAGIR, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). Main all R. 19th century as a fortified settlement at z-de col. metals. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - from. Alagirskoe Vladikavkaz u. Tersk Region In 1939, 15 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALAGIR, see Alagir."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALANTA, a village in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovanta Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 222 Jews (about 50%) lived in Armenia in 1923. Jews settled in Armenia in the 19th century; there was a synagogue. In 1878-83, the rabbi of A. was Benjamin Gitelzon, the author of the book. \"Ha-Poteakh ve-ha-Hotem\" (New York, 1898), from 1911 - Shmuel-Itskhok Cigar (1875—?), In the 1930s. - Zalman Dobchansky. In 1921 the council of the community was elected, a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened, library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish. In 1931 the Jews owned two grocery and one butcher shops, a pharmacy, a tannery, a tavern, a representative office of the Singer firm, a mill, and two wool spinning workshops. In the beginning. 1930 a branch of the Jewish National Bank was opened. The group \"Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair\" was active. In the spring of 1939, a pogrom took place in Austria, caused by the \"blood libel.\" After the occupation of the Germans. the troops of the Jews of A. and neighboring towns were taken to the Antaksciai farm and on August 29. 1941 shot (only a few people survived, hidden by local peasants)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALAPAEVSK, city, regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1639 as the village of Alapaikha. From 1781 it was a district town, and from 1802 it was a provincial town in Perm province. In 1939, 47 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALAPAIKHA, see Alapaevsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALATYR, city, regional center in the Chuvash Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1552. From 1780 - the district town of the Simbirsk governorship, then - the Simbirsk province. In 1920-25 it was a part of the Chuvash Autonomous Region, in 1925-90 it was the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1910, 106 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1920 - 305 (1.6%), in 1925 - 265, in 1939 - 121 Jews. In 1910, Armenia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1930s. it was illegal. minyan. After its closure, the Torah scrolls were confiscated and transferred to the Cheboksary local history museum. Between 1941 and 1941 the number of the Jewish population of Albania grew at the expense of the evacuees. After 1945, most of the evacuees left A.D. M. Kostinskaya"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALBINA, a village in the Cimislia region (Republic of Moldova). In 1941, after the occupation of the Roman-German. troops, in A. all Jews were shot."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALCHEDAR, a village in the Soldanesht district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alchidari Orhei district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 174 Jews (10.4%) lived in Armenia. In June 1941, most of the Jews of Albania were evacuated; those who remained through the transit camp were deported in the fall of 1941 to Transnistria."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALCHEVSK (up to 1901 - Yuryevka, in 1931-61 - Voroshilovsk, in 1961-92 - Kommunarsk), a city (since 1932) in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1895. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Lugansk district. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia In 1920, there were 1,117 Jews living in Armenia, 781 in 1923, 856 in 1926, 1383 in 1939, 1165 (1.3%) in 1959, 1100 (0.9%) in 1970, 1979 - 900 Jews (0.8%) After the mass execution of the Jewish population on 24 Sept. 1942 approx. 100 Jews. In 1998, approx. 500 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALCHIDARI, see Alchedar."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALCHIN, see Muromka."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALDAN (until 1941 - the settlement of Nezametny), a city (from 1939), a regional center in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). Main in 1775. At the end. 18th century - a district town of Irkutsk province., At 19 - beginning. 20th century - Yakutsk Region. In 1939 64 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALDANOV Mark (real name and surname. Mark Alexandrovich Landau) (1889, Kiev - 1957, Nice), writer. Graduated from law. and phys.-mat. f-you Kiev, un-that, School of societies. Sciences, in Paris. He left Russia in 1918. He lived in France. Years 2nd world. war spent in the United States, where joint. with M.O.Tsetlin founded \"New Journal\". He made his debut as a literary book. \"Tolstoy and Rolland\" (vol. 1, 1915). In 1918, in the pamphlet \"Armageddon\", he analyzed the lessons of Russian. rev-tion. In the first. years of emigration, Ch. arr. journalism, collaborated in the train. \"Modern Notes\" in Paris. The work of A.'s life was a cycle of 16 ist. rum., pov. and \"Philosophy. fairy tales ”covering almost two hundred years of Russian. and peace. stories from the reign of Catherine II to the death of Stalin. Among the productions that make up the cycle, Vol. about fr. revolution and terror (\"9 Thermidor\", 1923), about the last days of Napoleon (\"Saint Helena, a small island\", 1923), about Russia during the rise of the roar. movement (\"Origins\", 1950). In the book. \"Ulm Night\" (New York, 1953) A. defines the meaning of ist. process as the eternal struggle of \"goodness-beauty\" with \"gloomy phenomena of the kingdom of chance.\" Jews and Hebrews topic in the book. A. episodic, associated with the world. and, ch. arr., rus. culture and societies, life. In a number of books. A. there are positive Jewish characters (\"Suicide\", \"Live as you want\", \"The Story of Death\"). Anti-Semitism is strongly condemned and fears of the coming Holocaust are expressed in the essay \"Hitler\" (1936). Peru A. owns essays on polit. Jewish figures L. Blume, W. Rathenau. In his letters A. stressed that he had never been a Zionist, that he was a \"liberal, European and Jewish.\" In addition to thin. Prod., A. is also the author of a number of experiments, works in chemistry."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEK S. (1888 - 1956, Odessa), prose writer, publicist. During civil. war in Ukraine was associated with anarchists. All R. 20s was ed. Heb. gas. in Berdichev, and in the middle. 30s gas. \"Odesar Arbater\". Being ed. gas. in Yiddish, A. tried to reform the language, introducing into it numerous. Slavicisms. During these years A. published several. book stories and essays: \"Farmekte vegn\" (\"Crossed out roads\"), Berdichev, 1932; \"In ongli\" (\"In heat\"), Kharkov, 1932; \"Tempn\" (\"Tempos\"), Kharkov-Kiev, 1932 and others. 30s was repressed. All R. 50s returned to Odessa mentally ill and died in hospital."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDERFELD, see Berezanka."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRAVELE, a village in the Rokiskis district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Aleksandrovo, Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. On the eve of the Second World. War in A. lived apprx. 200 inhabitants, including 10 Jewish families. After the occupation of Austria by German. troops (June 1941), almost all Jews were killed in the fall of the same year."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRENES, see Aleksandren."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRIA, see Zemaichiu-Naumiestis."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRIYSKAYA, a village in the Georgievsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Terek Region. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in Armenia. 1942 55 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia. Lazar Moiseevich Dorokhov (1900-1964, Kishinev), corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the MSSR (1961), from 1961 director. Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRO-NEVSKAYA, see Alexander Nevsky."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRO-NEVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1947), center of Novoderevensky district, Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Alexander Nevskaya Ranenburgsky u. Ryazan province. In 1939 in A.-N. 9 Jews lived."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRONEVSK, now part of the village. Cherry in the Kuibyshevsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony of Grunau Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1897, 90 Jews (13%) lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROPOL, see Gyumri."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV (real name Miller) Haim (1869, Petersburg - 1909, New York), poet, prose writer, publicist. R. in the family of a retired Nikolaev soldier. He wrote poetry in Russian. and Heb. lang. He studied at Vilen. teacher. in-those. Since 1898 in the USA. Collaborated with Heb. ed., published poems, stories, dramas, feuilletons, trans. His verse. \"Breeder, world obn geshlosn ...\" (\"Brothers, we have concluded ...\") in the years of the lane. Russian Revolution of 1905 became the anthem of the working youth. A. was a passionate language propagandist. Yiddish. Among his works. naib, known: \"Biography of Leo Tolstoy\", 1903; \"Interview with M. Gorky\", 1908. In 1906, his drama \"Di ershte libe\" (\"First Love\") was staged in New York. Translated into Yiddish. Gorky, G.A. Machteta and others. writers."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV Alexander Petrovich (1900, Oryol - 1946, Tallinn), military leader, rear adm. (1944). Graduated from 6th grade. g-zii, Naval. academy (1927). In Kr. Army from 1918. In 1918–20 - in cavalry. brigade G. I. Kotovsky. From 1921 in the navy. In 1927-29 - pom. teams. battleship \"Marat\". In 1929–33 - com. cruiser \"Aurora\". In 1934–36 - early. department of strategic. and operational claim naval. academy. In 1936–40 - early. Naval. academy. Participant citizen wars in Spain. In 1940–41 - com. Novorossiysk navy. base. Since 1941 - teams. Azov military flotilla. At the end of 1941 - beginning. 1942 was under investigation on charges of leaving the fleet from the base in Mariupol. In 1942–44 - early. headquarters of the Ladoga military flotilla, com. Leningrad navy. base. 1945–46 - early. headquarters Balt. fleet. Killed in a plane crash. Awarded the 7th order."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV Avraam Yakovlevich (1915, Zhitomir, Volyn province. - 1983, Novosibirsk), physicist, specialist in the region. rigid body mechanics and elasticity theory. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947), prof. from 1948. In 1939 he graduated from the Rostov Institute of Ing. railroad transport. In 1931–41 he worked in Rostov-on-Don, from 1941 - for the military. s-dakh of Novosibirsk. Since 1951 head. Department of Buildings, Mechanics of the Novosibirsk Institute of Engineering. railroad transport and in Siberian n.-i. Aviation in-those. Osn. research devoted to the calculations of three-layer structures with fillers, polarized-optical. methods and mechanics of solids (in particular, the method of photoelastic coatings) and spaces. problems of the theory of elasticity. Completed a series of works on axisymmetric problems of the theory of elasticity (B.G. Galerkin Ave., 1964). Author of scientific. printed works and monographs. Member Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1965), Hon. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1966). State etc. USSR (1980). Cit .: Structures with foam fillers, 2nd ed., M., 1973; Polarized-optical methods of mechanics of a deformable solid, Moscow, 1973 (with M.Kh. Akhmetzyanov); Spaces. problems of the theory of elasticity: application of methods of the theory of functions of a complex variable, Moscow, 1978 (with Yu.I. Solov'ev)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV Moisey Alexandrovich (| - 1922, Moscow), polit. activist, engineer. While studying in Berlin (1903-1904), he joined the Social-Democrats. emigrant circles. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, worked in Moscow. org-tion of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction \"liquidator\", participated in the publication of books by N. Cherevanin, V. Gorn and others. In the years of the 1st world. wars - in the army. Feb the Revolution of 1917 met in Moscow, joined the Menshevik Party. He was a member of Ch. to-that of the Union of Cities (member of the Presidium from the Menshevik faction) and to Zemgor. Oct he did not accept the revolution, was led by an anti-Bolshevist. agitation and propaganda. In 1919–21 he worked as an engineer, as well as in the system of prof.-tech. education, was repeatedly arrested. 02/25/1921 during the mass arrests of the Social-Democratic menypeviks imprisoned in the Butyrka prison, after 2 months. transferred to Oryol Central, where he participated in an 8-day hunger strike watered. prisoners. After 9 months. delivered to Moscow at the disposal of the Cheka; he was in Lubyanka, in Taganskaya and Butyrskaya prisons. He contracted typhus, which caused brain inflammation and paralysis. 03.12.1921 released from Butyrok, a month and three days later he died. A.'s funeral turned into a demonstration (about 400 people) with the participation of representatives of the RSDLP and the Union of Engineers."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV Shmuel (1865, Borisov, Minsk province - 1941, Bobruisk), rabbi. R. in the family of a rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. He independently studied secular sciences, incl. lang., philosophy, history. In the 1900s. joined the religious movement. Zionism and became an active promoter of its ideas, collaborating in Heb. press. Tr. A. influenced the decision of A.I. Cook to join the Mizrahi movement. From the beginning. 1920s - a rabbi in Bobruisk. In his last work (published in 1932 in Jerusalem) he contrasted Zionism with communism. He was shot together with other Jews of Bobruisk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROV Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1906, Cherkassy, ​​Kiev province), cytophysiologist, doctor of biological sciences. Sciences (1940), prof. In 1929 he graduated from the Leningrad State. un-t, in 1934 - graduate school of the State. to radiologists., radiological. and cancer in-that. In 1941 he volunteered for the front. Since 1945 head. lab. cytology Ying-that experiment. medicine. In 1950 he opposed the pseudoscientific theory of O.B. Lepeshinskaya and was fired. In 1952 the head. the lab organized by him. cytophysiology and cytoecology Botanich. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1986 - scientific consultant. Joint. with DN Nasonov, a protein theory of damage and irritation was developed, according to a cut, the primary target of damaging agents and irritants are proteins of the cytoplasm, which undergo structural changes of the denaturation type. A. identified sources of specific. and nonspecific. changes in cells and proteins under the action of external agents. A theory has been developed to explain the parallelism in the evolution of all organisms between the thermophilicity of a species and the heat resistance of cells and proteins (registered as a discovery in 1989). It has been proven that with nonspecific. increasing cell resistance in response to stress, stress proteins may not be responsible for increasing primary cell resistance, but some stress proteins may contribute to the repair of damaged cells. A. published ca. 200 works. Became. pr. (1943), gold medal named after II Mechnikov (1972). Works: The reaction of living matter to external influences, L., 1940 (jointly with DN Nasonov); Cells, macromolecules and temperature, L., 1975; Reactivity of cells and proteins, L., 1985; Difficult years of Soviet biology, St. Petersburg, 1992."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVICH Mikhail Davidovich (b. 1914, Stock Exchange, Kovno province), singer, cantor. Since childhood, he had a beautiful, strong voice (high altitude). From the age of 9 he performed as a child prodigy in Riga and other cities of neighboring countries. He studied singing in Heb. bunk bed cons. in Riga with E. Weisbein and accompanist S. Zegor. Under their guidance he performed songs by him. romantics, opera arias, romances rus. comp., songs by E. Shklyar and other Heb. comp. and Heb. bunk bed songs (all in the original language). In 1925 he toured Poland and Germany. He made his debut as a cantor in the Riga Old-New Synagogue in 1933. In 1934–36 he was cantor at the Great Synagogue of Manchester (Great Britain), in 1936–40 - at the Kaunas Choral Synagogue, performed at an opera house (parts of Lensky and Count Almaviva: “ Eugene Onegin \"by P. Tchaikovsky,\" The Barber of Seville \"by G. Rossini); sometimes he performed secular melodies in the synagogue. Periodically improved with B. Gigli in Rome (mastered the bel canto style). In its art, it follows the traditions of Sh. Rozovsky (combination of Hebrew folk melodies and elements of national liturgical music with the achievements of European music culture). In the cantor's performance he combined synagogue singers. traditions with prof. wok. the bel canto school. From 1940 he lived in the USSR. He sang on the radio in Minsk (1940). Since 1941 artist of the All-Union. concert association; He toured a lot in the cities of Central Asia, in Baku. In 1941 he gave concerts with front-line brigades in the Caucasus, in 1942–43 - in Tbilisi. From 1944 he performed with great success in Moscow and other cities of the USSR. He gave concerts as a soloist with symphony. orc. and decomp. ensembles. Along with opera arias and Neapolitan songs, he performed romances and songs of Russian. and owls. comp., included in the programs rarely executed works. G.Persella, J.S.Bach, A.Vivaldi and others, sometimes accompanied by organ and harpsichord, strings, quartet (sang in the original language). At the end of the 60s. was persecuted by officials of the Ministry of Culture and the State. concert. From 1971 - in Israel, in 1975–79 - in Canada, in 1979–83 - in New York, in 1983–90 - in Hollywood, since 1990 - in Munich. Abroad released 7 LPs with Russian recordings. romances, opera arias, Heb. songs, cantor's psalms and hymns. Has performed in Tel Aviv, New York, Rio de Janeiro, Toronto, Sydney, Buenos Aires. Honored. art. RSFSR (1947). Became. etc. (1948)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVKA, see Buzovarovo."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVO, see Alexandravel."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVO-TROYANOVO, see Alexandruv-Kujawski."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSK, see Zaporozhye."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSK-GRUSHEVSKY, see Mines."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSK-SAKHALINSKY (until 1926 - Aleksandrovsky), a city (from 1917), a regional center in the Sakhalin Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1862 as Aleksandrovskaya settlement, from 1881 - Aleksandrovsky Post, from 1884 - the center of Fr. Sakhalin, isolated from the Primorsk region. in themselves. admin-terr. unit. In 1932-47 it was the center of the Sakhalin Region. In 1939 in A.-S. there were 180 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKAYA, see Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKAYA DACHA, see Birofeld."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKAYA SLOBODA, see Alexandrov."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKY, see Novosibirsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKY POST, see Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROVSKY, see Belogorsk, Amur Region."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRU CHEL BUN, a village in the Soroca region (Republic of Moldova). July to 19 Aug 1941 there was a camp in A. Ch. B., in which more than 2 thousand Jews were gathered. After its liquidation, the Jews were transferred to a camp in Vertyuzhany (present-day Pridnestrovskoe)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRUV, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - d. Aleksandrov Varshavsky u. 401 Jews (50%) lived in Armenia in 1897, and in the 1930s. - 1,300 Jews. The Jewish population of Albania was destroyed during the Holocaust."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDRUW-KUJAWSKI, a city (since 1880) in the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a village, then the city of Aleksandrovo-Troyanovo Neshavsky u. Warsaw province. In 1897 in A.-K. Inhabited by 286 Jews (11%), in 1921 - 977 (12%), in 1939 - 1200 Jews (10%). Jews settled in A.-K. at the end. 19th century A.-K. at that time it was a border point, which had a railway. station. At first, the Jews built their houses at a certain distance from A.-K., since they were forbidden to live near the station, which stood directly on the border. Over time, the Jewish settlement became part of A.-K. In the 1880s. in A.-K. a synagogue was built. There was a cheder, in 1910 it was opened early. Jewish school. Jews were engaged in trade and crafts, they owned textile, grocery, hardware and other shops. Among the Jews were tailors, shoemakers, hatters, some were involved in smuggling. In the 1920s. a philanthropist was opened. cash desk, in 1928 - a branch of the Cooperative Credit Bank. Rabbi A.-K. from 1906 he was Avrom-Yeoshua Gliksman (1860—?), from 1933 - Yaakov-Hirsch Galdzhaler. In the 1920s and 30s. in A.-K. there were branches of Jewish parties and movements, c. incl. Bunda, \"Agudas Israel\". After the beginning. 2nd world. wars in sept. 1939 A.-K. bombed; there were great casualties among the Jewish population. On Sept. and nov. 1939 some of the Jews were sent to Bergen-Belsen, the rest to the Warsaw ghetto."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDROW-LUDZKI, a city (since 1822) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1818 on the site of the Bruzitsky glass factory in the ęczycki district of the Mazovian voivodeship, since 1867 - the Aleksandrov posad of the Lodz district. Petrokovskaya province. 1850s. in A.-L. lived approx. 1000 Jews, in 1897 - 1673 (27.9%), in 1921 - approx. 3,500 Jews. In 1826 Jews were allowed to reside and acquire land for only a few. streets A.-L. In 1876 Ichiel Danzscher (1848-1894) founded in A.-L. Hasidic court. 1940 in A.-L. a ghetto was created, liquidated in June 1942."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXEEV (real family. Lifshits) Alexey Grigorievich (1887, Petersburg - 1985, Moscow), entertainer, dir. As a high school student in Odessa, he participated in amateur performances. In 1905 he entered the law. Faculty of Odessa University. From 1909 he acted as an entertainer in the Bibabo cabaret and other theaters in Odessa. In the 1911/12 season, he worked at the Green Parrot Theater, then held a conference at the Kiev Bibabo; in the same place, in Kiev, he graduated from the university as an external student (1913). In the 1914/15 season, an entertainer and thin hand. Odessa \"Maly Theater\". A. belonged to the type of entertainer-improviser, not having, as a rule, a prepared text, he responded wittily and vividly to remarks from the audience, linking what was happening on stage with the everyday events of the surrounding life. From 1915 he appeared at the Liteiny Theater and at the Pavilion de Paris in Petrograd. His appearance was unchanged: a tailcoat and a monocle. In 1926, at the request of the public, who saw in this the attributes of an \"alien element\", A. parted with a monocle, and later with a tailcoat. In 1917–20 the actor and dir. t-ra \"Grotesque\" in Kiev. In 1921-24, thin. hands. sinks, t-ra \"Jimmy's Curve\". He attracted talented authors (N.R. Erdman, V.M. Inber), ballet masters (K.Ya. Goleizovsky) to work. In May 1924 the shopping mall was closed; Moscow began to work in its premises. t-r satire, from 1927 A. ch. dir. this mr. In 1927, together with V.E. Ardov, he wrote a post, here is a review \"Aren't you a hooligan, citizen |\", which entered the repertoire for a long time. A year later, A. left the t-ra and became the head of the Operetta Theater. Author of texts and director of the operetta \"Louis ... the eleventh\" (1928), music. comedy \"The Singer from the Factory Committee\" (1932). In 1933 A. was arrested and sent to a camp; in Karelia in Medvezhyegorsk hands. t-rum, to-rogo actors were also prisoners. Returning from exile in 1939, he staged concerts-performances by L.O. Utesov and V.N. Knushevitsky; from the autumn of the same year - ch. dir. Moscow operetta theater. During the 1941–45 war, Ch. dir. Irkutsk Operetta Theater, Leningrad Maly Opera House, evacuated to Chkalov. In 1944–46 hands. Moscow t-rum of miniatures; post, the play \"Bronze Bust\" by NA Aduev and IN Kovner, which caused severe criticism and was removed from the repertoire. Without leaving his profession as an entertainer, he performed at the studios, in clubs, conducted concerts in the Hall of Columns, in the Hall. P.I. Tchaikovsky. In 1958 he said goodbye to the audience, playing VN Korostylev's vaudeville “The Disguised Groom” on the stage of the T-ravine, where, in addition to him, MV Mironova, AS Menaker, LB Mirov, MV .Novitsky and others. The author of the book. memories \"Serious and Funny\" (ed. 1967, 1972, 1984)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEKSEEV Alexander (until 1845 - Wulf Nakhlas) (1820, borough Nezarinets, Podolsk province - 1895), orthodox. missionary, publicist. As a boy, he was taken to the cantonists, in 1845 he was baptized, promoted the conversion of many to Orthodoxy. Jews-cantonists, for active missionary activity in 1848 promoted to non-commissioned officer. Soon he fell seriously ill (paralysis of the legs) and retired. In the 1850s. acted as an expert in the case against gr. Jews in ritual murder (the so-called \"Saratov case\"), convincingly proved the falsehood of the accusation. Later, while living in Novgorod, he collaborated in the Orthodox Church. periodic. editions \"Spiritual conversation\", \"Church. chronicle ”,“ Wanderer ”, where he posted a number of articles with sharp attacks on Heb. everyday life, customs, religion. He argued that the conversion of the Cantonists to Orthodoxy was completely voluntary, argued with publicists who questioned the sincerity of Jews who converted to Christianity, and opposed the abolition of restrictions. laws on Jews, for the preservation of the Pale of Settlement. Book. A. “Worship, Holidays and Religious. rituals of today's Jews ”has withstood 3 editions (Novgorod, 1861, 1863 and 1865). To refute the \"blood libel\" he dedicated the brochure \"Do Jews Use Christian Blood from Religion. purpose | \" (Novgorod, 1886)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEKSEEV Georgy Alekseevich (1905, Montpellier, France - 1989, Moscow), therapist-hematologist. In 1912-13 he studied at the Paris Lyceum, after moving his parents to Russia - at the Feodosia gymnasium. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Central Asia. University (Tashkent) in 1928. Medical. and scientific activity began in Tashkent as a resident at the Department of Therapy of the University. In 1936 he moved to Moscow and, at the invitation of I.A. Kassirsky, worked at the 3rd Department of Therapy Center, in-that improved. doctors, where he went from a resident to prof. From 1952 to 1960 - Ch. railway therapist transport of the USSR; from 1973 to 1986 - professor-consultant at the Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. In 1944 he defended his doctorate. dis. on the topic \"Sternal puncture and its clinical significance.\" He made a significant contribution to the study of the pathology of red blood, developed a classification of anemias, highlighting the Addison-Birmer disease itself (pernicious anemia), helminthic pernicious anemia, and pernicious anemia of pregnant women. Described the clinical picture of these forms; studied changes in internal organs with anemia; specified the mechanisms of hematopoiesis disorders in Addison-Birmer disease. He developed a method for determining the bone marrow index and leukogram in case of abnormal changes in the nuclei of leukocytes. A. paid great attention to the problem of therapy of malignant anemia. Together with IA Kassirskiy, he developed an original method of treating the disease with a \"campolon stroke\", which normalizes bone marrow hematopoiesis in a patient. elected member. Right. Vseros. about-va therapists, chl. Int. about-va of hematologists, ch. about-va of hematologists of Germany. Works: Leukoses, M., 1950; Anemia, M., 1953; Multiple myeloma, M., 1960 (in co-authorship with Andreeva N.A.); Clinical Hematology, M, 1970 (in co-authorship with Kassirsky I.A.)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXEEVKA, see Torez."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXEEVO-DRUZHKOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alekseevka Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939 in A.-D. lived 29 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXEEVO-LOZOVSKY, see Alekseevo-Lozovskoye."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXEEVO-LOZOVSKY, a village in the Chertkovsky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Alekseevo-Lozovsky, Donetsk env. Regions of the Don Army. In 1939 in A.-L. there were 8 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXEEVSK, see Free."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEKSEEVSKOE, a village in Blagodarny district of Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Stavropol province. 24 Aug. 1942 26 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXANDREN (up to 1991 - Alexandrens), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Beletsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lip. In 1918-1940 it was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1190 Jews (95%) lived in Armenia, in 1907 - 1275, in 1919 - 350 Jewish families (90%), in 1930 - 1018 Jews (66.8%), in 1940 - 300 Jews. in 1836 on the initiative of the governor of Bessarabia with the aim of attracting Jews to agricultural. labor. The first Jews in Armenia were immigrants from the Podolsk province. Main occupation - the cultivation of corn, before the 1st world. war - growing tobacco. Husband. the population went to work in the cities. In the 1900s. the EKO school was opened in A., and there were 3 synagogues. Introduced in the 1920s. the monopoly on tobacco led to a sharp drop in purchasing prices. Jews began to grow Ch. arr. sunflower. In the 1930s. in Armenia there was a sharp deficit in agriculture. technology and tools. ORT organization opened a rental shop for agricultural products. technology. The head of the station was a representative of ORT, an agronomist student. In 1941–42, the Jews of Armenia were shot. The erection of a monument on the mass grave of the dead Jews, which began after 1945, was not completed due to the ban of the authorities."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXIN, city, regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 13th century From 1777 it was a district town of the Tula governorship, then a province. In 1897 there were 56 Jews (1.6%) in Armenia, in 1910 - 62, in 1926 - 68, in 1939 - 31 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEKSIN Anatoly Georgievich (real fam. Goberman) (b. 1924, Moscow), writer, playwright, society. activist. Ch.-c. APN USSR (1982). R. in the family of desks. employee. As a schoolboy, he published the first. verse. into gas. \"Pionerskaya Pravda\" and Zh. \"Pioneer\". Subsequently, everything is verse. A. entered the joint venture. with S.A. Baruzdin sb. \"Flag\" (1951). The first prose writer. manuf. A .: stories, essays, journalism published in ser. 1940s In 1950 he graduated from the Indian Department. Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies. First. Sat. prose \"Thirty-one days\" was published. in 1954. Then the book was published. for children and youth: \"The Unusual Adventures of Seva Kotlov\" (1958); Sasha and Shura (1957); The Seventh Floor Says (1961); \"Meanwhile, somewhere ...\" (1967); “My brother plays the clarinet” (1968) and others. editorial board \"Youth\". For many years, being one of the secretaries. SP RSFSR, headed the section for children. and a young man. lit-ry. By production A. made films and television films. Plays A. were staged in many. t-tah countries and abroad. A. the author is numerous. public Art. in the period, print. In 1979–81, the collection was published. op. A. in 3 volumes. Since 1993 in Israel. Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1970), State. pr. RSFSR (1974); State etc. USSR (1978), etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXINETS, see [[Old Aleksinets."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXOT, see Alyaksotas within the city of Kaunas."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALEXOTA, see Alyaxotas."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALYOSHKI, see Tsyurupinsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALESHKOVSKY Yaakov (1872, Moscow - 1946, Tel Aviv), one of the leaders of Ukrainian Jewry and the world. Mizrahi. On the maternal side - the grandson of Rabbi H. Berlin. Was brought up in the house of his grandfather. He studied in Volozhin. In 1894 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1903–04 he was a rabbi in the city of Alexandria (Kherson province). In 1904–20 - in Kiev. Was an inspector of schools belonging to the Kiev community. He studied law at Kiev un-those, received his doctorate (1917). Member \"Zionist Center of Ukraine\"; in 1917-19 - member. nat. Council of Ukraine, vice-president. nat. Council of Jews of Ukraine. In 1921 he moved to Warsaw, where he became one of the leaders of Mizrahi: he was elected to the central parties, organs in Poland, member. Directorate of the Joint. Sec. World Mizrachi in Europe. In 1925 he rejected an offer to become the rabbi of Helsinki. From 1925 - in E.-I. There was a deer. uch. establishments \"Netzah Yisrael\" in Petah Tikva. Since 1927 in Tel Aviv, founder (1930) and director. wives gymnasium \"Talpiot\", ped. seminary for girls \"Talpiot\". Founded the first religion. children garden in Tel Aviv. Was before. Mizrahi in E.-I. and a branch of the party in Tel Aviv."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Aleshkovsky Yuz (real name Iosif Efimovich), (b. 1929, Krasnoyarsk), writer. At the age of 19 he was tried for violation of military discipline and spent 4 years in prison. After his release, he worked as a digger and driver. He gained his first fame as a songwriter: \"Soviet Easter\" and \"Songs about Stalin\" - in the years when amateur and bardic songs, along with \"samizdat\", opposed official songwriting and literature. The publication of A.'s camp songs in the Metropol almanac (1979) led to emigration to the United States. Prose works previous years - p. \"Nikolai Nikolaevich\" (1970), rom. \"Kangaroo\" (1974-1975) and \"Disguise\" (1978) could not be published at that time in Russia because of the openly anti-Soviet orientation and because of the typical writing style for A. with a predominance of \"profanity\" vocabulary. In those years A. published only his stories and stories for children. He also wrote the story \"Little Blue Modest Handkerchief\" (1982), the novels \"Hand\" (1980; \"Carousel\" (1983). In the last novel, the story is told from the perspective of an elderly Jewish worker who, under pressure of circumstances, is forced to admit emigration from the USSR the only salvation from state anti-Semitism."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALFEROV Zhores Ivanovich (b. 1930), physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). In 1952 he graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering in-t. From 1952 - in Physics and Technology. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe: scientific. sotr., head. sector, head. lab .; since 1987 - director. Prof. Since 1990 - Vice-President. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Works in the region. physics of semiconductors, semiconductor and quantum electronics. 1989-91 - bunk bed. dep. THE USSR. Ch. ed. g. \"Physics and technology of semiconductors.\" Linen. pr. (1972), State. pr. USSR (1984), Int. avenue \"Gallium arsenide\". Foreign member Academy of Sciences of Germany, Poland, Nat. acad. USA."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALI, a village in the Khashur region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. in the 12th century. as a city at the intersection of bargaining. ways between Vost. and Zap. Georgia. In the 13-14 centuries. gradually fell into decay, in the 18th century. revived and became one of the centers of the Kingdom of Kartli (had its own manager - Muravi). In the 2nd floor. 17th century part of the Jewish population from Vakhan, devastated by the Turks, took refuge in A. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), the majority of the inhabitants of Armenia were Jews and Armenians. K ser. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALIGER Margarita Iosifovna (1915, Odessa - 1992, Moscow), poet, prose writer, translator, playwright. She studied in Lit. in-those them. M. Gorky (1934–37). First published in 1933. Attention to social issues, the spiritual world of the present. man, philos. comprehension of reality, heightened emotionality, lively conversational intonations - that's the main thing. features of poetry A. Collection of poems: \"Year of birth\" (1938), \"Railroad\" (1939), \"Stones and herbs\" (1940), \"In memory of the brave\" (1942), \"First signs\" (1948), Lyrics (1955), Several Steps (1962), Blue Hour (1970) and other poems This Winter's (1938), Zoya (1942, separate ed. 1943; Steel pr. . 1943), \"Your Victory\" (1945), one of the strongest chapters dedicated to Heb. to the people (in full, although with obvious distortions, went to the lists). Author of travel essays \"Return to Chile: Two Journeys\" (1966), \"Meetings and Separations\" (1981), book. \"The path in the rye\". About poetry and poets (1980), numerous. poetic. per., some of which are collected in the book. \"Huge World\" (1968). Cit .: Sobr. op. in 3 volumes. M., 1984–85."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALITUS, city, regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Trok Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - West. part of Armenia was part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw, east. - in Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century A. is divided into two parts: the town of Olita Troksky u. Vilna lips. and the village of Kalvinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765, 360 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 1234, in 1923 - c. 5000, in con. 1930s - OK. 4,000 Jews. The Jewish community of Armenia is one of the first in Lithuania, as evidenced by the preserved tombstones of the 17th century. Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century - trade. Jews owned b. h. bargaining. houses, 30 crafts. workshops, small businesses (including 2 mills and 2 sawmills). Before the 1st world. war several. Jews were kr. landowners. In 1919, a community council was elected in Armenia, the first leader of which was Chaim Kretschmer, a representative of the Zionist socialists, founder and director. Jewish People's Bank. In the 1920s and 30s. A Jewish school of the Tarbut network, a gymnasium with teaching in Hebrew, prof. ORT school, heders, yeshiva, library, Ge-Halutz branch, branches of Jewish parties and movements, a Zionist youth club, and other youth organizations. The rabbis in Armenia were: Nathan Levin (1825– 1898), Yosef-Yaakov Rosenberg (acting rabbi at 50), Reuven Levinbock, Ioel Zelkind, Nachman Kolyaditsky, Aron Milyavsky, Yehuda Yablonsky, Bezalel Levin (the last two died during the Holocaust). June 22, 1941 during the art ... shelling A. germ. troops of several. dozens of Jews died. In the end. June 1941 several. hundreds of Jews A. were sent to Suwalki and killed there. At the same time, a ghetto was created, in which Jews were forbidden to create self-government. 13 Aug 1941 in the Vidzgiris forest, near A., ​​717 Jews were shot, on August 31 - 233 Jews (including from nearby settlements), on September 9. - 1279 Jews A. The executions were carried out by the SS and the Lithuanian police. In 1959 a memorial sign was erected at the place of executions, in 1993 - a monument in the form of a broken six-pointed star with an inscription in Yiddish and lit. lang. Two old Jewish cemeteries have survived in the vicinity of Armenia. Genus: J. Glazman; I. Glazman (b. 1908), mathematician, in 1948-73 headed the department of app. mathematics at the Research Institute. H. Weizmann in Rehovot (Israel), State. Israel Ave (1980); Braha Habas (1900-1968, Haifa), writer, daughter of Israel H. (ed. Of the weekly \"Ha-Yasod\"), since 1907 - in E.-I., author of pl. books of prose, including for children."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALBAK Hanoch (1890-1972), rabbi. Son of Sholem Albek (1858–1920), a Talmudist scholar who attempted to publish the Babylonian Talmud with modern commentaries. A. was educated at the Theological Seminary and Vienna University. In 1920–26 he was engaged in research. work in Berlin at the Akadsmi für di Wissenschaft des Juden-Toms and the Hochschule für di Wissenschaft des Juden-Toms. Since 1936 in E.-I., where he became prof. Talmud in Heb. un-those (Jerusalem), having worked there until 1956. A.'s works cover all regions. Talmudic knowledge. Its main. tr. - \"Untersuhungen uber di editors der Mishna\" (1923), \"Ha-Drashot be-Israel\" (1947), \"Mavo la-Mishna\" (1959)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALBERTIN, now a district within the city of Slonim (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897, approx. 50 Jews (less than 10%), in 1921 - 16 Jews. By the Law of December 9. In 1903 Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia, as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In July 1915, all Jews were evicted from Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALBERTON Meer Iosifovich (1900, Bershad - 1947, Chkalov), prose writer. He studied at the cheder and in Russian. school. He worked in metal. workshops in Odessa. After the Revolution, he moved to Yekaterinoslav, where he worked at a factory, studied at the workers' faculty and at the mining institute. After graduation. studies worked as a mining engineer. Lit. activity began in 1926. He published stories in Heb. g. \"Prolit\", \"Di rote velt\" and other ed. Author doc. pov. Birobidzhan (1930), Shakhty (1931). A. first in Heb. after having finished. lit-re introduced productions. theme, showed the restructuring of Heb. vital. way of life, created vivid images of workers who came from Hebrews. townships for factories and plants. In the beginning. During the 1941–45 war, he was evacuated to the Urals, lived and worked in Chkalov, published essays in Russian. press, as well as in Heb. gas. \"Einikite\", organ of Heb. antifash. to-that. Having eaten the theme of war, it is not finished. rum. \"Pa two banks\", fragments from which were published. in 1947 in Moscow. Heb. alm. \"Geimland\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALBREKHT Vladimir Yanovich (b. 1933, Moscow), human rights activist. By education - a mathematician (graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin in the mid-1950s), taught mathematics at the correspondence institute. Father, a prominent figure Kom. Party of Poland, shot in 1937. In the beginning. 1970s A. gained fame as one of the organizers of the mater. assistance to the families of political prisoners. In 1973–75 A. organized numerous houses. concerts of A.A. Galich; part of the funds collected during these concerts went to help the families of the repressed. From the beginning. 1970s every Saturday at the Moscow building. synagogues gave free law. consultations, advice, provided practical. assistance in drawing up the official. documents to Jewish refuseniks. Supervised a special jurid. seminar. Accepted the act. participation in the preparation of the symposium “Heb. Culture in the USSR: State and Prospects ”, which was supposed to take place in 1976, but was thwarted by the authorities. A. is one of the initiators of the creation of two human rights defenders in Moscow. org-tions: \"Group-73\", one of the goals of the cut was the study of the problems of convicts, and then -nat. section Int. amnesty. After the arrest of A. Tverdokhlebov, he acted as secretary. Moscow gr. Int. amnesty (1975–78), and after the emigration of V. Turchin (1977) - duties of the head. owls. section of this org-tion, left the section in 1981. Signature A. stands under pl. open letters and appeals from dissidents, in particular - on amnesty for prisoners of conscience and on the abolition of the death penalty. The author of several. samizdat brochures related to the genre of legal enlightenment, begun in 1968 “Jurid. memo \"A.S. Tverdokhlebov. In 1983 he was arrested and convicted of “slandering the Sov. build ”for 3 years of camps. In 1985, while serving his sentence, he was again convicted on charges of \"malicious hooliganism\" for 3.5 years. Released in 1987 during the Gorbachev amnesty. In 1988 he left the USSR."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALBUM Simon Hirsch (1849, Tsitovyany, Kovno province - 1921, Chicago), rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. Rabbi of a number of communities. Since 1891 in the USA, A. ch. a rabbi of the Orthodox community in Chicago. Author of comments on some Talmudic treatises."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALBURT Lev Osipovich (b. 1946, Odessa), chess player; int. grandmaster (1977), chess. journalist and trainer. Graduated from physics and mathematics. Faculty of Odessa University (1968), theoretical physicist. Participant of five USSR championships (1967-1977); best result: 1974 - 5th. Since 1979 - in the USA; national champion (1984 and 1985). Participant of 2 interzonal tournaments (1985 and 1987) and as a member of the USA team of 2 Olympiads (1982 and 1984). Winner of the Intern. tournaments, incl. Bucharest (1978), New York (1979 and 1984), Beer Sheva (1980) and Reykjavik (1982)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALFES (Alfas) Benzion (1850, Vilna - 1940 Jerusalem), writer. In Vilna he worked as a proofreader and for many years. years. ran his wife's factory. A. devoted his life to religion. education and was one of the few writers of his time, to-rye could combine the secular aspirations of Haskala and her ideology with religion. lit. compositions in Hebrew and Yiddish. His reaction to the spread of secular rum. in the 19th century. was the book. \"Maase Alfes\" (\"History of Alfes\"), published in series since 1900 and was a collection of works. fairy tales on moral themes with elements of allegory and didactics, sustained in the epistolary genre. Book. withstood 12th ed. and gained great popularity. Since 1924 in E.-I. A. translated from Hebrew. in Yiddish a number of religious works, including the philosophical works of Maimonides, and also published various works. authors. At the age of 90 he wrote his biography \"Toldot ve-Zichronot\", publ. we sing, in 1941."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALKISHKI, see Alkiskiai."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALKISHKIAI, a village in the Akmene region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alkishki Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. A Jewish cemetery has survived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALMAN Shmuel (Samuel) (1877, Sobolevka Gaisinsky district of Podolsk province - 1947, London) comp. (composer of synagogue and secular music) and conductor. R. in a Hasidic family. He studied at the cheder. As a child, he sang in the synagogue choir. In 1895-1903 he studied at the Odessa and Kishinev cons. While in Chisinau, he came under the strong influence of the cantor Razumny. After the Kishinev pogroms of 1903, A. left Russia. He lived in Warsaw, then in London, where he graduated from the Royal Muses. college and wrote an opera based on biblical themes \"King Ohaz\" (post, in 1912 the first op. in Hebrew, based on the novel by A. Manu). was a choirmaster in decomp. London synagogues and choir. groups. The author of cantorial music. His style was closely related to the cantorial traditions of South Russia. A. solved the problem sovr. harmonization of their tools. production, developing the tradition of impressionistic. style of C. Debussy. A. kept melodic. features and deep emotional fullness of the chants of Eastern European Jews, often creating a mystical atmosphere. He translated the libretto op. \"Rigoletto\", \"Cavaleria Rusticana\", \"Faust\", \"The Barber of Seville\", to-rye were staged by many. Heb. t-rami of the world. Among his published works: \"Shirey Beit-ha-Knesset\" (vols. 1-2, 1925, 1938) for cantor and chorus; Psalm 15 (1915) for choir and organ and Psalm 133 (1934) for chorus and fp. Mi addir and Sheva Brakhot (1930) for cantor and organ; The Ethics of the Fathers (1928); arrangements of Heb. bunk bed songs, as well as songs to verses by H.-N. Bialik, S. Chernikhovsky, Z. Shneur, and compositions for strings. instr., incl. Quartet-suite \"Ebraika\" (1932). A. also published \"Shirey Razumny\" (1930) and an addition to the book. F. Cohen \"Prayer Voice and Praise\" (1933). The author of Art. about Heb. music."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALMOG (Kopelovich) Yehuda (1896, ca. Vilna - 1972, Jerusalem), society. activist. From 1919 in E.-I., where he became the founder of Gdud ha-Avoda. Joint. with I. Trumpeldor created \"Ge-Halutz\". In 1923 he came to the Sov. Russia as an emissary of Ge-Halutz, then he was in Persia and other countries. Founder of kibbutz Ramat Rachel (near Jerusalem). From 1934 A. devoted himself to the development of settlements located in the Dead Sea zone. Author of Hevel Sdom (Sodom Region, 1945) and Hevel Yam Ha-Melach (Dead Sea Region, 1956)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALMOGI (Krelenboim) Yosef Aharon (b. 1910, Grubeshov, Lublin province), polit. activist. From 1930 in E.-I., he worked on citrus plantations and on construction sites. During the 2nd world. war participated in the formation of Heb. brigade Brit. army. Once captured, he represented Heb. prisoners of war in negotiations with him. the authorities. After the war - secretary. Labor Council of Haifa, in 1948 created a special. brigade, edges of the city's needs after the evacuation of the British. Dep. Knesset of the 3rd convocation (1955) from the Mapai party, gen. sec. Mapai (1960-62), min. lived. building and development (1962-65), min. labor (1968). In 1966-68 a member. Rafi (before his merger with Mapai and Akhdut ha-Avoda)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALPERN Daniil Evseevich (1894, Kharkov - 1968, ibid.), Pathophysiologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1939). Graduated from Kharkov University (1917). From 1919 he worked in the Kharkov honey. in-those (since 1929 - head of the Department of Pathophysiology). At the same time. head dep. Ukrainian n.-i. psychoneurological. Institute (1923-54) and Ukrainian Institute of Experimental. medicine (1935–41). Sci. tr. are devoted to the issues of the body's reactivity and its regulation in pathology, the role of nervous and humoral factors in the pathogenesis of tissue metabolism, inflammation and allergies. reactions. Discovered the anti-inflammatory and desensitizing effect of extracts of the pituitary gland (suggested the medical drug mesophysin). He was the first to point out the role of acetylcholine, cholinesterase and adenine compounds as endogenous factors of inflammation. Established the importance of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of allergies. Honored. active Science of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Works: Vegetative nervous system and metabolism, Kharkov, 1931; Chem. the nature of nervous excitement in the human body, Kharkov, 1939; Inflammation: (Questions of pathogenesis). M., 1959; Cholinergic. processes in pathology, M., 1963; Pathological. physiology, 6th ed., M., 1965."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALPEROVICH Evgeny Markovich (1888, Gomel province - 1938), participant of the roar. movement, engineer, organizer of prom. production. Member Communist. parties since 1914. Graduated from the Imp. Technical uch-shche in Moscow. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 worked in Moscow. region Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), a participant in Oct. battles in Zamoskvorechye. Until 1920 he worked before the government department. metal VSNKh RSFSR, in 1921 23 master at Podolsk fur. and Podolsk steam locomotive repair plant, engaged in the reconstruction and establishment of the issue. products. Since 1923 - managing director of the joint stock company. about the rationalization of production in heavy. Prom-sti \"Orgametall\" (since 1929 - the same name. Trust), was engaged in the reconstruction of factories: Kharkov steam locomotive building., \"Press\" (Moscow), etc. Participated in the design of new factories: Lugansk steam engine building., Mosk. bicycle, Podolsk mechanic., Moscow. \"Caliber\", \"Fraser\", etc. Created as part of the trust special. office \"Organization of production\", developed and implemented the principles of scientific. org-tion of labor and production, ed. the first reference book on scientific. organization of production (\"Orga-reference book on the organization and reorganization of the production of metal industry\", v. 1-3, M., 1926-27), in which the system was generalized and systematized the latest achievements of scientific. org-tion of production of that time. Repressed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALPEROVICH Moisey Samuilovich (b. 1918, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1965). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). In 1941–46 in Kr. Army, fought on the fronts, in 1945–46 he served in the Sov. occupier. troops in Germany. In 1946–49 he studied at the graduate school of Tychowk. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1949–54 - Art. teacher of the Ryazan ped. in-that, since 1954 - in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1968 - senior, then leading scientific. sotr. Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author of works on the modern history of countries Lat. America, the historiography of these countries, Russian-Latin American. relations 2nd floor. 18th century A number of works have been translated into foreign languages. lang. Awarded by the Mexican hordes. Aztec eagle, hon. diploma Nat. to-that ist. Sciences of Mexico. Cit .: Mexican Revolution of 1910-1917. and US policy, M., 1958 (et al.); War of Independence of Mexico (1810-1824), M., 1964; Will liberate, the movement of the con. XVIII - early. XIX centuries. in Lat. America, M., 1966; Sov. historiography of countries Lat. America, M., 1968; New history of countries Lat. America, M., 1970 (et al.); Use America in the struggle for independence, M., 1971; Revolution and dictatorship in Paraguay (1810-1940), M., 1975; Birth of the Mexican state, M., 1979; History Lat. America: From ancient times to the beginning. XX century, M., 1981 (2nd ed. - M., 1991) (in co-authorship); Francisco de Miranda in Russia, M., 1986; Russia and the New World: (The last third of the 18th century), M., 1993."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALPERSON Mordkhe (1867, Lyantskorun, Podolsk province - 1947, Mauritsia, Argentina), prose writer, playwright. I tried different professions. In 1891 he emigrated with his family to Argentina, where he was one of the organizers and founders of the Hebrews. agriculture. colony of Maurizia. Here A. to a ripe old age was engaged in agriculture, published Art. about the organization with. x-va in Heb. colonies. Ch. tr. A. - three-volume op. \"30 years in Argentina\", written in the 1920s. Author of works: “On the Argentine Land” (1931), “Ruth” (1934), “Tales from the Field” (1943), “Golut” (1929), “Tenants of Culture” (1933), etc. One of A's granddaughters - Rebecca Maktas-Pollach became a Spanish-Jewish writer."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALPERT Naum Pinkhosovich (1913, Slonim - |, USA), painter, graphic artist. Studied at Vilenskaya thin. school (1931–34), Yerevan art. school (1943–45) and Yerevan art. in-those (1945–47) at A.V. Bekaryan, Kh.A. Yesayan, E.A. Isabekyan. A.'s work can be divided into two periods: before and after 1960. The first period was spent in Yerevan and Rostov-on-Don, where he created a number of significant works (\"Fishing Port\", \"Still Life\", the series \"Old Vilnius\", etc.) ... The second period begins with a return to Vilnius, where A. works a lot in the technique of linoleum engraving and aqu., Giving preference to the portrait genre and landscape (\"Portrait of Sholem Aleichem\", middle \"Don fishermen\", middle \"Vilnius\", etc.) ... Since 1936 academic. in various exhibitions, incl. aqu. First personal exhibition in 1946 (Yerevan). Since the 1980s in the USA."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALPIN Lev Moiseevich (1898, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1986, Moscow), geophysicist, one of the founders of electrical prospecting in the USSR. Prof. (1948). In 1914 he began his labor activity as a worker. He graduated from general education in 1926. courses for workers and entered the Phys.-Math. dep. Moscow state university, graduated in 1930. From 1955 head. Department of Geophysics, Moscow. geological exploration. in-that. One of the founders of Russian scientific. schools of exploration geophysics (electrical exploration). research associated with the development of theoretical. foundations of exploration geophysics, electrical exploration and electric. logging. Author of fundamental publications and textbooks. Works: Theory of dipole soundings, M.-L., 1950; Field theory, M., 1966; Micro-logging using a flat field, M., 1979; The theory of fields used in exploration geophysics, M., 1985 (in co-authorship)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALSEDZHYAY, a village in Plungė district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1253.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olsyady Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a volost center within the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 295 Jews (27%) lived in Armenia, in 1923 - 199 (19%), in 1940 - approx. 30 families. First mention. about Jews in Armenia belongs to 1662. In the beginning. 19th century Zvi Broyde was the rabbi in Armenia, and Avrom-Aba Zak (1858-1941) in 1890-1941. Main occupations of the Jewish population - trade and craft. In Armenia, the Jews owned a brick and hardware plant (owner Sondel Klein), 2 leathers. plant (one of them was owned by the Faktor brother), 2 mills, a plant for the production of wood. nails. Jews have been actively trading for 4 years. fairs in A. In the summer of 1920, almost all of A. burned down. Jewish homes and a synagogue were rebuilt with loans from the Joint and aid from abroad. In the 1920s and 30s. Talmud-Torah and a school of the Tarbut network operated in Armenia. Herm. troops entered Armenia on June 25, 1941. On July 5, 1941, a ghetto was created. Most of the Jews of A. were shot in July 1941. The ghetto was finally liquidated on December 24. 1941. The family of Yosef-Ber Faktor (one of the owners of the leather plant) managed to escape from Armenia and hid until the arrival of the owls. troops in Oct. 1944. Before his escape, Factor managed to save the Torah scrolls and several others from the synagogue. books and give them to the local priest Dambrauskas, who returned the relics after the war."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALSHITS Daniil Natanovich (lit. ps. D. Al) (b. 1919, Petrograd), playwright and prose writer. Dr. East sciences. In 1937 he entered the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University, but graduated only in 1945, because in June 1941 he went to the Nar. militia of Leningrad. After the war he began to study Old Russian. handwritten book. Dec. 1949 was repressed. He served his term in Kargopollag (Arkhangelsk region). In the beginning. 1955 A. was rehabilitated and returned to his scientific work. In 1983 he defended his doctoral dissertation. \"Oprichnina and the formation of the apparatus of power of the autocracy: Search and research. new ist. sources \". Author of 40 scientific researches. and 60 publ. thin manuf. in the genres of drama, prose and journalism. His scientific works, dedicated. ch. arr. history of Russia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, were highly appreciated growing up. and nick. scientists. Among his plays: \"More Dangerous than the Enemy\" 1962, (co-authored with L.L. Rakov), \"Truth! Nothing but the Truth! \", 1976. Prose:\" There was no order to die \", L., 1980,\" Stories from Old Russian Life: In collaboration with the great tragedian and equally great satirist - History \"(in the almanac\" White Nights \", L., 1989); “We had a good time: Memories of the times of Stalinism”, part 1 (journalist “Neva”, 1992, No. 8), etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALSHITS Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1941, Barabinsk, Novosibirsk region), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1977), prof. (1993). After graduation. Moscow engineer-phys. Institute (1966) works at the Institute of Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1988 - head of the laboratory). scientific. tr. related to questions of the theory of dislocations, physics of strength and plasticity, crystal acoustics and ka. The author will follow. quantum mechanical the theory of phonon and electron drag of dislocations, which is important for understanding the processes accompanying plastic deformation. A.'s work began a new direction in crystal physics, associated with the study of acoustic. effects and phenomena entirely due to the anisotropy of crystals and having a resonant singular or \"catastrophic\" character. Opened (jointly) and experiment in detail. and theoretical. research magnetoplastic. the effect. The author of St. 130 scientific. publications, co-author of 8 monographs and 3 inventions."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALSHVANG Arnold Alexandrovich (1898, Kiev - 1960, Moscow), musicologist, pianist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1944). In 1911 he entered the Kiev horse, studied at the performing and composing faculty. As a student cons. entered (1916) in a commercial institute. In 1920 he graduated from the horse, class fp. (studied under G.K. Khodorovsky and G.G. Neuhaus), in 1922 - composition (was a student of B.L. Yavorsky and R.M. Glier). activity as \"politically unreliable\" was exiled to Olonets province. In 1917 A. - a member. council of representatives of the Kiev cons. after 2 years - early. military muses. schools that trained the military. kapellmeister. In 1920 he graduated from the Institute of Nar. farms. Since 1923 prof. Kiev horse. He organized a musical and scientific faculty in it, and became its dean. Introduced new courses - “The structure of the muses. speech \"and\" Listening to music \"in the Kiev Nar. horse. Since 1924 in Moscow (invited to teach at the Literary Institute named after V.Ya.Bryusov). He gave concerts as a solo pianist and lecturer-popularizer. He made his debut as a theater. composer. In 1928–32 - Doctor of State. Academy of Arts. sciences; in 1930–34 he taught at Moscow. cons. He accompanied his lectures, which enjoyed great success, with brilliant illustrations for php. For the first time in the program, he introduced the themes: opera and instru. music con. 19 - early. 20th century, music by I.F. Stravinsky, French. composers so-called \"Sixes\". A serious illness forced A. to focus on research work. Published many. articles, a number of scientific. works dedicated. Western-European and Russian. music, problems of muses. styles, performance, and popular brochures. Less known A. as a composer - the author of symphony. (1922), symph. poems in ukr. bunk bed theme (1927), fp. plays, choirs, romances. Major works: \"C. Debussy: Life and work, worldview and creativity\", M., 1935; \"AN Skryabin: To the 25th anniversary of his death\", M., 1940; \"Beethoven\", M., 1940; 3rd ed., Supplemented, 1963; \"The experience of analyzing the work of PI Tchaikovsky (1864-1878)\", M.-L., 1951; \"PI Tchaikovsky\", M., 1959; 3rd ed., 1970."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALT-Auce, see Auce."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTER (ps. Ananiev) Lev Bentsianovich (1907, Ananyev, Kherson province - 1968, Moscow), economist, Dr. Sciences (1959). Graduated from the Communist Academy. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya (1929). In 1933–68 he worked in the system of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, in 1938 41 and in 1945–60 as amended. g. \"Planned economy\", since 1960 - deputy. dir. and head. sector for the study of nicks, econ. theories and programming of the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Since 1933 at the same time. taught political economy and taught a course “criticism of the bourges. econom. theories ”at Moscow State University (including at the economics department, prof.) and at other car washes, universities. Participated in the development of a number of 5-year plans. Author of works on planning issues, econom. \"Competition\" of the two systems, the introduction of mathematics in the economy. research The critic of the bourges. econom. teachings, watered, economy. Ed. and with the participation of A. ed. Sat. “The growth of societies. production and proportions of bunks. x-va of the USSR \"(1962) and other works. Works: React. character is mute. bourgeois. polit. savings, M., 1946; Bourges. US economists are in the service of the imperialist. reactions, M., 1948; The collapse of the theory of \"planned capitalism\", M., 1954; Criticism of the theory of \"regulated capitalism\", M., 1957; Bourges. polit. economy of the USA, M., 1961; Criticism of modern. bourgeois. polit. savings, M., 1972."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTER Victor (1890, Mlawa Plock province - 1941, Kuibyshev), polit. activist. R. in a Hasidic family. Ing. From 1912, an activist of the Bund in Warsaw, was arrested and exiled to Siberia, soon fled and emigrated. During the 1st world. war lived in Great Britain, was a worker, then Ing. After the war he returned to Poland, in 1919–39 a member. Central Committee of the Bund and one of the hands. Heb. trade unions. For almost 20 years he was a member. municipality of Warsaw, since 1936 also a member. Council of Heb. communities. After Poland's defeat in the 2nd world. war on sept. 1939 fled from Warsaw to the territory occupied by the Sov. troops. Soon he was arrested and in July 1941 sentenced to death. On Sept. 1941, together with H. Ehrlich, was released from prison (the Soviet authorities intended to appoint him as secretary general of the Hebrew anti-fascist committee), but on December 4, 1941, he was arrested again and soon shot together with Ehrlich. A. - the author of the works “To Heb. the Question in Poland ”(1937, in Yiddish) and“ Anti-Semitism in Figures ”(1937, in Polish)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTERMAN Grigory Yakovlevich (1888, Odessa - 1958, Moscow), sculptor, artist. In 1919 he graduated from thin. uch-shche in Odessa. Created posters for \"YugROST Windows\". In 1920 he left for Poland. Hood. continued his education in Paris (1921–25) and Berlin (1925–33), where he improved in the region. ceramic art. In 1933 he returned to Poland, where until 1936 he worked. picturesque and model workshops at the faience factory in Woclawek. From 1939 in the USSR, from 1941 he worked at the plant. MI Kalinin in Konakovo, in 1947–49 - Ch. thin h-yes. created forms and decor of serial dishes, improving the technique of iodoglaze painting, innovatively worked with color. glazes, revealing the great possibilities of watered earthenware (majolica). Author's works A. post. exhibited at the Fatherland. and nick. exhibitions."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTERZON (Alterson) Grigory Petrovich (1857 - 1912, Moscow), humorist writer. In 1875 he tried to enter the Institute of Ing. ways of communication, but did not pass the exam. Lit. activity began in 1880, collaborated in humorous. g. \"Splinter\", \"Observer\", \"Shards\", \"Entertainment\", \"Jester\" and others. \"Alarm Clock\" performed with stories and one-act plays. After the publication of the story \"From the memoirs of a hat\" (1885), he was nicknamed Alter Pater. He is also known for his sharp, witty epigrams."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTMAN Arie (1902, Balta, Podolsk province - 1982), polit. activist. One of the leaders of the revisionist movement in Zionism. R. in the family of the teacher. Hebrew, local leader Zionists. Studied economics and jurisprudence at Novorossiysk University (Odessa), later specialized in sociology and political. sciences in the USA. Doctor of Sociology. Tseirei Zion activist in Odessa. After the establishment of owls. authorities were repressed and in 1924 was expelled from Russia. At the beginning of 1925 he arrived at E.-I. In 1928 he went to the United States to continue his studies and there he joined the Zionist revisionists. Thanks to his vigorous activity A. was elected before. revision. traffic in the USA. He returned to E.-I. in 1935 and began working in the publication of the revisionist movement \"Ha-Yarden\". In 1937 he was elected leader. revisionist movement in E.-I. In 1938 he was appointed personal representative. Z. Zhabotinsky in Poland. With the beginning of the 2nd world. During the war, he returned to E.-I., where he continued his social and political activities within the framework of the revisionist movement. One of the creatures. military. org. revisionists Etzel. Arrested by the British. Member Knesset from the Herut party (3-5 convocations). Poch. gr. Jerusalem."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTMAN Johann Lvovich (1900, Orheev, Bessarabian province - 1955, Moscow), literary and theater critic. Lit. He began his career in 1920. From 1921 he lived in Moscow. In 1926 he graduated from Moscow. un-t, in 1932 - lit. dep. Institute of red professors. Since 1933 he has actively appeared in print with reviews of the performances of washes, t-ditch. His literary-Vedic works about the creativity of the present. owls. playwrights. A number of articles by A. were eaten, to the classics of Russian. lit-ry. The problems of theater criticism and drama were raised in his works \"New Drama and the Problem of the Classics\" (1935), \"On the Tasks of Theater Criticism\" (1935), \"Problems of Sov. drama of the era Vel. Otech. War \"(1946), and others. A. studied the theory of ancient drama -\" The Dramatic Principles of Aristotle \"(1936), studied the work of G. Lessing\" Lessing and the Theory of Drama \"(1936),\" Lessing and Drama \"(1939). Mn. Art. A. dedicated peripheral t-frames, t-frames of Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan. Author of a monograph about cargo, actor AA Khorava (1947) and others. In 1936–38 ed. gas. \"Soviet art\", in 1939 41 - f. \"Theater\". In 1947–48 (before the closure of the theater), the deputy. thin hands. according to the GOSET repertoire. In 1949, together with a group of theater critics, he was accused of anti-patriotic activities. In 1957 ed. Sat. \"Fav. Art. \""@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTMAN Moisey Elevich (1890, Lipkany, Bessarabian province. - 1975, Chernivtsi), novelist, poet, publicist. He studied at the gymnasium. Debuted verse. and lit.-critical. Art. in 1920. Published in Heb. period. ed. Romania, Poland, USA. In 1930 he left for Argentina. Was the head. Heb. orphanage in Buenos Aires. In 1931 he returned to Romania, then to Bessarabia. In 1945, after returning from evacuation to Chernivtsi, he worked in Hebrew. theater. In 1949 he was repressed and exiled to Siberia. After his release he settled in Chernivtsi. In the 60s and 70s. was published in Polish-Heb. lit. weekly \"Yiddish font\", in f. \"Sovetish gameland\". Author of the book: \"Blendenish\" (\"Mirage\"), 1926; \"Die viper carriage\" (\"Vienna carriage\"), 1935; \"Medrish Pinhas\", 1936, etc. He was also engaged in per. in Yiddish."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTMAN Natan Isaevich (1889, Vinnitsa - 1970, Leningrad), painter, graphic artist, sculptor. He studied at the Odessa Art. school (1903–07) with K.K. Kostandi, L.D. Iorini, G.A. Ladyzhensky. In 1907, dissatisfied with the setting of teaching, he left for Vinnitsa, where he took up independently, the development of painting, problems, began to paint portraits (\"Lady on the balcony\", 1906, \"Portrait of a grandmother\", 1908). In 1910 he left for Paris, attended the \"Free Russian. acad. \" M. Vasilyeva (1910-11), created. his first painting \"Jewish Funeral\" (1910). In 1913 A. came to Gritsev, Volyn province, where he created a number of graphic works. Used ital. pencil, straightening my compositions. in gold, which gave them their distinctiveness. splendor, bringing them closer to the luxury of the East. lawsuit. Since 1914 in Petrograd. Lecturer in the studio of M.D. Bereshitein (1915–17), State. free thin workshops (1918–20). Uch. at the base of Heb. about-va promotion thin. In 1914 created. the famous \"Landscape\" and \"Portrait of AA Akhmatova\", which became a sensation at the exhibition. \"Mira isk-va\" in 1915. Gradually in the work of A. color problems are replaced by probl. volume. Hood. the construction of things interests. He begins to work as a sculptor, building his work on the same division of volume as in painting, combining various plastic materials - bronze, forged. copper, wood (The Head of a Young Jew, Self-Portrait, 1916). In 1920 A. ser. graphical portraits of V.I. Lenin. In 1922 the beginning. work in t-re, having designed the play \"Gadi-Buk\" by An-sky (directed by EB Vakhtangov) in the T-re-studio \"Habima\", becoming an event in Moscow. theater, life. In 1924-28 yavl. ch. thin Moscow state Heb. chamber t-ra (later GOSET), to the eye of the hands. A.M. Granovsky. A.'s best work in this t-re - \"Uriel Acosta\" by K. Gutskov (1922). Among the means, theater, works A. also \"Othello\" (1944) and \"Hamlet\" (1954) in Lenipgr. t-re drama them. Pushkin. In 1920 he took up book graphics, created. covers for the book. I.G. Erenburg, Yu.K. Olesha, I.E. Babel and others, cycle ill. to the story \"From the Fair\" by Sholem Aleichem, etc. A. is a portrait artist, among his masterpieces is a portrait of S.M. Mikhoels (1929). In 1928–35 A. lived in Paris. Participant mi. exhibitions since 1906."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTMAN Peysy Izrailevich (1904, Ivangorod, Kiev province - 1941), prose writer, literary critic. From the age of 14 he worked for a shoemaker, then at a shoe factory in Uman. At the same time he studied at the evening school. After graduation. The Institute of the Red Professors in Kharkov was a secretary scientist. Inst ukr. literature VUAN. Before the war he worked as a scientist. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. culture of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. He wrote in Yiddish. Began to publish in the end. 20 - early. 30s in Heb. press. Published essays, stories. Author of the book: \"Dos tsilbretl lakht\" (\"The target laughs\"), Kharkov, 1931; Positions, ibid., 1933; Derceilungen (Stories), Kiev, 1936; \"Yugnt\" (\"Youth\"), in the same place, 1941, etc. In 1939, his monograph \"TG Shevchenko\" was awarded a repub. pr. as one of the best biographies of the writer. Killed at the front."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTOV Genrikh Saulovich (real family. Altshuller) (b. 1926, Baku), scientist, writer, engineer-inventor. In 1959 he graduated from the Baku Polytechnic. in-t. At the age of 16 he received the first. the author, a certificate for the invention of a diving apparatus, at the age of 17, built a boat with a carbide-powered rocket engine. In 1946 at the Naval. the Navy accepted his proposal for a new way to get out of a sunken submarine without scuba gear in tech. 15 minutes. In the same year A. was admitted to the service in the invention. dep. Caspian military. flotillas. Having studied the patent funds, A. formulated DOS. decision rules invented. tasks, to-rye formed the basis of his theory of the solution of invention. tasks (TRIZ). After addressing a letter to Stalin in 1948 about putting things in order in the invention. was arrested and sentenced to 25 years. Returning to Baku after Stalin's death, he continued to fight for the implementation of his theory of invention. creativity. From 1971 to 1975 A. taught at the Azerbaijani society. in-those Ing. creativity (AzOIIT). In 1956 in the railway station. \"Questions of Psychology\" was published by Art. A. and his constant. et al. and friend R. Shapiro “On the psychology of invention. creativity \". He wrote a number of essays on the fate of the scientific. foresight of J. Verne, H. Wells, A.R. Belyaev. Since 1957, his first science fiction stories have appeared in print under ps. G. Altov. Author of collection of books. stories and book., dedicated. heuristics: \"Legends of Star Captains\" (1961), \"How to Learn to Invent\" (1961), \"Ballad of the Stars\" (co-authored with V. Zhuravlsva, 1963), \"Scorching Mind\" (1968), \"Made for the Storm \"(1971),\" The algorithm of invention \"(1973),\" Creativity as an exact science \"(1979), etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTSHTEIN Anatoly Davidovich (b. 1935, Yalta), virologist. Ch.-c. RANS (1991). At the end of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that (1957) - in the Institute of poliomyelitis and viral encephalitis of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1963–69 - in the State. Research Institute of Standardization and Control of Biol. and honey. drugs them. Latarasevich (head of laboratory. Entero- and adenoviral drugs), in 1969-81 - in the Institute of Virology named after. DI Ivanovsky, in 1982–90 - at the Institute of General Genetics. NI Vavilov of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1990 - in Ying-those Biol. gene of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of laboratory of genetics of viruses). Dr. med. Sciences (1970), prof. (1991). Osn. tr. oncogenic viruses, vaccines, incl. genetically engineered, genetic in origin. systems. Discovered a new class of adenovirus hybrids (1968). He proposed a leukemic cell system for the production of vaccines (1968). Developed the concept of the cellular origin of viral oncogenes (1972) and the origin of genetic. systems - the progen hypothesis (1987). Cit .: Ruk. on virology, M., 1982 (in co-authorship)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTSHULER Boris Lvovich (b. 1904, Moscow), film director. In 1924 he graduated from the State. in-t words. In cinema since 1925 - editor of the script department. Since 1926, a teacher at VGIK. Script writer f .: \"Baba Ryazansky\" (1927, jointly with O. Vishnevskaya), \"Revenge\" (1931, with MI Romm and NI Zhinkin), etc. Since 1932 in popular science and academic. cinema. He took off the f., Dedicated. decomp. problems of technology \"Conveyor of houses\" (1939), \"Smart machines\" (1948), \"Story about a Soviet car\" (1954), \"Screen of life\" (1955), \"The future begins today\" (1957), \"Guarding life\" (1959), “Gleb Maksimilianovich Krzhizhanovsky” (1963), “Composer Kabalevsky” (1964), “We are Kurians” (1970, with GF Chertov) and others. manuals and articles. Honored. worker of culture of the RSFSR (1969). Cit .: Composition of the script of a popular scientific film, Moscow, 1958; Creative questions of educational cinema, M., 1976."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTSHULER Eliezer-Mordhe (1844, Marijampole, Suwalki province - 1921, Suwalki), society. activist. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. One of the first supporters of the Palestinian movement Hovevey Zion. After the pogroms of 1881, he began work on organizing the \"return movement\" in E.-I. The organizer of the group \"Isod ha-Maale\", which aimed to purchase land in E.-I. The author of the book. \"Parshes Mordkhe\" (Warsaw, 1896), containing an analysis of the narrative part of the Talmud."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTSHULER Georgy Yakovlevich (b. 1918, Petrograd), electrical engineer, specialist in the region. equipment for submarines. Graduated from Leningrad in 1940. electrical engineering in-t. He worked in the design bureau, dealt with the design and implementation of electrical equipment for submarines. In 1964–84, Ch. designer for a complex of electrical equipment, then deputy. ch. designer Leningr. design and assembly bureau \"Rubin\". Linen. pr. (1957)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTSHULER Lev Vladimirovich (b. 1913, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1954), prof. (1956). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1936). In 1934 he began to work in Moscow. evening mechanical engineering. in-those them. A.S. Bubnov, in 1940 he was transferred to the Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1940–42 he served in the army. In 1947–69 head. lab. VNII experiment. physics (Arza-mas-16). In 1969–89 head. lab. All-Union. Research Institute of Optical Phys. measurements. Since 1989, Ch. scientific. sotr. n.-i. c. thermal impulse effects. scientific. tr. related to the physics of high pressures, shock waves, detonation phenomena, X-ray structural analysis. Developed methods for high-speed X-ray structural analysis. He studied the properties of metals and minerals at high and ultrahigh pressures (–10 Mbar) and discovered previously unknown changes in the electronic structure. Research certain minerals at megabar pressures, which made it possible to refine the model of the Earth's lower mantle and estimate its chemical. composition. Developed an experiment. methods and measured the detonation pressure of powerful explosives. Studied the extreme states of matter achieved in strong shock waves. Head of scientific. schools. Author approx. 80 scientific. works. Became. pr. (1946, 1949, 1953). Linen. pr. (1962). Etc. Amer. physical about-va (1991)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTSHULER Modest (Moisey) Isaakovich (1873, Mogilev - 1963, Los Angeles), cellist, conductor. In 1884-86 he studied cello with J. Gebelt in the Warsaw horse, then in Moscow. cons. in the class of V.V. Fitzenhagen (until 1890), then in the class of A.E. Glen (among his teachers are also A.S. Arensky, V.I.Safonov, S.I. Taneev). He began performing as a student. Graduated from cons. in 1894.3 Dec. 1892 took part (together with I.V. Grzhimali, B.F. Patseev, N.N.Sokolovsky, Ya.I. Altshulier and Glen) in Moscow. premiere of the sextet \"Memories of Florence\" by PI Tchaikovsky. One of the organizers (1892) and participant of Moscow. trio (together with pianist D.S. Shor, violinists D.S. Kerin). Joint. with Shor founded in Moscow \"Historical Chamber Morning\". Since 1895 - in the USA. In 1903 he organized in New York \"Rus. symph. about-in \"(the first concert took place on January 7, 1904), in the concerts of which S.V. Rachmaninov, A.N. Skryabin, S.S. Prokofiev, I. Levin, M. Elman performed. The programs included production. Russian classical composers and contemporaries A. Orchestra under exercise. A. for the first time in the United States performed all symphonies, symphonies. poems - \"The Poem of Ecstasy\" (world premiere), \"Prometheus\" by Scriabin, 2nd symph. Rachmaninov. The society existed until 1919. A. continued his conducting activity later. Written by orc. transcription fp. PI Tchaikovsky trio. A. own \"Memories of Scriabin\", memoirs (1956)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTSHULER Semyon Aleksandrovich (1911, Vitebsk - 1983, Kazan), experimental physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Graduated from Kazan University (1932) and postgraduate studies at FIAN (1934, student of I.E. Tamm). From 1934 he worked at Kazan University. In 1941 he volunteered for the front, served in the anti-tank. artillery. In 1946 he returned to Kazan University, from 1955 - prof. Member editorial board of \"Journal of Experimental and Theoretical. physics \". The area of ​​scientific. interests - magnetic properties of matter, paramagnetic resonance and radiospectroscopy. In 1934 joint. with Tamm predicted the presence of a magnetic moment in the neutron and correctly estimated its magnitude and sign. 6 1948 (together with BM Kozyrev and SG Salikhov) discovered the influence of hyperfine magnetic interactions on the spectra of electron paramagnetic resonance. He predicted and built a theory of acoustic. paramagnetic resonance, which led to the creation of quantum acoustics. He proposed a new method for obtaining ultra-low temperatures, investigated the effect of a narrow background \"throat\" and a background \"throat\" in paramagnetic crystals. The author of several. tens of Art. and the monograph \"Electronic paramagnetic resonance of compounds of elements of intermediate groups\" (with BM Kozyrev), M., 2nd ed. - 1972 (also published in Poland, Germany, England and the USA)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTSHUL Joseph (known as Yoschke Slonimer) (1839, Vilna - 1908, Grodna), cantor and composer of synagogue hymns. He combined his studies at the yeshiva with studies at the local cantor. Later he trained with the famous cantor I. Blindman in Berdichev. A. first copied his style, then began to develop his own, being already a mountain. cantor in Slonim (1870–88). Having become popular, he attracted students from Lithuania and Poland. A. was also distinguished by his rabbinical. knowledge. From 1888 until his death A. served as a cantor in Grodno. Only 4 small works have survived, to-rye A. recorded for E. Birnbaum, and some of his compositions and improvisations. Some of them include masterfully written, very popular 6/8 melodies, representing the cantonal recitative characteristic of the Jews of Lithuania. In his synagogue melodies, the melodies of nar is clearly traced. songs."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTSHULLER Alexander Yakovlevich (1870, Polotsk, Vitebsk province - 1950, Moscow), singer, director, teacher. Hero of Labor (1923). In 1888–93 he studied at Moscow. music-dram. uch-shche. In 1893 he made his debut in Moscow. Ital. op. In 1894-1912 he sang on the op. scenes of Kazan, Astrakhan, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, Irkutsk, Perm, Saratov, in 1917–26 in Odessa, Baku, Kharkov and other cities. Best parts: Bes (\"Cherevichki\"), Pantoleone (\"The Barber of Seville\"), Benno (\"Fra-Diavolo\"). From 1898 he was engaged in directing. In 1920–24 ch. dir. Kharkov op. t-ra. He taught at the Kharkov Institute of Music. culture, in Moscow. muses. technical school them. M.P. Mussorgsky. In 1912-19 the members. Of the WTO Council. In 1928-30 - head. op. dep. Tsentromedrabisa. Since 1930 - prompter of the Big Theater. Honored. art. Ukrainian SSR (1923) and RSFSR."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTSHULLER Boris Lvovich (b. 1926, Moscow), a famous architect-restorer, scientist, specialist in the restoration of monuments of ancient Russian architecture. In 1943 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Practical experience is summarized in the dis. \"Pillarless temples of the 15-17 centuries.\" (1977). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1986). Main restoration. works: The Savior Cathedral of the Andronnikov Monastery, 14th century. (together with L.A. David, 1961), the Church of St. Nicholas in the village of Kashinsky, 16th century. (1975), architectural and archaeological reserves \"Panticapaeum\" in Kerch (1990) and \"Chersonesos\" in the Crimea (1991)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALVITAS, a village in Vilkavishki district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - c. Olvita of the Avgustov province, from 1867 - Volkovyshsky district. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1901, 12 Jews lived in Armenia, and in 1923 there were 31 Jews (10.9%). The Onia estate in the vicinity of A. belonged to a Jewish family; the Jews of A. were exterminated in 1941."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALLAH-YUN, an urban-type settlement (since 1937) in the Ust-Maisky region in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Allah-Yunskaya Yakutsk district and region In 1939 in A.-Yu. there were 18 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALLAH-YUNSKAYA, see Allah-Yun."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALLON (Rogozitsky) Gdalia (1901, Kobrin - 1950, Jerusalem), historian. In E.-I. from 1924. Graduated from Heb. un-t (Jerusalem) in 1931, where he then taught the Talmud and Heb. history. State pr. Israel (Judaism) for issled. history of Jews E.-I. periods of the Second Temple and the creation of the Mishna and Talmud. Awarded posthumously in the year of the establishment of the State. Israel Ave (1953)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALMA-ATA, see Almaty."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АЛМАТЫ (в 1856—67 — Верное, в 1867— 1921 — Верный, в 1921—91 — Алма-Ата), город, областной центр (Республика Казахстан). Осн. в 1854 на месте казах. поселения как рус. воен. укрепление Заилийское, с 1867 — город, центр Семиреченской обл. в составе Туркестанского ген.-губернаторства. С 1918 — в составе Туркестанской АССР (с 1922 центр Джетысайской обл.), с 1924 — в Кирг. (с 1925 — Казах.) АССР (с 1929 ее столица), в 1936—90 — столица КазССР, в 1990—98 — столица Республики Казахстан.В 1897 в А. проживало 99 евреев, в 1910 — 206 (0,6%), в 1939 — 2228, в 1970 — 9051 (1,2%), в 1979 — 8592 (0,9%), в 1989 — 7636 (0,7%), в 1992 — 4626 евреев (0,4%).Первые евреи (бывш. николаевские солдаты, многие из к-рых были кантонистами) появились в А. после 1867. В 1879 была организована община. К сер. 1880-х гг. в А. проживало 30—45 еврейских семей (0,7%), гл. обр. торговцы и ремесленники. В 1882 в А. имелась синагога, вскоре возникло еврейское кладбище (существует и поныне). Первый раввин Шлойме Рейтборт прибыл в А. в нач. 1880-х гг. При его доме действовал хедер. В 1908 зарегистрировано Верненское еврейское молитвенное об-во (первый староста — Симха Абрамович Аронович), преобразованное после Февр. рев-ции 1917 в еврейскую религ. общину. В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в городе существовали з-д безалкогольных напитков Гирша Гамбурга, мебельная мастерская Михи-Лейба Хаимовича Блёнда (ныне — АО «Мерей»), фотоателье Абрама Соломоновича Лейбина, евреям принадлежал ряд лавок, аптек, мастерских. Ок. 1917 в А. практиковал врач Александр (Израиль) Рязанский (?—1930), основавший больницу Красного Креста (ныне больница скорой помощи). В нач. 1930-х гг. сов. власти превратили старую синагогу в казарму. Для новой синагоги было выделено помещение в 20 кв.м.В 1920— 30-х гг. численность еврейского населения А. увеличилась за счет миграции из зап. р-нов СССР. Евреи внесли большой вклад в развитие нар. х-ва и культуры А. Так, одним из основоположников казах. проф. муз. иск-ва стал Е.Г.Брусиловский.В 1928 в А. был сослан Л.Д.Троцкий, там же расстрелян М.Либер, в ссылке умер Леви-Ицхок Шнеерсон (1878—1944), отец М.-М.Шнеерсона. Могила Л.-И.Шнеерсона на еврейском кладбище — место паломничества любавичских хасидов со всего мира.В 1941—44 в А. в эвакуации жили мн. видные деятели культуры и иск-ва, в т. ч. Д.Вертов, И.О.Дунаевский, С.Я.Маршак, Ю.Я.Райзман, Ф.Г.Раневская, М.И.Ромм, Г.Л.Рошаль, Л.З.Трауберг, Ф.М.Эрмлер, С.И.Юткевич и др. В 1944 Н.И.Сац создала в А. первый в Казахстане Т-р для детей и юношества. В послевоен. годы на к/ст «Казахфильм» работал реж. Е.Е.Арон, Алма-Атинский т-р рус. драмы в 1945—57 возглавлял Я.С.Штейн.На развитие культуры оказали существенное влияние евреи, переехавшие в А. из др. городов СССР в период «борьбы с космополитизмом» (в их числе И.А.Зак, Л.Я.Майзель и др.).В 1940—80-х гг. раввином А. был Гиллель Либеров (ок. 1889 — ок. 1983).Численность еврейского населения А. вновь возросла в 1950—60-х гг., во время освоения целинных земель и в связи со значит. пром. стр-вом.В нач. 1980-х гг. в А. действовала синагога, размещавшаяся в доме из двух комнат, владельцы к-рого выехали в США. В 1989 был создан еврейский культурный центр «Шалом» (в 1990 выходила одноим. газ.). В 1990-х гг. возник ряд еврейских обществ. орг-ций: Региональный центр Ваада СССР (с 1991 — Ваад Казахстана), Ассоциация еврейской молодежи Казахстана, Межреспубликанский фонд содействия изучению и развитию еврейской культуры «Дрор», спорт. об-во «Маккаби», молодежная религ. орг-ция «Бней-Акива», представительства Джойнта, Сохнута, Ассоциация еврейских орг-ций Казахстана «Мицва» и др.; открыты еврейский дет. сад, две воскресные школы. В 1994 гл. раввином Казахстана стал представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Иешая-Элиэзер Коэн (р. 1972, Иерусалим). С авг. 1997 в А. начал действовать Еврейский общинный центр, в к-ром разместились синагога, миква, уч. классы, б-ка и т. д.; созданы культурный центр «Бейт-Исраэль», Об-во дружбы Казахстан — Израиль, отд-ние Открытого ун-та Израиля (в 1993/94 уч. году в нем обучалось ок. 50 евреев А.). В 1999 в А. открыта еврейская школа. С 1999 начал издаваться еврейский информ.-культурный вестник «Давар».В кон. 1980-х — нач. 1990-х гг. мн. евреи А. выехали в Израиль ( в 1989 — 67 чел., в 1990 — 1335, в 1991 — 998, в 1992 — 486, в 1993 — 536, в 1994 — 689 чел.).Евреи А. принимают активное участие в полит. жизни: так, на 1-м съезде партии Нар. конгресс Казахстана в июне 1992 Ю.Е. Дуберман избран чл. Исполнит. к-та.Среди похороненных на еврейском кладбище А. — Д.Л.Шамис, художник и скульптор Исаак Яковлевич Иткинд (1883—1969).В А. род.: В.В.Жириновский; Вадим Алексеев (р. 1970), спортсмен (плавание), мастер спорта междунар. класса СССР, неоднокр. призер Кубка мира по плаванию, 3-кратный чемпион Европы по плаванию среди юниоров, 3-кратный победитель чемпионатов СССР, с 1992 — в Израиле, многокр. чемпион и рекордсмен Израиля.Ю.И.Каштелюк, pronunciation=АЛМАТЫ (в 1856—67 — Верное, в 1867— 1921 — Верный, в 1921—91 — Алма-Ата), город, областной центр (Республика Казахстан). Осн. в 1854 на месте казах. поселения как рус. воен. укрепление Заилийское, с 1867 — город, центр Семиреченской обл. в составе Туркестанского ген.-губернаторства. С 1918 — в составе Туркестанской АССР (с 1922 центр Джетысайской обл.), с 1924 — в Кирг. (с 1925 — Казах.) АССР (с 1929 ее столица), в 1936—90 — столица КазССР, в 1990—98 — столица Республики Казахстан.В 1897 в А. проживало 99 евреев, в 1910 — 206 (0,6%), в 1939 — 2228, в 1970 — 9051 (1,2%), в 1979 — 8592 (0,9%), в 1989 — 7636 (0,7%), в 1992 — 4626 евреев (0,4%).Первые евреи (бывш. николаевские солдаты, многие из к-рых были кантонистами) появились в А. после 1867. В 1879 была организована община. К сер. 1880-х гг. в А. проживало 30—45 еврейских семей (0,7%), гл. обр. торговцы и ремесленники. В 1882 в А. имелась синагога, вскоре возникло еврейское кладбище (существует и поныне). Первый раввин Шлойме Рейтборт прибыл в А. в нач. 1880-х гг. При его доме действовал хедер. В 1908 зарегистрировано Верненское еврейское молитвенное об-во (первый староста — Симха Абрамович Аронович), преобразованное после Февр. рев-ции 1917 в еврейскую религ. общину. В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в городе существовали з-д безалкогольных напитков Гирша Гамбурга, мебельная мастерская Михи-Лейба Хаимовича Блёнда (ныне — АО «Мерей»), фотоателье Абрама Соломоновича Лейбина, евреям принадлежал ряд лавок, аптек, мастерских. Ок. 1917 в А. практиковал врач Александр (Израиль) Рязанский (?—1930), основавший больницу Красного Креста (ныне больница скорой помощи). В нач. 1930-х гг. сов. власти превратили старую синагогу в казарму. Для новой синагоги было выделено помещение в 20 кв.м.В 1920— 30-х гг. численность еврейского населения А. увеличилась за счет миграции из зап. р-нов СССР. Евреи внесли большой вклад в развитие нар. х-ва и культуры А. Так, одним из основоположников казах. проф. муз. иск-ва стал Е.Г.Брусиловский.В 1928 в А. был сослан Л.Д.Троцкий, там же расстрелян М.Либер, в ссылке умер Леви-Ицхок Шнеерсон (1878—1944), отец М.-М.Шнеерсона. Могила Л.-И.Шнеерсона на еврейском кладбище — место паломничества любавичских хасидов со всего мира.В 1941—44 в А. в эвакуации жили мн. видные деятели культуры и иск-ва, в т. ч. Д.Вертов, И.О.Дунаевский, С.Я.Маршак, Ю.Я.Райзман, Ф.Г.Раневская, М.И.Ромм, Г.Л.Рошаль, Л.З.Трауберг, Ф.М.Эрмлер, С.И.Юткевич и др. В 1944 Н.И.Сац создала в А. первый в Казахстане Т-р для детей и юношества. В послевоен. годы на к/ст «Казахфильм» работал реж. Е.Е.Арон, Алма-Атинский т-р рус. драмы в 1945—57 возглавлял Я.С.Штейн.На развитие культуры оказали существенное влияние евреи, переехавшие в А. из др. городов СССР в период «борьбы с космополитизмом» (в их числе И.А.Зак, Л.Я.Майзель и др.).В 1940—80-х гг. раввином А. был Гиллель Либеров (ок. 1889 — ок. 1983).Численность еврейского населения А. вновь возросла в 1950—60-х гг., во время освоения целинных земель и в связи со значит. пром. стр-вом.В нач. 1980-х гг. в А. действовала синагога, размещавшаяся в доме из двух комнат, владельцы к-рого выехали в США. В 1989 был создан еврейский культурный центр «Шалом» (в 1990 выходила одноим. газ.). В 1990-х гг. возник ряд еврейских обществ. орг-ций: Региональный центр Ваада СССР (с 1991 — Ваад Казахстана), Ассоциация еврейской молодежи Казахстана, Межреспубликанский фонд содействия изучению и развитию еврейской культуры «Дрор», спорт. об-во «Маккаби», молодежная религ. орг-ция «Бней-Акива», представительства Джойнта, Сохнута, Ассоциация еврейских орг-ций Казахстана «Мицва» и др.; открыты еврейский дет. сад, две воскресные школы. В 1994 гл. раввином Казахстана стал представитель М.-М.Шнеерсона Иешая-Элиэзер Коэн (р. 1972, Иерусалим). С авг. 1997 в А. начал действовать Еврейский общинный центр, в к-ром разместились синагога, миква, уч. классы, б-ка и т. д.; созданы культурный центр «Бейт-Исраэль», Об-во дружбы Казахстан — Израиль, отд-ние Открытого ун-та Израиля (в 1993/94 уч. году в нем обучалось ок. 50 евреев А.). В 1999 в А. открыта еврейская школа. С 1999 начал издаваться еврейский информ.-культурный вестник «Давар».В кон. 1980-х — нач. 1990-х гг. мн. евреи А. выехали в Израиль ( в 1989 — 67 чел., в 1990 — 1335, в 1991 — 998, в 1992 — 486, в 1993 — 536, в 1994 — 689 чел.).Евреи А. принимают активное участие в полит. жизни: так, на 1-м съезде партии Нар. конгресс Казахстана в июне 1992 Ю.Е. Дуберман избран чл. Исполнит. к-та.Среди похороненных на еврейском кладбище А. — Д.Л.Шамис, художник и скульптор Исаак Яковлевич Иткинд (1883—1969).В А. род.: В.В.Жириновский; Вадим Алексеев (р. 1970), спортсмен (плавание), мастер спорта междунар. класса СССР, неоднокр. призер Кубка мира по плаванию, 3-кратный чемпион Европы по плаванию среди юниоров, 3-кратный победитель чемпионатов СССР, с 1992 — в Израиле, многокр. чемпион и рекордсмен Израиля.Ю.И.Каштелюк, extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "DIAMOND, a city (since 1977) in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1895. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 106 Jews lived in Armenia in 1926, and 165 Jews in 1939."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALMI E. (real name and surname Sheps Eliyahu-Chaim), (1892, Warsaw - 1963, Buenos Aires), poet, prose writer, publicist. He made his debut in 1907 in Warsaw weekly. \"Roman-Zeitung\". Was sotr. gas. Der Moment (1910-1915), published poetry, feuilletons, fairy tales in it. Since 1912 in the USA. Worked sotr. gas. Keneder Odler. In 1922 published in Canada Sat. \"Epoch\", to-ry gathered lit. the youth. Author pl. collection of verses. and stories, essays and essays. In 1948 A. published the book. rec. \"Moment fun a lebn\" (\"Moments of one life\")."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALOV (real name Lapsker) Alexander Alexandrovich (1923, Kharkov - 1983, Riga), film director, screenwriter. Member of the 2nd world. war. Graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. In 1951–57 - dir. Kiev film station. He made his debut as an assistant dir. in f. \"Taras Shevchenko\" IASavchenko; after the death of the master, he completed an unfinished painting with V.N. Naumov. From 1957 - dir. movie theater Mosfilm. All f. fast. joint with V.N. Naumov. \"Anxious Youth\" (1954), \"Pavel Korchagin\" (1956), \"Wind\" (1958). In 1961 the post. anti-war f. \"Peace to the incoming\", which was subjected to fierce elaboration for \"pacifism\" (\"Silver. Lion of St. Mark\" and special jury prize of the International Film Festival in Venice, 1961); ave. Association ital. film critics for the best foreign. f. of the year); ave. \"Femina Belge\" for the best foreign f. years, Belgium, 1962). In 1966 the post. f. \"A nasty anecdote\" based on the novel by FM Dostoyevsky, criticized for \"slandering the Russian people\" and sent \"to the shelf\" until the end of the 80s. Among other ph. - \"Running\" based on the production. MA Bulgakov (1971), \"The Legend of Thiel\" based on the novel by Charles de Coster (1977), \"Tehran-43\" (1981), \"Coast\" (based on the novel by YV Bondarev, 1984). Author pl. scripts, also co-authored with V.N. Naumov. Nar. art. USSR (1983)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALOVE, a village in the Alytus region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - D. Olav Troksky Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 78 Jews lived in Armenia. there was a Zionist organization. During the Holocaust, all the Jews of Armenia were exterminated."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTAUZEN Yakov (Jack) Moiseevich (1907, Bodaibo - 1942, near Kharkov), a poet who praised the romance of the roar. battles and the first five-year plans, the beginning of the social. building in the USSR. R. in the family of an exiled. At the age of 11 he left the family. He lived in Chita, Harbin, Vladivostok, Shanghai. The first verses publ. in Irkutsk in 1922. Comp. into gas. Siberia. Studied at Moscow State University. Member lit. gr. \"Pass\". Among his poems and a number of poems - \"Mustache Enthusiast\" (1928), \"Lit. manifesto \"(1930),\" The first generation \"(1934),\" Awakening of the hero \"(1940). Killed at the front."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALTYNOVKA, a village in the Krolevets district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Krolevetsky u. Chernigov province. In 1897, approx. 500 Jews (approx. 10%) First mention. about the Jews of Armenia dates back to 1735. By the law of May 10, 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALUF Yehoshua (1900, Slonim - 1980, Israel), society. and sports, activist. In E.-I. from 1912. In 1925 he graduated from the Institute of Physics in Copenhagen. In 1938–65 he was a physical inspector in Israeli schools. Hands. dep. physical and sports Min-va image. Organizer of the first five Maccabiads. State pr. Israel 1974 (state and general. activity) for works on physical. education and organizational activities."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALUKSNE, city (since 1920), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1285.Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. In 1721-96 - the Marienburg Valksky district. Riga, from 1796 - Livonia province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 233 Jews (11%) lived in Armenia, in 1925 - 164 (5%), in 1930 - 184 (5%), in 1935 - 176 (4%), in 1940 - approx. 100 Jews (2%) Jews began settling in Armenia in the 1890s. Main occupation - small trade. In the 1920s and 30s. a Jewish library and a theater worked. circle, there was a branch \"Ge-Haluts\". In the 1930s. in A. there was a Jewish doctor. In the same years, a significant part of the Jews moved to Riga. Latvian culture exerted a significant influence on the Jews of Azerbaijan. Most of the Jewish children studied in a Latvian school, some in a cheder. In the 1930s. the first rabbi of A. was Yosef Kovnat. 12 Aug. 1941 in A. was shot apprx. 180 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALUPKA, city (since 1938) of the Yalta City Council in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Izv. from the 10th century. Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, in 1784-97 - in the Tauride region, in 1797-1802 - in the Novorossiysk province., from 1802 - in the Yalta district. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921-46 - in the Crimean ASSR, in 1946-54 - in the Crimean region. RSFSR, in 1954-91 - in the Crimean region. Ukrainian SSR. In Jewish medieval monuments A. (Alubika) mention. as a city where Jews lived. In 1926 94 Jews lived in Armenia, including 12 Krymchaks, in 1939 - 142 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALUSHTA, a city (since 1902) in the Simferopol region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in the 6th century. like the Byzantine fortress Aluston. Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, in 1784-97 - in the Tauride region, in 1797-1802 - in the Novorossiysk province., from 1802 - in the Yalta district. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921-46 - in the Crimean ASSR, in 1946-54 - in the Crimean region. RSFSR, in 1954-91 - in the Crimean region. In 1910, 544 Jews (13.3%) lived in Armenia, in 1914 - 569 Jews and 15 Karaites, in 1926 - 242 Jews (5.1%), in 1939 - 251, in the district - 277 Jews (1%). From the 10th century. A. (Alus) mentioned. as a place of residence for Jews. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In connection with the development of the resort, a Jewish community was formed in Armenia, which strengthened after 1902, when, with the granting of the status of a city, it entered the Pale of Settlement. The community consisted of Ashkenazi Jews and Krymchaks. Zionist organizations operated in Armenia, and a Jewish library existed. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1914 there was a Jewish charity society. Until 1915 the Teachers' Sanatorium operated. In the summer of 1916, a sanatorium for the treatment of refugees with tuberculosis, owned by the OZE, was opened in Armenia. In 1923 a synagogue was closed in Armenia, which was later rebuilt into a cinema. 24 Nov. 1941 in Armenia, 30 Jews were shot, on December 5. 1941 - 250 Jews. During the German period. occupation in the Alushta region, 500 Jews were not destroyed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALUSTON, see Alushta."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALYAKSOTAS, does not exist since 1987. In 19 - early. 20th century - v. Aleksota Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. From 1918 to 1940 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, and from 1940 it was part of the Lithuanian SSR. 644 Jews (48%) lived in Armenia in 1897. In 1825, a synagogue was built in Armenia at the expense of a local landowner. In 1890 there was a Jewish school."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALYANSKY Samuil Mironovich (1891, Petersburg - 1974, Moscow), publ. activist. His father, Miron Isayevich Alyansky, was a well-known bookbinder in St. Petersburg. From 1903 to 1911 he studied at the city, at the same time he worked as a technician. assistant as amended. newspaper \"Rech\", in the library of LI Zheverzheev on the compilation of the catalog. In 1917 A. and V. Vasiliev opened a shop. In 1918 A. organized and headed the publishing house Alkonost. The first published book is AABlok's poem \"The Nightingale Garden\". In total, Alkonost A. published about 50 books, incl. works by Andrey Bely, Alexey Remizov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Anna Akhmatova, Fyodor Sologub, etc., almost all of Blok's works. In 1919, Alkonost published the first issue of the Zapiski drementeley magazine. A total of 6 issues of this magazine were published. In 1922 A. released the collection. The Serapion Brothers, reflecting the aesthetic views of the literary group of the same name. After the closure in 1923 of \"Alkonost\" A. worked in the publishing houses of the People's Commissariat for Education, in charge of bookstores in the publishing house \"Kniga\" and \"International Book\". In 1929 A. headed the Writers' Publishing House in Leningrad. He was the initiator of the release of the \"Art Series\" with works. modern foreign. writers and ser. \"Masters of Contemporary Literature\" dedicated to the Sov. writers. In 1938-1942 he headed the Leningrad publishing house. Union of Artists, known for its release in the years of the 2nd world. war of propaganda posters \"Battle Pencil\". Since 1943 - Member. editorial board and arts, editor J. \"Murzilka\" and publishing house \"Detgiz\", where until the end of his life he was a consultant on the design of a children's book."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ALYASHIKES, a village in Trakai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Oleshishki Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. Before the 1st World. During the war, 3 Jewish families lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AMAZAR, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Mogochinsky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station Nerchinsky env. Trans-Baikal Region. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AMBROLAURI, city (since 1966), regional center (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Rachinsky u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1939 10 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1970 - 14, in 1979 - 14 Jews. According to legend, the name. the village came from the name of a Jewish merchant, whose name was Ambrola, who owned a unity. a shop in the neighborhood."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AMIEL Moshe Avigdor (1882, Porozovo Grodno Gubernia - 1945, Tel Aviv), rabbi, public. activist, writer. He studied at the best Lithuanian yeshivas - in Belz, Brest-Litovsk, Vilna. At the age of 18 he received a rabbi diploma. In 1905–13, a rabbi in Sventsiany founded a yeshiva there. Member of the Mizrahi movement. Was engaged in organizer. active., published articles on the themes of Zionism and religion in the press of Mizrahi. He gained fame as an ideologue of religions. Zion. In 1920 he took part in the congresses of Mizrahi in Holland and Belgium. Ch. Rabbi of Antwerp. Participated in the Zionist congresses (from 13 to 19) and the world congresses of Mizrahi. In 1933 he visited E.-I. and in 1936 Ch. Rabbi of Tel Aviv. He expanded the \"Tel Aviv yeshiva\", founded by his predecessor Sh. Aronson, and introduced there together with the religion. disciplines teaching secular subjects in the volume of cf. schools. Yeshiva received the name \"Yishuv hadash\". She became a type of cf. Yeshiv \"Bnei Akiva\". Bibliography tr. A. contains 306 titles."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AMINOAKH Nehemya (Zvi) (1896, Zhitlin Grodn. Gubernia - 1966, Tel Aviv), polit. activist. One of the leaders of ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. On the maternal side - a descendant of the Magid from Volozhin. Studied at decomp. \"Lithuanian\" yeshivas. During the 1st world. war - Russian soldier. army. Since 1920 - in E.-I. He was a worker in Rishon Lezion. Founder of the local ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. Since 1923 - in Kfar-Arya, secretary. and mukhtar settlements. In 1924 he was elected to the workers' council of ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi and moved to Jerusalem. In 1925 he headed the group that led the party to a split and moved to Histadrut ha-Clalit. In 1928 he returned to ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. In 1929–32 - secretary. World Union ge-Halutz ha-Mizrahi, ed. school desks. printed organ \"Netiva\". Was a member. municipality of Petah-Tikva, one of the founders of the settlement of Kfar-Avraham. Delegate to the 20th and 22nd Zionist Congresses. For many years there was a secret. ed. gas. \"Ha-Tsofe\". One of the theorists is socialist. directions in religion. Zionism. In numerous works, he substantiated the unity of the socialist. ideas and Heb. traditions."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AMINOV Avraham (1854, Bukhara - 1939, Jerusalem), one of the leaders of the Bukhara community. In E.-I. since 1892. Dedicated himself to the rallying of Bukharian Jews, founded the Bukhara quarter in Jerusalem. Repeatedly traveled to Bukhara and Turkestan as a messenger of the community, imported etrogs and lulavs there from E.-I. and collected donations for the needs of the community in Jerusalem. He founded the \"Magen Avraham\" yeshiva with a well-known library, which contains books from the personal library of Ch. the Sephardic rabbi Raphael Meir Panijil."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AMSTERDAM Abram Isaevich (Abram-Meer Izrailevich) (1872, Vitebsk - 1899, Shklov), Jewish activist. labor movement. Graduated from Aleksandrovskoe Heb. crafts. school in Moscow (1887), worked at the plant, member of the Moscow. circle of \"Palestinophiles\", led the cult.-skylight. work among the Hebrews. youth. After the eviction of the Heb. from Moscow (1891) lived in Vitebsk, organized a number of self-education circles (\"Amsterdam circles\") of student youth, workers, artisans, developed in his associates a sense of nat. self-awareness, interest in cultural and social. questions. In 1892 he was drafted into the military. service, but kept in touch with his circles. All R. 1890s became a Marxist. Having received sick leave in 1894, he traveled under the guise of a bookseller in the cities and metro North-West. edge, conducted propaganda among artisans and workers, studied the needs and views of Hebrews. population of the region. One of the founders of the Social-Democrats groups in Mogilev, led the roar. propaganda among the Hebrews. workers. From Sept. 1896 (iro departure of service) lived in Vilna, where he became one of the hands. Heb. labor movement, tried to harmonize the teaching of Marxism with Heb. nationalism. In Jan. 1897 Arrested in Vilna in the case of a local Social-Democratic Party. group, was involved in the investigation in the case of the Vitebsk Social-Democrats, was held in prisons in Vilna, Vileyki, Vitebsk. In 1899, due to illness, he was released pending a verdict under the special supervision of the police and was exiled to Shklov, Mogilev province, where he drowned while swimming in the Dnieper. Created by A. Heb. workers' circles became the nucleus of the Bund."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AMUR-NIZHNEDNEPROVSK, now a district within the city of Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1897, 1235 Jews (20.4%) lived in Armenia, in 1910 - 3360 (9.2%), in 1920 - 2162, in 1923 - 1427 Jews. In 1890 the first synagogue was opened in Armenia. By the law of May 10, 1903, as an exemption from the \"Provisional Regulations\" of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia. In 1910 there were three synagogues in Armenia, a Talmud Torah, a society of benefits to the poor, and wives. classroom societies. uch-shche, Jewish societies. b-ka-reading room, two cemeteries; the sum of the box collection reached 2,500 rubles. In 1899, N.T.Berenstein (1873—?) was the rabbi in A., during the First World. war - N.-Sh. Sosonkin."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AMURZET, a village in the Oktyabrsky district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). In 1939, 708 Jews lived in Armenia. In May 1928, KOMZET established a resettlement center in Armenia, and in the same year a Jewish resettlement collective farm was organized \" Reuter Oktyabr \"(\" Red October \", now - the Amur state farm). By 1930, several were plowed. hundreds of hectares of virgin lands. In 1931, Armenia had 760 hectares of crops, 70 horses, 270 cows, 66 pigs, and an apiary for 180 hives; built 16 apartments, 2 dormitories, a technical school for social agriculture (30 students), a nursery, children. garden; organized by children. commune, a Jewish village council, a Jewish school, and a reading room were operating. The collective farm specialized in potato growing. In A. worked MTS (director - Yuri Meerovich Shpolyansky), edges were the forefront in the region. In 1934, the newspaper operating at the political department of the Amur MTS was transformed into a regional newspaper, with a circulation of 500 copies. In the 1930s. in Armenia, a canning plant (250 people) and a cheese-making plant functioned. By 1936, the Reuter Oktyabr collective farm had become the largest in the Stalin district of the Jewish Autonomous Region. In 1999, the Jewish Cultural Society and a charitable canteen were opened in Armenia. DI Vayserman"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AMUSIN Joseph Davidovich (1910, Vitebsk - 1984, Leningrad), orientalist, historian, philologist, translator, Dr. Sciences (1965). From the family of an employee. Since 1924 in Leningrad, he worked as a loader, a laborer at a number of factories, at the same time. studied in economics. college, did a lot of self-education, promoted the ideals of humanism and justice. In 1926–33 he was imprisoned and exiled. In 1933-35 he worked as an accountant and accountant. In 1935–38 student of history. Faculty of Leningrad State University (studied under S.Ya. Lurie and V.V. Struve), in 1938 he was arrested again, in 1939 he was released. In 1941 he graduated from un-t, in 1941-45 at the front. In 1945-50 he taught at Leningrad State University and Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen. During the period of the \"struggle against cosmopolitanism\" he was forced to leave for Ulyanovsk, in 1950–54 he taught at a local pedagogue. in-those. In 1954 he returned to Leningrad, was a secretary. acad. A.I. Tyumenev, since 1955 scientific. sotr. Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1960 in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1961 senior researcher). 100 works on the history of Hellenic Egypt, Western Asia, papyrology. One of the most prominent specialists in the region. coumranology. The author of the book. Dead Sea Manuscripts, 1964, ed. 1965; Qumran Community, 1983; Sat. translations of A. from other Hebrew. and Aramaic, publ. in the book. \"The Texts of Qumran\", v. 1, 1971; Social problems structures of the ancient Bl. East (1st millennium BC) according to biblical sources, M., 1993. Mn. A.'s works have been translated into Polish, German, French, English. and other languages."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AMVROSIEVKA (until 1944 - Donetsk-Amvrosievka), a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1869. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Taganrog u. Don Cossack regions. In 1939, 128 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AN-SKY S. (nast, name and surname. Shloyme-Zainvl (Semyon Akimovich) Rappoport) (b. 1863, Chashniki, Vitebsk province - 1920, Warsaw), poet, prose writer, playwright, ethnographer. At the age of 17 he learned Russian. lang. He worked as a tailor, bookbinder, worker, teacher. He was fond of populism, wandered around the center, and south. Russia, he lived among the peasants and miners. Published in populist. g. \"Russian wealth\" and other period, ed. In the end. 1892 leaves Russia, lives in Germany and Switzerland. He worked in Paris as a secretary. from Izv. Russian revolutionary P.L. Lavrov, then secretary. Internats. schools in Paris, published Art. and stories from Russian. and Heb. life. Until 1904 he wrote, mainly in Russian, then in Yiddish. In 1905 he moved to St. Petersburg and was actively involved in the work of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR). The anthem of the Bund, written by A. Di Shvue (Oath), became the Marseillaise of Heb. workers \". At the same time. studied Heb. ethnography. In 1911–14 A. organized a folklore expedition, which over the course of three years visited about 70 cities and m. Volyn and Podolia, collecting unique material. The bunks recorded by him. legends, Hasidic traditions, etc., as well as his own stories from the life of Heb. the poor brought a living folklore stream into the Yiddish literature, revealing a deep understanding of the spirit. values ​​of the common people. Coll. them folklore material formed the basis of the famous play by A. \"Gadibuk\", first staged in Yiddish by the Vilna theater, by the troupe in 1920. The play was translated into Hebrew by H.-Ya. Bialik and staged in \"Habim\" by EB Vakhtangov (1922) ... The play was performed on many stages in Europe and America. \"Gadibuk\" was filmed twice. During the 1st world. war A. worked on the organization to-to help Heb. refugees. In 1917 A. was elected affairs. from the Socialist-Revolutionaries to the Constituent Assembly, after the dispersal to-rogo fled to Vilna, then to Warsaw, where until the end of his life he continued to conduct intensive propaganda. or T. work, founded in 1919 Heb. ethnographic. about. In Warsaw, in 1920–29, a collection was published. op. A. in Yiddish in 15 volumes. In St. Petersburg in 1911-13, 5 volumes were issued. “Sobr. cit. \" A. in rus. lang."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANADYR, city (since 1965), the center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russian Federation). Main in 1649 as the Anadyr prison, in 1771 it was destroyed. At 19 - early. 20th century - post of Novo-Mariinsky Anadyr district. Kamchatka Oblast: 32 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939, and 44 Jews in 1970."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANADYR OSTROG, see Anadyr."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANAN, see Ananiev."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANANIEV, city (since 1834), regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1767 as an Anan settlement. Since 1792 - as part of Ros. empire, in 1834-1920 - the district town of Kherson, from 1920 - Odessa province. In 1924-40 it was a part of the Moldovan ASSR, in 1940-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1856 532 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1860 - 1009, in 1864 - 992, in 1897 - 3257 (20%), in 1910 - 4817 (21.7%), in 1920 - 4135, in 1923 - 3673, in 1926 - 3516 (19.3%), in 1939 - 1779 Jews. the occupation of the Jewish population is the manufacture of clothing and trade. In the 1810s. there was a synagogue in A. In the beginning. 20th century - 5 synagogues, 2 Jewish cemeteries. Since 1837 the Khevra Kaddish functioned, since 1899 - the society of benefits to the poor, from 1893 - the Jewish state school and the private Jewish women's school, from 1906 - the Society for helping poor Jewish artisans, since 1903 - the Society for the aid students in need, since 1912 - Jewish loan-save. m.In the 1860s the rabbi in Armenia was Solomon Nukhimovich Chernetsky, in the district - Solomon Markovich Zgut and Felix Fantukh. Since 1908, the duties of rabbi in Armenia have been performed by Abram-Wolf Berenshtein (1872 -?). April 27. 1881 a pogrom took place in Armenia, as a result of which 175 houses were damaged. The pogrom of 1905 had less serious consequences. In 1919 the Jewish population suffered from a pogrom organized by parts of the Directory. In 1919 a Jewish agricultural was organized in Armenia. artel, later transformed. to the collective farm. In the beginning. In 1920, a Jewish self-defense detachment of 300 people was created, 220 of them died in a battle with Tyutyunnik's gang. In 1921 a branch of the Evsection was created in Armenia. Until 1930, several functioned. synagogues. The Jewish school was closed in 1934. 28 Aug. 1941, 300 Jews were shot in Armenia. 1941 a ghetto is created, in October. 1941 the deportation of the Jews of A. to Transnistria began. 28 nov. 1941 145 Jews were shot. In total, during the occupation of 1941–44, approx. 3,700 Jews. In June 1995, a memorial sign was unveiled in Armenia in memory of the executed 1,340 Jews. In 1998, approx. 30 Jews. In A. genus: L.B. Alter, S.I. Volfkovich, I.M. Ilyin; Iosif Lvovich Litvak (1907-1987, Moscow), electrical engineer, in 1956-66 - Ch. engineer of the plant \"Dynamo\", in 1966-86 - deputy. dir. All-Union. e-tech. Institute E.S. Mosolova"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANANURI, a village in the Dusheti region (Georgia). In 1801 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dusheti district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1776 two serfs from Kutaisi (present-day Kutaisi), Joseph and Yakov, lived in Armenia. 5 Jews lived in Armenia in 1906, and in 1926 - 1 Jew."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANAPA, a city (since 1846), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). From 1829 - part of Ros. empire. Since 1866 - a resort on the Black Sea coast. In the 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Temryuk dep. In 1897, 19 Jews lived in Armenia, 12 in 1910, 41 in 1926, and 59 in 1939. The law of 1846 allowed Jewish artisans to live in Armenia, but the organization of fasting was prohibited. settlements. In 1905-06 the chief of the Kuban region. filed a report on permission for sick Jews to receive treatment at the Anapa resort. In 1998, approx. 600 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANASTASIEVSKAYA, a village in the Slavyansky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Temryuk dep. Kuban Region. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANCHIKRAK, see Tarutino."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDIZHAN, city, center of Andijan region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Izv. from the 9th century. under the name Andukan. He was a member of the Kokand Khanate. Since 1876 - part of Ros. empire, the county town of Fergana oblast. In 1897 721 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 1833 (2.5%), in 1939 - 1788, in 1970 - 4122 (5.4%), in 1979 - 4033 (1, 8%), in 1989 - 5360 Jews. - one of the traditional places of residence of Bukharian Jews. The Ashkenazi Jews who moved to Armenia after 1876 created their own community. In 1894 the authorities officially authorized the opening of the synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. Since the 1890s. in A. there was a purchase point bargaining. at home “Br. Schlosberg \", in 1917 bargaining. the house in A. owned a cotton-ginning plant. From the beginning. 20th century A. is one of the largest economies. and trade-prom. centers of Turkestan. Bukharian Jewess Ester Sholomonovna Davydbaeva owned two cotton ginning plants in A .; in the beginning. 20th century in A. a branch of the \"Potelyhovsky trade and industrial company on shares\" was opened, the board of which included E.Sh.Davydbaeva and R.Sh. Potelyakhov; the m-in had a steam flour-grinding mill. Means. some Bukharian Jews in Armenia were engaged in dyeing fabrics and in petty trade; among Ashkenazi Jews, craftsmen and representatives of the free professions - doctors, pharmacists, photographers, and others - predominated. In 1918 a Jewish pogrom took place in Armenia; there were cases of forced conversion to Islam. In 1926 in the Andijan env. was organized by the Jewish s.-kh. artel \"Kzyl-Dekhkan\" (122 people), in 1927 - 2 artels: \"Nadezhda\" (100 people) and \"Madat\" (23 families). In the end. 1920s in the Andijan env. there were 2 Jewish handicraft artels - \"Buyakhchi\", \"Birgium\"; 3 indigenous Jewish schools. In the 2nd half. 1920s - early. 1930s In A., there was a campaign to close synagogues. In 1945 by the Council for Religious Affairs. cults, the petition of believing Jews in A. to return to them the building of one of the two former synagogues was rejected. In 1946 the Jewish community of Armenia entered into a 10-year lease agreement for a private owner. houses. The rabbi of A. was Nisim Ravinovich Suleimanov (1905-1989), who also served as a shohet and moel. On weekdays, 80-100 people attended the synagogue, and more than 300 on holidays. The minyan met in the synagogue no more than three times a week. At the Jewish cemetery in the farewell hall there is a plaque with portraits of the former. community chairmen. The old Jewish quarter in Armenia has not survived. In May 1990, a Jewish pogrom took place in Armenia (13 houses were burned down or plundered, several women were subjected to violence). In 1989-94, 1,795 Jews left Armenia for Israel. I.N.Fridlyander.Yu.N. Grigorieva"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDREAPOL, a city (since 1967), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). In the 16th century. - border post Dubno. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostashkovsky u. Tver Gubernia. 265 Jews (31.9%) lived in Armenia in 1923, 327 (28.7%) in 1926, and 133 Jews in 1939. Moisey Naumovich Chernomorsky (1913-1980, Moscow), Dr. sciences, specialist in the region. auxiliary ist. disciplines."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDREEV, see Endzheyuv."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDREEVA Natalia Evgenievna (b. 1933, Vitebsk), hematologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1981), prof. (1988). Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1957). In 1957-60 she worked as a district doctor, head. therapeutic. dep. mountains. hospitals in Murmansk; in 1960-63 a graduate student at Ying-those therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow, in 1965 ml. scientific. sotr. in gr. I.A. Kassirsky in the same place. Since 1965 he has been working at the Department of Hematology and Intensive Care Center, Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. scientific. tr. A. poev. decomp. problems of hematology and immunopathology: pathology of immunoglobulins (antibodies synthesized in blood serum and participating in the creation of immunity), incl. at diff. tumors; tumor diseases of the hematopoietic system (hemoblastosis); thrombocytopenic and immunodeficiency states, as well as methods of their treatment and prevention. Discovered the activity of the immunoglobulins synthesized in myeloma against antigens, to-ry the body is immunized. She proposed a treatment regimen for myeloma. State pr. USSR (1987). Cit .: Multiple myeloma, M., 1966 (et al.); Immunoglobulinopathies, M., 1985 (et al.)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDREEVKA, now a district within the city of Bashtanka (Ukraine). Vozn. as a settlement at the Novo-Poltava Jewish agricultural. school, main. in 1902 on the initiative of G.O. Gintsburg in the Kherson district. Kherson province. The construction, equipment and maintenance of the school was carried out at the expense of funds allocated by the EKO to Jewish farmers. colonies of Kherson province, and private donations. The school was designed for 60 students; boys aged 14 and over were accepted. The duration of the studies was 3 years, the third year was intended exclusively for practical training. work in the field and farms. For this, the pr-in allocated 300 dess., On which a model farm was created with crops of grain. and tech. crops, garden, vineyard, forest plantations; there was also a dairy farm and a stable for draft animals. The organizer and the first head of the school was the agronomist and scientist G.A. Lyubarsky. Near school fuss. also a settlement in which the attendants lived (in 1911 - 139 inhabitants). During the war, the school was ruined. In 1922-24 academic. building and household. the premises were restored, and the Novo-Poltava Jewish agricultural village was located there. technical school, in which 74 teenagers from old Jewish farmers studied in 1926-27. colonies and new settlers. villages. In an exemplary economy for 500 dess. highly productive varieties of wheat and other grains were grown. and tech. cultures. Much attention was paid to viticulture, for which 2 thousand phylloxera-resistant seedlings were purchased in 1926. The dairy farm kept a herd of tribes. cattle (30 cows and 40 heads of young animals), there was a tribal. cattery eng. pigs owned by Agrojoint. In 1928-30, the account was expanded. and households. base, technical school transformed into Jewish agricultural in-t with agronomical. and vet. f-tami. After the liquidation of the institute (1935), the students were transferred to the Odessa agricultural. in-t, in the premises of the institute there is a Novo-Poltava zootechnic. horse breeding technical school, transformed in 1944 into Zootechnical. vet. technical College. In 1972, special equipment was opened in Armenia. prof.-tech. uch-shche sat down. x-va. Uch. the building (1902, architect Kvint) is included in the Code of Monuments of Architecture and History of Ukraine."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDREEVO, a village in the Khasavyurt district of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - aul Andreevskoe Khasavyurt env. Tersk Region. 157 Jews lived in Armenia in 1886, and 170 Jews in 1900. Jews settled in Armenia before the conquest of the Caucasus by Russia. In the 1830s. As a result of the persecution, the Jews of A. were forced to move to other us. points. Some of them returned to Armenia. In 1868 there was a rabbi in Armenia, there was a synagogue and a school."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDREEVO-IVANOVKA (in 1910-27 - Chernovo), a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Andreevo-Ivanovka (other name. Kulikovo Pole) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1897 in A.-I. 546 Jews (37.5%) lived, in 1939 - 330 Jews. In 1873 in A.-I. there was a synagogue. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in in Jan. 1942 in A.-I. 7 Jews were killed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDREEVSK, a village in the Bodaibinsky district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Andreevsky mine of Kirensky u. Irkutsk province. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDREEVSKY PRIISK, see Andreevsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDREEVSKOE, see Andreevo."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDRELISHKI, see Andryalishkes."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDROPOV, see Rybinsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDRUSHEVKA, city (since 1975), regional center in Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1683. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - in the Kiev Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. In 1897, 430 Jews (16%) lived in Armenia, 388 in 1923, 658 (10%) in 1939, and 47 (0.4%) in 1989. After 1917, large production of food. prom-sti, sakh. and alcohol s-dy. This determined the migration to Armenia of Jews — specialists and workers from other cities and nearby districts. In 1925, immigrants from A. founded. in the Kherson env. three Jewish farmers. colonies: them. Chemerissky (26 people), \"Jewish grain grower\" (50 people), \"Trud\" (25 people). 1941 in the Andrushevsky district, 500 Jews were shot, in the fall of 1941 - 460, in April. 1942 - c. 700 Jews lived in Armenia in 1995. dozens of Jews. S. Ya. Elisavetsky"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDRYALISHKES, a farm in the Vilnius region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Andrelishki Vilensky u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–40 it was the Republic of Lithuania, and in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1898 69 people lived in Armenia. 20th century - 37 people. 19th century the population of Armenia was engaged only in agriculture for 139 dess. state land. By the beginning. 20th century because of the crushing of the land, the inhabitants of Armenia went bankrupt."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDRZHEEV, see Andzheevo."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDUKAN, see Andijan."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDZHEEVO, see Endreyavas."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANDZHEV, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1805. Until 1807 - a part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - in ód district. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1921, 99 Jews (17%) lived in Armenia. 20th century A. becomes a suburban suburb of Lodz. Until 1927, Rabbi A. was Moishe-Aron Toyerman, from 1927 - Moishe-Yehuda Kirschenboim. There were philanthropists in the community. organization and mutual aid fund. In 1939, after the beginning. 2nd world. war, the Jews left A."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANGAROVA (nee Shiser) Gilde Arnoldovna (b. 1908, Cottbus, Germany), translator. She studied arts, in-those in Berlin. In 1929 with her husband, prof. A.I.Angarov, came to the USSR. She worked in the publishing house of Inostr. lit-ry. Translated from Russian. On him. lang. St. 70 books, incl. works by FM Dostoevsky (\"The Meek\"), NS Leskov, NV Gogol, AP Chekhov; owls. writers I.G. Erenburg (\"D.Ye. Trust\"), V.P. Kataev (\"The Grass of Oblivion\", \"The Horn of Obsron\"), E.G. Kazakevich, D.A. Granin, L.M. Leonov , P.F.Nilin (\"Cruelty\"), Ch.Aitmatova (\"Farewell, Gyulsary!\"), V.A.Kaverina (\"Two Captains\"), V.F.Tendryakov (\"The Court\", \"Spring Changes\" ), V.L. Kondratyev (\"Sashka\"), M. Auezova (\"Abai\"), S.P. Zalygin, I.A.Efremov, A.T. Bitova, T.N. Tolstoy, V.I. Belova (\"Habitual Business\"), MI Tsvetaeva (\"My Pushkin\"). In the translation of the story by D. M. Kalinovskaya \"Oh, Saturday!\" recreated her special Heb. coloring. In 1941–45 she translated antifash. Produced by: \"The Leningrad Story\" by NS Tikhonov, \"The People are Immortal\" by VS Grossman (1943), his Stalingrad. essays and other Unities. original production A. - the story \"Synagogue\" (published in Israel in Zh. \"Aufbau\" in 1974) - peculiar. Fash resistance symbol. barbarism. Nat. pr. GDR in the region. arts and literature."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANGARSK, a city (since 1951) in the Irkutsk Region (Russian Federation). Main In 1948, 1,470 Jews (1.1%) lived in Armenia in 1959, and 1,124 (0.6%) in 1970. In 1992, the Jewish community \"Simkha\" (previously E. Shogam) was established in Armenia. In 1999, approx. 200 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANGOFF Charles (1902, Minsk - 1979, USA), writer, publisher. Since 1907 in the USA. Graduated from Harvard University. Taught in decomp. educational institutions in the United States. A.'s writing career began in the 20s. He helped G. Mencken at the American Mercury Publishing House and in 1934 became his successor. First. book A. “Lit. history of Amer. people ”(2 volumes, 1931) traced the period from 1607 to 1815. Naib. A. brightly revealed his talent in his fantastic. Producer: Adventures in Heaven (1945), When I Was a Boy (1947), Something About My Father and Others (1956). Fame came to A. in the 50's, when he began the saga of the integration of Eastern Europe. Jewish immigrants to Amer. about-ve. A. belongs to ser. autobiographer, rom., in the center of which is his \"alter ego\", writer D. Polonsky: \"Journey at Dawn\" (1951), \"Morning Light\" (1952), \"Sun at Noon\" (1955), \"Between Light and Darkness\" (1959), \"Early Spring\" (1961), \"Summer Storm\" (1963), etc. In these rom. A. created a whole gallery of Hebrews. types: from Yiddish speaking poor immigrants early. centuries before their Americanized descendants of the period of the 50s. and those who survived the Holocaust. Author Sat. verse. The Bell of Time (1967) and Sat. essays \"Tone of the Twenties\" (1966). In 1957 A. became the publisher of J. \"Literary Review\". He wrote rec. about the teacher and colleague G. Mencken (1956). Since 1969 A. - prez. Union of American Poets."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANIKSCHIAI, city, regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Vilkomir district of the Vilna voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Onikshty Vilkomirsky u. Vilna province, from 1842 - Kovensky province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765 390 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1847 - 1556, in 1897 - 2754 (69.7%), in 1921 - 1800 (45%) , in 1940 - c. 2000, in 1959 - 9 (0.16%), in 1989 - 2 Jews. Jews have lived in Armenia since the 17th century. In the 18th century. Gershon Isserlis was the rabbi in Armenia; - Arye-Leib ben Nathan-Nota, Avrom Lichtenstein, Jacob ben Avrom from Emden, Eliyahu from Ragola, Moishe-Eliyahu, Moishe-Yoel Gurion, Shlomo Schlossberg, Avrom-Aron Burshtein (before 1899), in 1899-1905 - Shmuel- Avigdor Fayvelzon, then - Eliyahu-Yakov-Doiv Shur (? -1938, Jerusalem), a former rabbi in A. in tech. 30 years old, I. Zhuravin and at the same time. Avrom-Mordkhe Vesler (? -1941) and Kalman-Itskhok Kadishovich (? -1941). In 1910, Armenia had a Jewish beginning. uch-shche. In the 1910s. the Bund organization was active in Armenia. July 14, 1915 Russian soldiers. army, a pogrom was organized, during which a Jewish miller was killed, trying to protect his wife and daughter from rapists. During the 1st world. war A. was destroyed, the Jews fled to the internal. districts of Russia. After the war, some of the Jews returned, rebuilding their homes with the help of the Joint. In the 1920s and 30s. main the occupation of the Jews of Armenia was craft and trade. In the 1920s. ORT organized a cooperative in A. for the production of boots, approx. 100 Jews were engaged in their production; 150 people worked at a shoe factory, 20 - in an agricultural workshop. technology. In 1931 Jews owned 26 out of 27 shops, 24 out of 30 workshops. In 1920 there was a foundation in Armenia. Jewish People's Bank. Several dozen Jews from Armenia left for the United States and South. Africa. To the end. 1930s in A. there were 6 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic, Talmud-Torah, several. heders, yeshiva, 3 Jewish schools of the Tarbut network (founder and first director I. Kalebson) and Yavne, the Kultur-League school with teaching in Yiddish, a Jewish kindergarten (30 children), 2 libraries , an amateur theater. In Armenia, there were branches of Jewish parties and movements, VITSO, youth organizations \"Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair\", Beitar, \"Maccabi\", an underground Jewish communist. org-tion. On June 1941, the executions of Jews by the Lithuanian police began in Armenia. Several dozens of Jews were shot in the courtyard of one of the synagogues of A. in June-July 1941. 29 Aug. 1941 1,500 Jews were shot. A memorial sign was erected at the place of execution. In 1969, the remains of the victims were reburied at the Jewish cemetery in Vilnius. In the beginning. 1990 the place of execution was fenced off and a monument with an inscription in Yiddish was erected on it. Nearby there is a monument with the image of a six-pointed star and an inscription in lit. lang. \"The grave of the Jews - victims of genocide.\" In the vicinity of Armenia, in Surdegis, a Jewish cemetery has been preserved. In A. genus: P.E. Kodess; Zeev-Wolf Shor (1839-1910), traveler, one of the first Hebrew writers in the United States, del. 5th Zionist Congress; Louis Epstein (1887-1949), rabbi, 1918-22 prez. Rabbinic Congress of America."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANIKST Abram Moiseevich (1887, Chisinau - |), member of the roar. movement, part., prof. and households. worker. R. in the family of a bricklayer. He graduated from a 4-grade school. Into the roar. movement from 1904, in 1906–07 anarcho-communist, participated in the revolt. movement in the south of Russia. Since 1907 - in exile, worked as an electrician, participated in the anarcho-syndicalist movement in France and Switzerland. Member overseas groups rus. anarcho-syndicalists. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, collaborated with the Bolsheviks, was before. Pavlograd District Council of Workers' Deputies (Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia) Participated in the struggle for the Sov. power. In 1918 he joined the RCP (b). In 1919-22, members. collegiums and deputy. People's Commissar of Labor of the RSFSR, in 1920 at the same time. served as deputy. prev. Ch. to-that on universal labor service. In 1922-23 - deputy. prev. Ural region economic council; in 1923–25 - People's Commissar of Labor of Ukraine, employee of the Central Committee of the Union of Miners and the Central Committee of the Union of Builders. From the end. 1925 worked in the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR, was a member. his presidium. Arrested in 1937. Mind. in custody. Father AA Anikst. Author of the book: \"Organization of labor force\", collection of articles. Art., M., 1920; \"Labor force\", M., 1929; “Stages of development of Nar. Commissariat of Labor \", M., 1923; \"Rep. about VI Lenin \", M., 1933; \"Cultural construction in the five-year plan\", M., 1930."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANIKST Alexander Abramovich (1910, Zurich - 1989, Moscow), literary critic, theater critic. Doctor of Art History (1963). Son of A.M. Anikst. In 1930-33 he studied at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, in 1933–36 - in graduate school, defended by Cand. dis. based on the works of J. Milton (1940). In 1936–41 he taught English literature at Moscow. state pedagogical in-those foreign. languages. In 1941–44 he fought at the front. In 1944–49 - early. department of general nat. literature of the Military Institute of foreign lang., since 1946 - associate professor; in 1949–51 he taught at GITIS, taught a special course on W. Shakespeare; from 1955 until the end of his life - Art. scientific. employee of the Institute of History of Laws, doctoral dis. defended on the works of Shakespeare (1963). English history specialist and Amer. literature, theater. Participated in publications: “History of English. literature \"(M.-L., 1943-1945),\" History of Western-European. theater \"(M., 1956-1957),\" History of English. literature ”(1956). Ed. (jointly with A.A. Smirnov) 8-volume collection. op. Shakespeare (1957-60), author of articles for several volumes; the author will enter, Art. to the 6-volume collection. op. JB Shaw (1978–81). One of the initiators of the publication and ed. series \"B-ka playwright\". Author of 22 books, including: \"Bernard Shaw\" (1956), \"Daniel Defoe\" (1957), \"Shakespeare\" (1964, \"ZhZL\"), \"Theater of Shakespeare's Era\" (1965), \"Shakespeare. The playwright's craft \"(1974),\" The first editions of Shakespeare \"(1974),\" Goethe and Faust: From conception to accomplishment \"(1983),\" Tv. the way of Goethe \"(1986). Since the late 1960s. studied drama theory, published 5 volumes of \"History of the doctrine of drama\": \"Drama theory from Aristotle to Lessing\" (1967), \"Drama theory in Russia from Pushkin to Chekhov\" (1972), \"Drama theory in the West in the 1st half ... XIX century. \" (1980), \"Theory of Drama from Hegel to Marx\" (1983), \"Theory of Drama in the West in the 2nd half. XIX century. \" (1988) and others. The total number of published works is about 500. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1987)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANINGOF, see Pichevka."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANISFELD Boris (Ber) Izrailevich (1879, Balti - 1973, New York), painter, theater artist. He studied at the Odessa rice. school, in the Academy of Arts (1900–09) at D.N. Kardovsky. An active member of the Blue Rose association. He worked in drama, t-re VF Komissarzhevskaya with VE Meyerhold (\"Zobeida's Wedding\" and others). As an artistic-decorator, together with the masters of the World of Art, he designed performances-entreprise by S.P.Dyagilev (1911–13) (the ballet scene “Underwater Kingdom” to music from the opera “Sadko”, etc.), productions by M.M. .Fokin (\"Islamey\" and others), tour performances by A.P. Pavlova, V.F. Nizhinsky. Since 1918 in the USA, he taught, designed opera performances in the t-ts of Chicago and New York. Constantly study. in exhibitions in the USA, France, exhibited his works at exhibitions in Leningrad and Moscow (1920s)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANISIMOV (real name Nisim-oglu) Ilya Sherbetovich (1862, Tarki Temir-Khan-Shurinsky district of Dagestan region - |), ethnographer. The son of a rabbi, the first Mountain Jew who studied at the Volozhin yeshiva. He graduated from the highland school and the city of Stavropol. From 1884 in Moscow, he studied at Moscow. tech. uch-shche, made essays on Mountain Jews, at the initiative of prof. Moscow University of V.F. Miller (to-rogo A. introduced him to his native Tatian language) began to study the ethnography of Mountain Jews. In 1886, on behalf of Moscow. archeol. about-va made a trip to the Caucasus to collect information about Mountain Jews. Based on the results of the trip, I compiled an ethnographic stat. research \"Caucasian Jews-Highlanders\" (published in \"Collection of materials on ethnography\", v. 3, Moscow, 1888 and separate prints), a cut for a long time there were unity. serious scientific. work about Mountain Jews. In the 1890-1910s. A. - unity. Mountain Jew with higher. education."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANNENKOV Yuliy Lazarevich (real family member Soliterman) (b. 1919, Vinnitsa), prose writer, playwright. Graduated from MIFLI them. NG Chernyshevsky in 1941. Participant in the 1941-45 war. He began to publish in 1946. The author of the romanized biographies of F. Joliot-Curie (\"Truth travels without visas\", Moscow, 1954), Pablo Neruda (\"Miner's Senator\", 1962). Front-line experience captured in production. A. about the fleet and the formation of personality during the war (novel \"Torpedo Boat Flag\", Moscow, 1958; \"Shturmanok Plots Course\", 1972, etc.). A. own plays for muses. t-ra: \"Sevastopol Waltz\" (1961), \"Polar Star\" (1966), \"Southern Cross\" (1971), etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANNENSKY Isidor Markovich (b. 1906, Olviopol, Kherson province - 1977, Moscow), film director. Studied in muses. school and lit. Faculty of Odessa University. He graduated from the theater school in Odessa (1922). He worked as an actor and dir. in theaters of Odessa, Arkhangelsk, Baku and other cities. Since 1931, actor and dir. Moscow Theater of the Revolution. In 1934 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS, in 1936 dir. Faculty of VGIK. From 1938 to various film stations. country. He made his debut in 1938 as a short. f. \"Bear\". Subsequently, he filmed the stories of A.P. Chekhov (\"The Man in the Case\", 1939, \"Wedding\", 1944, \"Anna on the Neck\", 1954. Prospect \"Golden Olive Branch\" International Film Festival in Bordighera, Italy). Filmed also production. M.Yu.Lermontov (\"Princess Mary\", 1955), M. Gorky (\"Three\", 1969), AN Ostrovsky (\"Talents and admirers\", 1973). Among other ph. - \"Elusive Jan\" (1942, jointly with V.M. Petrov), \"Ekaterina Voronina\" (1957), \"Sailor from\" Comet \"(1958),\" First trolleybus \"(1963),\" Tatiana's day \"(1967 ). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1971)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANNINSKY Lev Alexandrovich (nast, surname Ivanov-Anninsky) (b. 1934, Rostov-on-Don), critic. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1956. Since 1956 he regularly appears in print with articles, essays, essays, dedicated. Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, ethics and aesthetics of cinema. Art. A. are distinguished by polemicism, a wide range of the studied material and associations, emotional assessments, and relevance. He writes about the work of M.A.Bulgakov (\"Banner\", 1986, No. 5) and about the prose of S.E. Kaledin (\"Friendship of Peoples\", 1988, No. 5), about the problems of educating the young generation (\"Lit. Gazeta\" , 1985, no. 12) and about Anna Barkova's \"Way of the Cross\" (\"Lit. Oz.\", 1991, Mb 8). Author of the book: \"The kernel of a nut: Critical essays\" (Moscow, 1965), \"\" How the steel was tempered \"by Nikolai Ostrovsky\" (Moscow, 1971; caused controversy in the journal \"Questions of Literature\", 1973, Mb 6), \" Thirties-seventies: Lit.-critical. Art. \" (Moscow, 1977), \"Leo Tolstoy and the cinema\" (Moscow, 1982), \"Leskov's necklace\" (Moscow, 1982), \"Three Heretics\" (about A.F. Pisemsky, P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky , NS Leskov) (M., 1988), \"The Sixties and We: Cinematography, which has become and has not become history\" (Moscow, 1991)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANNOPOL (before 1761 - Glinniki), a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1602.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. In 1923-30 - the regional center of the Shepetovsky environs. In 1784, 215 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1847 - 1626, in 1897 - 1812 (82%), in 1923 - 1008, in 1926 - 1278 (67.4%), in 1931 - 1280 Jews. A. in the 18th century. Since the 1770s. A. played a significant role in the Hasidic movement. Doyv-Ber from Mezhirich and his son Avrom \"Ha-Malakh\" (\"Angel\") (1741-1776, Fastov), ​​who later became a tzaddik in Fastov, lived in Armenia. Schneer-Zalman from Lyad studied in A. After Doiv-Ber's death, his disciple and follower Meshulam-Zusya Annopolsky (? -1800) settled in Armenia, who did a lot to spread Hasidism in Volyn. The son of Meshulam-Zusi Tzvi-Menachem-Mendel (? -1814), after the death of his father, was a tzaddik in Armenia. the Jews of Armenia participated in the wholesale and intermediary trade of agricultural products. products, were engaged in crafts. In 1890, Armenia had synagogues and a Jewish almshouse. Between 1910 and 1916 a circle of Bundists and a Zionist group operated underground. 30 nov. 1917 The peasants who came to the fair in Armenia staged a pogrom. After the 1st world., Grazhd. wars and Oct. revolution, the number of the Jewish population of A. decreased. In 1920–34, Aron-Uri-Leib Klimnovich was the rabbi in Armenia. There were 5 synagogues, a four-year school teaching in Yiddish, in which children were not forced to write on Saturdays. In 1925 founded. Jewish Union of individual handicraftsmen. Among the Jews of A. in the middle. 1920s - 175 workers, 45 employees, 123 handicraftsmen, 232 - poor peasants, 458 - middle peasants, 3 wealthy, 22 representatives of the clergy. IN OZET - 110 members There was a Jewish hut-reading room. In 1931 a Jewish national was created in Armenia. village council. Between 1932 and 1933 the Jews of Armenia suffered from famine. In 1941–42 the Jewish population of Armenia was exterminated. synagogue is located cf. school. The graves of Doiv-Bera and Meshulam-Zusi on the second world destroyed in the years. war Jewish cemetery - a place of pilgrimage for the Hasidim. Monuments on the graves were restored by the Moscow Lubavitch Hasidim in 1988. J.Lamden.I.B.Kraisman"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTAZAVE, a village in the Zarasai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Antuzovo, Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 15 Jews (14.9%) lived in Armenia, and in 1939 - 3 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTIK Vladimir Moritsevich (1882, Konigsberg - 1972, Moscow), publisher. Born into the family of a bank employee. After graduating in 1901 in Ryazan, he entered the law. Faculty of Moscow un-that, having graduated with a diploma of 1 degree. In 1904–06 he worked at the publishing house of br. Pomegranate is the distribution agent for their publications. In 1906 he founded in Moscow an independent book publishing house \"Polza\" following the example of the publishing house \"Cheap Library\" A.S. Suvorin, starting the release of ser. \"Universal Library\", with produced, izv. Zap.-Heb. and Russian authors. In addition to thin. lit-ry, in ser. published memoirs, East. sketches, dictionaries, popular science literature. Also \"Benefit\" produced: in 1906 - mid. \"Practical Encyclopedia\", in 1907 - mid. \"People's University\", \"Popular Science Library\", \"Pedagogical Academy in essays and monographs.\" After the revolution A. continued to lead the publishing house, where he released ser. \"General Library\", and in 1928 organized and headed the publishing house. ser. \"Cheap Library\" State Publishing House. In 1930, A. dealt with issues of book economics, submitted the idea of ​​creating \"book building\", paper and printing plants near sources of raw materials."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTIN Benjamin (1884 - |), lawyer. R. in Russia. He was educated in Law. School of New York. Was engaged in polit. activities. In 1920–22 he was a member. Legislation. Assembly pcs New York, in 1922-26 - the senator of this piece. A. owns important legislation concerning the education and protection of children, as well as numerous Art. on problems related to children and social. security. He wrote an autobiography under the title. The Gentleman of the 22nd (New York, 1927)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTOKOL, now part of the city of Vilnius (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a suburb of Vilna. Since 1870 Benjamin Friedman was the rabbi in Armenia. By law of May 10, 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia. In 1916, a Jewish school was opened in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTOKOLSKY Lev Moiseevich (1872, Vilna - 1942, Sterlitamak), painter. The nephew of M.M. Antokolsky. Studied at the Academy of Arts (1891, 1893-1900) under I.E. Repin. One of the founders of the Artel Rus. thin in Petersburg. (1901–03). Rice was in charge. cl. in Vilna (1905–12). Secretary of Vilensky art-prom. about-va in memory of M.M. Antokolsky. From 1912 he worked in Moscow, was engaged in monum.-decor, painting (c / t \"Odeon\", \"Modern\"). Participated in the execution of paintings for the All-Russian. agricultural. exhibition (1923). Participant of exhibitions in the halls of Imp. AH (1903-10); “Exhibitions of paintings and sculptures. artist-Jews \", org. Heb. about-in the promotion of thin. in Petrograd (1916) and Moscow (1917; 1918); exhibitions of the Association (Society) art. them. IE Repin (Moscow, 1927–29), member. to-rogo first formulated the principle of \"social. realism ”, based on a combination of realism and romanticism. Deputy ed. and thin. g. Painting (1930–32)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTOKOLSKY Mark Matveyevich (Mordukh Matysovich) (1843, Vilna - 1902, Bad Homburg vor der Hee, buried in St. Petersburg), sculptor. Prof. (1880), d.h. AH (1893). He painted since childhood, was apprenticed to a woodcarver. At the age of 17 he left the owner, independently studied history, literature, French. language. He entered the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1862–68), where he studied under N.S. Pimenov and II Reimers. He became close with I.E. Repin, later with I.N. Kramskoy and V.V. Stasov, who played an important role in the formation of the artist. The first independent works are devoted to Jewish life, childhood impressions. There are sketches for the Jewish types and scenes conceived by A., such as Moses, Samson, Deborah, Shylock, Jeremiah, Spinoza, and others. He lived in St. Petersburg, from 1871 - in Italy, at the end. 1877 settled in Paris. In 1875 he took part in a competition for memory. A.S. Pushkin. In 1893 A. organized his exhibition in St. Petersburg, which was a success among the intelligentsia, but was greeted with extreme hostility by the Black Hundred circles; the artist was offended by the attacks of anti-Semites, who believed that he had no right to portray the heroes of Russian history, Christian saints. A. wrote a lot, his articles on the issues of art are known in \"St. Petersburg Vedomosti\", \"Week\", f. “Art and thin. prom-st \", in the\" Bulletin of Europe \"in 1887 publ. his \"Autobiography\", shortly before his death, wrote the novel \"Ben-Yzak\" - a chronicle from Heb. life (manuscript in the State Public Library named after M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in St. Petersburg.), letters A., collected by V.V. Stasov, ed. Wolf in 1905. works: \"The Jew-Tailor\" (1864, village), \"The Miser\" (1868, bone, village), \"Boy stealing apples\" (1865, bone), \"Dispute about the Talmud\" (1868, wax, village. ), “Attack of the Inquisition on the Jews (1863–69, wax),“ Ivan the Terrible ”(1870–71, plaster of paris, lost; 1871 br .; 1875, mr., In 1871 received the title of academician for this sculpture),“ Death of Socrates \"(1875, mr.), Grave memorial. book Obolenskaya (1876, Rome), high reliefs \"The Last Breath\" and \"Irretrievable Loss\" (both - 1876), a bas-relief portrait of Baron M. Gintsburg (1878), \"Spinoza\" (1882, mr.), \"Yaroslav the Wise\" (1889 , majolica), \"Nestor the Chronicler\" (1890, mr.), \"Ermak\" (1891, mr.), \"Angel\" (for Tereshchenko's tombstone, 1895), a statue of im. Alexander II (1896), statue of imp. Alexander III (for installation in the halls of the Museum of Emperor Alexander III), a monument to Emperor. Catherine II for Vilna (1897) and others. Great evil. medal and badge of the hordes. Legion of Honor (1878, World Exhibition in Paris); first angry. medal (1892, International Exhibition in Munich); angry. Medal and Commander's Cross of the Legion of Honor (1900, World Exhibition in Paris). Honorary member of the Paris, Berlin and Urbinsky A.Kh. Works are kept in the State Russian Museum, the State Tretyakov Gallery, in the Saratov art. Museum named after A.N. Radischeva, in private collection"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTOKOLSKY Pavel Grigorievich (1896, Petersburg - 1978, Moscow), poet, translator, essayist. In his youth he worked dir. in the drama studio of E.B. Vakhtangov. First. collection of A. (\"Poems\", 1922; \"West\", 1926; \"Third Book\", 1927) bear the imprint of acmeism. schools. Center, place in TV-ve A. is occupied by Western-European. ist. themes (poems \"Robespierre and the Gorgon\", 1928; \"Francois Villon\", 1934, etc.). From the later works. naib. meaning poem \"Son\" (1943, Steel pr. 1946), collection \"Eternal Memory\" (1946) and \"Workshop\" (1958), \"Time\" (1973). Among the lane. A. naib. Izv. Sat. Civic Poetry of France (1955). The author of the book. \"On Pushkin\" (1960; poems and essays) and others."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTOLENT TAPES, see Antolepta."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTOLEPTE, a village in the Zarasai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Antolenty Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 474 Jews (85.5%) lived in Armenia, in 1923 - 367 (63%), in the end. 1930s - OK. 300 Jews. The financial situation of the Jews of Armenia was supported by the renting of housing to visitors to the Orthodox monastery and work on its maintenance. In the beginning. 20th century Zalman-Tuvya Markovich was the rabbi in Armenia. During the 1st world. war, many Jews left for the South. Africa, USA and Uruguay. After the 1st world. war DOS. the occupation of the Jews of A. was trade in the market and at annual fairs. In the end. 1930s there were 16 Jewish artisans in Armenia; several Jewish families were engaged in villages. x-vom. In 1937, a Hebrew school was opened. In A. there were 3 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic, several. headers. Rabbi A. in the 1930s. was Yehuda Levin. Herm. troops occupied Armenia on June 26, 1941. the Jews of A., together with the Jews of the surrounding areas, were shot. In total, 2,569 Jews of A.V. of the genus were shot. K.M.Shuras."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTONINS (until the 1770s - Golodki), an urban-type settlement (since 1956) in the Krasilovsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. In 1939, 110 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTONOVICHI, see Antonovka, Dobrushinsky district, Gomel region."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTONOVKA, see Fedorovka."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTONYUKI, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 19 Jews were killed in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTOPOL, see Borovaya of the Republic of Latvia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTORIA, village of Tkibulsky city council (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Kutaisi env. Imereti region, from 1840 - in Kutaisi u. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, since 1846 - in Kutaisi district. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 - as part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. According to the testimony of Acad. Petersburg. AN IA Gildenstedt, to-ry in 1770-72 traveled to the North. Caucasus and Georgia, A. - a Jewish village, where 50 Jewish families (smoke) from our neighboring countries moved. points. A fair was held in the village every Friday. The further fate of the Jewish community of A. is unknown."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTHRACITE (in 1936-62 - Bokovo-Anthracite), a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 19th century. as the Kraselshchik mine in the Miussky env. Don Army regions. From the beginning. 1920s - pos. Mines No. 13 118 Jews (0.9%) lived in Armenia in 1939. On July 19, 1942, Austria was occupied by the Germans. troops. In 1942 several were killed in Armenia. remaining Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTSELOVICH Naum Markovich (1888, Petersburg - 1952, Moscow), state, part. and prof. activist, member Communist. party since 1905. R. in the family of a carpenter, electrician. In 1906 he was subjected to a short period. arrest. In 1907–08 he worked in the trade unions of tanners, plumbers and printers, took part in organizing demonstrations, transporting weapons, etc. In 1908 he was arrested again and exiled from St. Petersburg. In 1910, prof. work in Odessa, chl. Bureau of the RSDLP. In 1911 he was arrested in Crimea and exiled to the Vologda province, where he stayed until 1913. In 1915 he was again arrested for participating in a campaign against the military-industrial. to-to (until Feb. 1917 - in exile). After Feb. Revolutionary agitator Petersburg. to-that RSDLP (b), dep. Petrosovet, cases. 7th Apr. Vseros. conference RSDLP (b), participated in the organization of trade unions, hands. union of electricians. One of the organizers of Kr. Guards in Petrograd, an active participant in Oct. coup of 1917, part. Petrogr. VRK, commissar over the offices of the quartermaster. In 1918 - member. Petrosovet Executive Committee, member Bureau Petrograd. to-that party, one of the founders of Petrograd. Gubernia Trade Council, member. its Presidium (in 1918–21 it was before.). In 1919 the deputy. early defense of Petrograd. In Sept-Dec. 1919 deputy. early political department of the RVS. South front. In 1923–31 - before. Central Committee of the Union of agricultural and forest workers (Vserabotzemles), in 1931–32 sec. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions; in 1931–34 - deputy. People's Commissar of the RFL of the USSR; in 1934–38 - deputy. prev. Commissions of Sov. control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR; in 1938–40 the People's Commissar of the Forestry Industry of the USSR. In 1941, 45 on polit. work in Kr. Army. Since 1945 - deputy. People's Commissar of Trade of the USSR, then Deer. moscow s-yes Glavmebelprom. Affairs. 9th, 12-18th Party Congresses, 1927-34 - Cand. in part. Central Committee, since 1938 - member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b); member All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR, dep. The USSR Armed Forces since 1937, works: Tasks of the Union of Agricultural and forest workers of the USSR, M., 1926; After October: (From the memoir about V. I. Lenin), \"Neva\", 1957, no. 11."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTSILEVICH Shneur-Zalman (1861, Ostrovets, Vilna province - 1936, Tel Aviv), rabbi. R. in the family of a rabbi. In 1897-1935 he served in Mozyr (Minsk province), from 1935 - in E.-I."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANCISS Julius Isaakovich (1903, Krinki of Grodno district and province - 1972, Moscow), Arabic philologist, translator. R. in the family of a leatherworker. He graduated from an Arab. dep. Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (1927), later taught there, in 1936–43 at the same time. east. dep. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1928-29 he compiled (with S. S. Meisel) for students \"Reader Arab. polit.-econ. literature \"(with a dictionary). Since 1930 scientific. consultant and ed. per. tr. classics of Marxism-Leninism in Arab. lang. for ed.-ed. dep. Executive Committee of the Comintern, at the same time. sotr. in the Communist. un-those working people of the East and in N. - and. associations for the study of nat. and colonial problems under him, participated in the compilation of the Russian-Arab. dictionary of society.-polit. terminology for students from Arab countries. In 1943–47 he worked at TASS, in 1946–50 - scientific. ed. in the Publishing House of Literature on Foreign. lang. In the beginning. 1950s was persecuted in the course of the \"fight against cosmopolitanism\" campaign."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANTUZOVO, see Antazave."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANUCHINO, a village, a regional center in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Primorsk region. In 1939, 25 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ANGERO-SUDZHENSK, a city (since 1931) in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1897. In 1928 of us. A workers' settlement was formed at the Anzher and Sudzhen mines. In 1939, in A.-S. lived 120, in 1970 - 100 Jews (0.1%)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APATITY, a city (since 1966) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. In 1935, 6 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939, 197 in 1989, and 80 in 1998."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APE, a city (since 1928) in the Aluksne region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ope of the Livonian province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. 20th century in A. lived apprx. 200 Jews, in 1920 - 120 (16%), in 1925 - 99 (10%), in 1930 - 90 (9.5%), in 1935 - 82 Jews (8.9%). By the time Armenia was occupied by parts germ. army (July 5, 1941) only a few. Jews managed to evacuate to the east. regions of the USSR. All the remaining Jews of Albania were shot in the summer of 1941."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APOSTOLOVO (until 1923 - Pokrovskoe), a city (since 1956), a regional center in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yekaterinoslavsky u. In 1939, 81 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APPEL Yehuda Leib (1857, Vekshni Shavelsky u. Koven province - 1934), leader of the Zionist movement, publisher. For 25 years he served as secretary of the department. \"Hovevey Zion\" in Vilna. There was also the secretary of the department. about-va \"Bnei Moishe\". In 1902 A. and S. Greber founded a publishing house that published Zionist periodicals and propaganda literature. From 1921 in E.-I., became the secretary of Isaac Leib Goldberg and the manager of his estate. The author of the memoirs on decomp. periods of the history of \"Hibbat Zion\" and Zionism in Russia, to-rye were publ. in the book. “B'tokh will decide ha-tkhiya” (“At the beginning of the revival”, 1936). He died in E.-I."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APRELEVKA, a city (since 1961) in the Naro-Fominsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. as a station settlement. 87 Jews (1.5%) lived in Armenia in 1939, 97 (0.5%) in 1970, and 79 Jews (0.4%) in 1989."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APRELSK (in 1932–38 - the April mine), a rural village in the Bodaibo district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - gold mine Nadezhdinsky Kirensky u. Irkutsk lips. From 1938 to 1970 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APRILSKY PRIISK, see Aprilsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APRESYAN Yuri Derenikovich (b. 1930, Moscow), linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1983), prof. (1991), acad. RAS (1992). Graduated from Moscow. state in-t foreign. languages ​​(1953) and postgraduate studies there (1956). In 1958-60 he worked as a teacher in Moscow. state in-those foreign. lang., in 1960-72 - in Ying-those rus. language of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1972-85 Art. scientific. employee, then head. sector VNII \"Informelectro\". Since 1985 in the Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ch. scientific. employee (1985–89), head. laboratory of computational linguistics (1989-94), since 1994 chap. scientific. employee. Since 1990, part-time in Ying-those rus. language of RAS, Ch. scientific. employee, since 1994 head. sector theoretical. semantics. research areas: semantics, syntax, theoretical. and practical. lexicography, formal language models and machine translation. Author of 6 monographs and approx. 200 articles. Took part in the work on dictionaries. Works: Experimental study of semantics rus. verb, M., 1967; Lexical semantics. Synonymous. means of language, M., 1974; English-Russian synonym. dictionary, M., 1972 (with E.M. Mednikova, A.V. Petrova and others, ed. 1977, 1979, 1987); New large English-Russian dictionary, v. 1–3, M., 1993–94 (with E.M. Mednikova, A.V. Petrova and others)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APRIL Aron (b. 1932, Vilkaviskis, Lithuania), painter, sculptor. In 1960 he graduated from the Moscow Art Institute. V.I.Surikov. Formation of creative. worldview took place among the artists of the sixties every year. moscow youth. exhibitions. Since 1958 academic. mosk., all-union, rep. and nick. exhibitions. Since 1972 in Israel. Lives in Jerusalem. Taught painting, drawing, comp. at Haifa University, Heb. un-those in Jerusalem, the Academy of Arts and the House of Artists (ibid.). From 1991 to. board creative associations in the village. thin Sanur (Shomron). In painting A. strives to convey the essence of the phenomena of language. plastics and color movement. Over the years of their stay in Israel, the artist has changed. orientation A .: higher. he finds ethical and aesthetic criteria in TANAKH, based on which he creates a number of productions. (\"Yaakov the Shepherd\", \"Yaakov, Leah and Rachel\", \"The Heir\", \"Yaakov's Old Age\", etc.). Since 1972, a number of personal exhibitions in Israel, America, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, France."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APT Solomon Konstantinovich (b. 1921, Kharkov), literary critic, translator. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). Translated into Russian. lang. op. Aristophanes, Aeschylus, Euripides “Hippolytus”, Plato “The Feast”, Menander “The Grouch” (1950–70s). Cand. philol. Sciences (1950). History specialist him. literature, author of biography T. Mann (1972, \"ZhZL\") and Art. \"Over the Pages of T. Mann\" (1980), translated into Russian. lang. his novels (including the tetralogy \"Joseph and His Brothers\"), art., letters, a number of op. G. Hesse (\"The Glass Bead Game\", \"Steppenwolf\", stories and sketches), R. Muzil (\"A Man without Properties\", \"Mental Troubles of Ter-Les' pupil\"), 6 plays by B. Brecht, novels by L. Feuchtwanger , M. Frisch, E. Canetti, K. Jaspers \"The question of guilt\", as well as manuf. E.T.A. Hoffmann, G. Kleist, F. Hölderlin, V. Gauf. them. Hesse (Germany, 1982), Austr. state pr. (1986), A. - hon. Dr. of Cologne University (1989)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "APTER Yakov Natanovich (1899, Shpola, Kiev province - 1941), graphic artist. He studied at the Odessa Art. school (OXU) (1915–18) and VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN (1924–29) at KN Istomin and in the woodcut workshop of VA Favorsky. In the 30s. created a number of aqu., drawings, woodcuts and lithographs (\"AM Gorky among collective farmers\", \"Seated woman\", \"Kremlin\", \"Portrait of the artist VA Favorsky\", \"Landscape\", etc.). Collaborated in decomp. publishing house. Since 1932 constantly study. in sinks, and all. exhibitions of graphics, as well as exhibitions of owls. graphics abroad (London, Sofia, Nanjing, Brussels). Killed at the front during the defense of Moscow."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARAD (Mine) Zvi (1909, Vilna), poet, writer, translator. He studied in Heb. (Hebrew) G-zii Vilna. In E.-I. from 1931. Until 1958 members. kibbutz Ein Shemer. The author of several. poetic collection. and prose works. Collaborated merged. g. \"Turim\" and \"Mahbarot Lesifruit\". Izv. as a translator - from Russian, English, French, German, Polish. and Yiddish. Laureate of Sh.Chernikhovsky prospect (1981)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARAK, a village in the Tabasaran region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Ashaga Arag, Derbent province, from 1860 - Kyurinsky env. Dagestan Region. 439 Jews lived in Armenia in 1867, 480 in 1875, 428 (36.9%) in 1897, and 169 Jews in 1926. The first information about Jews in Armenia dates back to the beginning. 18th century Main the occupation of the Jews of Armenia is tobacco growing. In the 1820s and 40s. the rabbis in Albania were Yehezkel ben Nisu (? —1873) and Asaf ben Ihezkel Mizrahi. A synagogue was built in 1832. In 1886, Armenia had 2 melamed, teaching 30 children. In the 1860s. there was a shohet who served as a rabbi in the 1880s. - 2 shohets. Azaria ben Shlomo became Shohet in Armenia in 1899, and Chaim ben Emmanuel in 1906. In the beginning. 20th century the rabbi in A. was Ichil ben Shem Tov. Most of the Jews left Armenia during the Civil Period. war. After that, 40 Jewish farms remained in Armenia in 1925; handicraft and trade became occupation. In 1930, there were 20 Jewish farms in Armenia. In the 1920s and 30s. the departure of Jews to Derbent and other cities continued."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARAMIL, a city (since 1966) in the Sysertsky district of the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1675. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinburg district Perm province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARANOV (Aranovich) Shiko (Yeshayagu) Veniaminovich (1906, Tatarbunary Bessarabian province - 1969, Chisinau), composer, conductor. Studied at the Chisinau cons. by class French horns. In 1935 he graduated from the Bucharest Academician. muses. and dram. lawsuit according to cl. pipes and compositions. Since 1940 he organized a pop orc in Chisinau. at Mold. Philharmonic, directed it until 1945, in 1947-56 was a musician. hands. and conductor orc. Ensemble of plank beds. dance \"Jock\", in 1956-63 and 1967-69 thin. hands. jazz orchestra \"Bucuria\", in 1964-66 orchestra. Mold. state Committee on Radio and Television. All jazz orchestras in Armenia were typical big bands and were distinguished by good swing. A. played a significant role in the creation of mold. pop orc. music. Author of 12 fantasies for pop orc., Music for choreographic scenes, for mold. Ph.D. \"Liana\", \"Moldavian tunes\". Created many. treatments mold., rus., heb. bunk bed songs. Nar. art. Mold. SSR (1953)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARANOVICH Semyon Davidovich (b. 1934, Derazhnya Kamenets-Podolsk region), film director. He graduated from the navy. aviation mine and torpedo school (1955). In 1955-56 he served as a navigator in the sea. aviation. In 1965 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. In 1964–70 dir. to / st. \"Lenkinokhronika\" and \"Lennauchfilm\". Author of Historical and Doc. ph .: \"Friend of Gorky - Andreev\" (1966, Grand Prix \"Golden Dove\" X ICF in Leipzig, 1967), \"People of the Earth and Heaven\" (1969, Ch. Prize \"Silver Dove\" XII ICF in Leipzig), \" Dmitry Shostakovich \"(1981),\" I served in Stalin's apparatus \"(1990),\" The Great Concert of Nations, or the Breath of Cheyne-Stokes \"(1991, about the\" Doctors' Case \"). Fast. thin f .: \"The Red Diplomat\" (1971, t / f), \"Torpedo bombers\" (1983), \"Broken Horseshoe (1973),\" ... And Other Officials \"(1976),\" Rafferty \"(1980, t / f), \"Opposition\" (1985), \"Big Game\" (1988)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARANOVICH Yuri Mikhailovich (b. 1932, Leningrad), conductor. In 1952 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. in conducting class of N.S. Rabinovich. He also studied with N.G. Rakhlin (who, according to A. himself, was for him the ideal conductor) and K. 3anderling. He worked in Petrozavodsk and Saratov, in 1956 headed the orc. Yaroslavl Philharmonic. Since 1964 in Moscow, artist. hands. and ch. conductor symph. orc. All-Union Radio and Television. A.'s repertoire includes all the symphonies by P.I. Tchaikovsky and L. van Beethoven. He performed several concert performances. operas, incl. op. \"Iolanta\" by Tchaikovsky, \"Not only love\" by RK Shchedrin, \"Romeo, Juliet and darkness\" by KV Molchanov (about a Jewish girl from the ghetto), etc. Since 1972 in Israel. Since 1975, Ch. conductor of the Stockholm Royal Symphony. orc. and symph. orc. Cologne. Chevalier of the Royal Swedish Order of the Pole Star (1987)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARANOVSKY Mark Genrikhovich (b. 1928, Leningrad), musicologist. Cand. lawsuit (1967). He graduated from Leningrad in 1952. horse, studied the history of music (under the direction of E.L. Fried), in 1966 - graduate school Leningrad. in-ta t-ra, music and cinematography (M.K. Mikhailov), where he worked as a senior scientific. employee (1967–80). Since 1980 - in the All-Union Scientific and Research Institute. Institute of Art Studies (now Russian Institute of Art Studies). Author of the book: \"Melodica Prokofiev\", L., 1969, \"Symphonic searches\", L., 1979, as well as many others. scientific. articles dedicated. questions of theory and aesthetics of music, muses. thinking, creative process. He wrote a number of works about Russian. and owls. composers (including about D.D. Shostakovich)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARAZI Yehuda (1907, Lodz - 1959, Israel), politician. From 1923 in E.-I. While serving in the police from 1926–34, he passed information on to Gagana, helped arrested independence fighters, and smuggled weapons. In 1936–39 A. participated in a secret operation to purchase weapons from the Polish pr-va, and in the beginning. 2nd world. wars from the warehouses of the British army in the Middle East and North. Africa and smuggled it into E.-I. A.'s activities were disclosed by the British authorities. At the end of the war, he illegally left E.-I., arrived in Italy and headed a secret emigration activity. In 1946 he took part in the organization of the ferry from Italy to E.-I. two rescue ships with illegal refugees. In the summer of 1947, A. came to the United States and organized the purchase and smuggling into E.-I. light and heavy. weapons and aircraft for Gagana. Most of the equipment reached E.-I."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARBATOV Georgy Arkadievich (b. 1923, Kherson), political scientist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974), Dr. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Moscow. state in-t international. relations (1949). In 1953 62 he worked as a scientific. editor of the publishing house \"Foreign Literature\", deputy. head Department \"Questions of Philosophy\", head. dep. g. \"Novoye Vremya\", editor-consultant Zh. \"Communist\" and deputy. head department and columnist. \"Problems of Peace and Socialism\". In 1962–64 - head. sector of the Institute of the world economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1964–67 - a consultant, then hands. group of consultants of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Since 1967 - Director of the Institute of the USA and Canada of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was a deputy of the USSR Armed Forces of the 9th, 10th and 11th convocations, pl. Deputy of the USSR (1989–92), member. Central Committee of the CPSU (1981–90). Since 1992, member. Presidential Advisory Council. Scientific interests of A. - the world economy, int. and US foreign policy, foreign policy of the USSR. Works: Foundations of Marxism-Leninism, Moscow, 1958; Ideological struggle in the present. int. relations, M., 1970; Modern US foreign policy, M., 1983; Protracted recovery (1953-1985), M., 1991, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARBATOVA Maya (1911, Dribin, Mogilev province), ballerina, choreographer. She danced in the Riga op. Since 1938 - in E.-I. Together with her husband, Ios. Holland, founded the studio ball. and humor \"Af-al-pi\". She danced in the bunk. op. She founded the studio classic. ball. Raised several. generations of students."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARBUZINKA (until 1946 - Garbuzinka), an urban-type settlement (since 1967), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1939, 99 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARDAGAN, see Ardahan."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARDAKHAN, a city in the Karsky vilayet (Republic of Turkey). In 1879-1918, part of Russia, the town of Ardahan in the Kara region. Since 1921 it has been a part of Turkey. 100 Jews lived in Armenia in 1897, 22 in 1904, 35 in 1909, and 40 in 1910 (1.1 percent)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARDASHNIKOV Solomon Naumovich (1908, Buda-Koshelevo, Mogilev province. - 1963, Moscow), geneticist, radiobiologist. Honey. educated in Smolensk and 2nd Moscow. honey. in-takh (1924–31). Graduated from postgraduate studies at Medico-genetic. in-those (1935), in which he then worked until 1936; since 1937 in Vses. in-those experiment. Medicine (VIEM) in 1939–41 in Oncologich. in-those. During the war years 1941–45 he served as an assistant to the beginning. evacuation hospital in Tajikistan. In 1943 he was returned to Oncologich. Institute, since 1944 in Moscow. Research Institute of X-ray Radiology, Head. radiological department. In 1949 he was sent to Chelyabinsk - 40 hands. department of the plant \"Mayak\", but was soon relieved of his post (on denunciation of his studies in genetics), after which St. had no job for two years. Since 1951 - in physiotherapeutic. department, and then in a radiological. lab. Centre. in-that balneology and physiotherapy; in 1961 63 he worked in the department of radiobiology of the Institute of Atomic Energy. I.V. Kurchatov. Sci. research A. until 1939 dedicated. ch. arr. human genetics (papers on this topic have not been published). Later he was engaged in radiobiology (improvement of radiation sources and clinical dosimetry), studied the effect of radiation on the development of tumors (the so-called radiation oncogenesis), the role of viruses in oncogenesis after irradiation, biol. aspects of the action of alpha radiation. Cit .: Dosing of gamma radiation in curie therapy in X-rays, M., 1947 (with V.A. Kozlova); Protection against radioactive radiation, M., 1961."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARDATOV, city, regional center in the Republic of Mordovia (Russian Federation). In 1688 on the site of A. was founded. from. Novotroitskoe, since 1780 - a district town of the Simbirsk governorship, since 1797 - a provincial town, since 1802 - a district town of Simbirsk province. In 1910 there were 9 Jews in Armenia, in 1915 - 2 Jewish families, in 1926 - 1 Jew, in 1939 - 5 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARDON, see Ardon."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARDON, a village in the Klintsovsky district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Ardon Surazhsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 43 Jews lived in Armenia in 1910, 33 Jews in 1923, and 19 Jews in 1926. M.N. Plotkin."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARDON, see Ardon."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARDOV (real family member Zilberman) Viktor Efimovich (1900, Voronezh - 1976, Moscow), writer. Graduated from car wash. Institute of Nar. x-va. Lit. engaged in activities in 1921, from the same time periodically. his caricatures appear. In the future, more than once he designed collections of his stories. Collaborated with satirical. magazines \"Red Pepper\", \"Crocodile\", wrote for the stage. Mn. A.'s monologues and sketches were included in the repertoire of V.Ya. Khenkin, B.Ya. Petker, R. Zelena, A.I. Raikin. In 1924 Moscow. t-rum satire was staged the first play by A. \"The Birthday Girl\", written by him in collaboration with V.Ya.Mass. Together with LV Nikulin, A. writes the comedy \"Article 114 of the Criminal Code\" (1926), \"Skloka\" (1926), \"Tarakanovshchina\" (1929). Author of more than 40 collection of humorous books. stories, screenplays (including \"The Light Path\"), the comedy \"Little Trumps\" (1937), as well as a number of works on the theory and technique of the spoken genre of pop and circus. The published poem is of interest. book \"Sketches for portraits\" (M., 1983), where A. writes about V.V. Mayakovsky, M.A.Bulgakov, A.A. Akhmatova, M.M. Zoshchenko, I. Ilfa and E. Petrov, M A. Svetlove and others."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AREGA Leon (b. 1908, Prasnysh Plock Province), prose writer. Voluntarily joined the French. army at the beginning. 2nd world. war. He was taken prisoner and escaped three times. prisoner of war camps. After his release, he received a French. order for courage. He began to write soon after the war, having published several in France. rom .: \"As if it ended\" (1946), \"Experience\" (1951), \"The same river\" (1954), \"Pseudonyms\" (1957) and \"Nobody's Trace\" (1963). Rum. \"Hand on Lips\" was written by him et al. with T. Sandra. Production style A. is distinguished by musicality and rhythm. Their main. theme - failure due to unfortunate circumstances, to-rye the author considers universal. Only an autobiographer. rum. \"As if it were over\" this theme is colored by Heb. color. Here A. describes the fate of a Jew who lives in France and volunteered to serve in the French. army. Despite all his efforts, he cannot become his own for the French."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARYOGALA, a city (since 1956) in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Eiragola, Vilna province, from 1842 - Kovensky district. and lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 1237 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 1541 (65%), in 1921 - 420, and in 1923 - 456 Jews (38%). Jews lived in A. from the middle. 18th century Main classes in the 19th century. - craft and trade, including cattle, flax and timber. Jews owned several. mills, a workshop for the production of felt boots, a distillery plant. In A. weekly were held. and 2 years. fairs in the 19th century. The rabbis in Armenia were Avrom Ragoller, Avrom (brother of Eliyahu from Vilna), Eliyahu (Kalisher), Tzvi-Yehuda Rabinovich-Taumim, and Benzion Fridman. Treasury rabbi A. in the 1880s. was S.P. Yashunsky. In the end. 19th century in Armenia there were 4 synagogues, 6 heders, a Talmud-Torah, and a yeshiva. 19 - early. 20th century several dozens of Jewish families left for the USA, South. Africa, in E.-I. During the 1st world. A. war was destroyed. In 1915 all Jews were expelled from Armenia. In the 1920s and 1930s. the A. community was headed by a deer. Jewish People's Bank Zvi Ziv. Jews owned 65% of A.'s shops and workshops. 1930s in A. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew and a cheder; the detachments of \"Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair\", Beitar, \"Maccabi\" operated. In the spring of 1931, an incident involving a \"blood libel\" occurred in Armenia, which led to the death of a Jew who was accused of murder. In 1940–41 an amateur theater continued to operate in Armenia. Yiddish team at hand. Yosef Markovich, created. in the 1930s. In the end. 1940 was staged a performance based on P. Hirshbein's play \"Der intellectual\". On June 23, 1941, the Lithuanian police shot several. Jews A., including community leaders Ziva, Michael Kaganovich, Markovich. In June 1941, a ghetto was created in Armenia. Between 28 Aug. and 2 Sept. 1941 in the region of the mill, the Lithuanian police shot 662 Jews from Armenia and the surrounding towns. In the beginning. 1990s a monument with an inscription in Yiddish was erected at the place of execution."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARENSBURG, see Kuressaare."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARGO (real family member Goldenberg) Abram Markovich (1897, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1968, Moscow), playwright. Lit. started his activity in 1915 in Odessa. In 1917 he arrived in Moscow, was published in gas. \"New life\". The meeting with the poet N.A. Aduev marked the beginning of their joint work for many years. In 1919 A. head. lit. part of the grotesque t-ra in Kharkov, collaborated in the \"Windows of Satire\" UkROST. In 1920 he finally moved to Moscow. For theaters and collectives \"Blue Blouse\" wrote the propaganda buffonade \"A fly on trial\", satirical. scene \"History of autocracy\" for the cabaret \"Neryday\" and political outlook \"The Journey of Bulbus 17-21\" (with Aduev and DG Gutman) for T-ra rev. satire (Terevsat). In collaboration with Aduev, he created new texts for the operettas \"Zhirofle-Zhiroflya\" (Chamber Theater, 1924), \"Beautiful Elena\" (Bolshoi Theater, 1925), \"Orpheus in Hell\" (Moscow Theater of Musical Comedy , 1925). Published in f. Red Pepper (1923–24). In 1927 he staged (with Aduev) \"Mendel Marantz\" based on the stories of D. Fridman (staged in Rostov-on-Don). For Mosk. Dr. A. Satire, together with other authors, created a new playwright. forms - a comedy-review: \"Oh, do not go, Gritsu, to the\" Conspiracy of the Empress \"\" (jointly with R.G. Korf and E.B. Krasnyansky, 1925), \"Europe that is needed\" (jointly with Aduev and L.V. Nikulin), A. author of the libretto of one of the first Sov. operetta - \"Polar Passions\" (1931) In June 1941, A. wrote a one-act patriotic. the play \"We Will Not Give Up\", in 1941-42 he worked in the agit-re \"Yastrebok\", collaborated in the \"Windows of Growth\". A. is also known as the author of poignant epigrams, parodies, satirists. couplets, to-rye successfully performed V.Ya.Khenkin, B.S.Borisov], L.O.Utesov. A. translated into Russian. plays \"Ruy Blaz\" by V. Hugo, \"Charles IX\" by A. Chenier, verses by French. Poets Brothers A. - libretist Ya.M. Goldberg, wrote under the pseudo. Cuba Galitsky and film actor L.M. Goldberg, starred under the fam. L. Gransky. Op .: The word sounds, M., 1962; Delights and inspirations, M., 1967; With my own eyes, M., 1969."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARGOV Nehemya (1914, Riga - 1957, Israel), state. and military. activist. From 1927 he took part in the “Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair” movement and soon became one of its activists in Latvia. From 1935 in E.-I., he was a builder, a worker. Since 1939, member. Gagans, adjutant of teams. Haifa district, later - adjutant of teams. Gagans Y. Dori, I. Sade and I. Galili. After the creation of the State of Israel (1948), the military. D. Ben-Gurion's advisor (was the closest person to him). He committed suicide (for Ben-Gurion, who was then in the hospital, a special edition of the newspaper was published, in which there was no message about A.'s death)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARGOV Sasha (Alexander Abramovich) (b.1914, Moscow), comp. Mother - Olga A. - a concert pianist. He has been writing music since he was 3 years old. One of his children's tunes became, 40 years later, the basis of the popular izr. songs. In 1932-34 - in Poland. Since 1934 - in E.-I. In 1934, 44 worked in a bank, at the same time. composed music. He wrote for kibbutz and army ans. The author is numerous. songs, pl. of which were the most popular songs of Israel in the 1940s – 1960s. He worked for t-ra and cinema. Has recorded 25 records of his music. The creator of the lyric and civic style of \"Eretz Yisrael songs\". In the end. 1950s inherited. shop in Tel Aviv rus. book \"Boleslavsky\", which became one of the centers of Russian. cultural life of the city, and owned it to the end. 80s"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARIARSKY Mark Arievich (b. 1928, Minsk), teacher. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that. In 1948–79 he headed the movement for a qualitative renewal of the system of prof.-tech. education by integrating prof. and general cultural training of young workers. Since 1973 works in Leningrad. State Academy of Culture. He created a school of applied cultural studies. Author of more than 250 publications on the problems of cultural studies and education. Works: Organization of educational work in vocational schools, Moscow, 1965; Leisure Pedagogy, M., 1987; Fundamentals of Applied Culturology, M., 1993."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARIEL Yosef (real fam. Fisher) (1893, Odessa - 1964, Israel), diplomat. From an early age he actively participated in the Zionist. movement, was a member. student Zionist. org-tion \"ge-Haver\", for which he was arrested by the tsarist authorities. Since 1924 - in E.-I. He worked in Heb. nat. foundation. He was sent to Paris, where he headed the department. Heb. nat. fund until 1950. In Paris he published and edited a gas. La Terre Retruve, published twice a week. After the occupation of France by the Nazis in 1940, he supported the underground Zionist. activities in Lyon. Was one of the active members. organization \"Representative Council of the Jews of France\" since its inception. In 1950 he returned to Israel and was sent as ambassador to Belgium (1952–57). As an ambassador, he organized the visit of Queen Elizabeth to Israel. In 1960–64 - at the Yad Vashem Institute he studied the history of the French. Jews of the Holocaust period. Author pl. Art. in periodicals and a number of books."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARIEVICH Abram Mikhailovich (1896, Moscow - 1988, ibid.), Dermatovenerologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1947). Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1920). Until 1923 he worked as a doctor in the zemstvo hospital in the Klin district, until 1938 - in the Suschevskaya hospital, in the department. for patients with gonorrhea at the Botkin Hospital, Ch. doctor of the isolation ward for children with skin and venereal diseases. diseases in Moscow, simultaneously. (1925–35) headed the first dispensary in the country, which he created, and then the department. honey. mycology at the Center. dermatovenerologic. in-those (1938–67); 1967–70 scientific. hands. dep. deep mycoses and actinomycosis Ying-that honey. parasitology and tropical. medicine, since 1970 - head. mycological c. at Horus. dermatovenerologic. dispensary in Moscow. tr. A. dedicated ch. arr. fungal skin diseases - mycoses, incl. yeast lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. One of the first in the USSR to describe and research. mycosporia, mycoses caused by trichophyton, rubrophytosis, histoplasmosis, a number of candidiasis; proposed a classification of fungal skin diseases, as well as methods for the treatment of mycoses, incl. the method of detachment (method A.), the use of keratolytic agents, etc. Works: Atlas of fungal diseases, M., 1951 (et al.); Candidamycoses and other mycoses as a complication of antibiotic therapy, M., 1965 (et al.); Nail Pathologists, Tbilisi, 1976."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARIKHA (Long) Yosef (1907, Olevsk - 1972, Tel Aviv), writer. He studied at secondary schools in Kovel and New York. From 1925 - in E.-I. Ed. youth railway La Kore ha-Tsair; member Center, to-that Association of Heb. writers. In rum. \"Udmutsal\" (\"Rescued from the Fire\", 1937) describes the pogroms in Ukraine in 1919. Historical. events of deep antiquity dedicated. his rum. “Sancheriv be-Yehuda” (“Sancheriv in Judea”, 1958) and “Sofer ha-melech” (“The Royal Scribe”, 1966) and the play “Mule Kherev” (“Before the Sword”, 1962). The author of the book. stories and novellas: \"Lehem Ve-khazon\", \"Kanfey Kesef\", \"Be-Sunverim\", \"Marot be-Kahol\", \"Psak Din\", \"Yom ve-Laila\". He also wrote for children. In the last. time was pre. out. PEN club. Laureate of several lit. etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARIE-LEIB ben Eliyahu (1808, Satanov - 1888), rabbi. For some time he was engaged in trade, but by 1834 he headed the rabbinical court in Zaslav. This position A.-L. occupied until his death. Corresponded on halakha issues with leading authorities. His works: \"Arugat ha-Bosem\" (1869), commentary on the section \"Yore Dea\" of Shul-khan-Arukh, \"Shem Arukh\" (1874)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKADAK, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nikolskoe (other name. Arkadak) Balashevsky u. Saratov Gubernia, since 1939 it has been a workers' settlement. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKANOV (real fam. Steinbock) Arkady Mikhailovich (b. 1933, Kiev), writer, playwright. In 1934, after the arrest of his father, he moved with his mother to Vyazma. After his release (1938), the family settled in Moscow. In 1957 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t. He worked as a district doctor. In 1957, student amateur activities brought him together with G.I. Gorin, and they became co-authors for almost 10 years. In addition to a number of variety productions. they wrote plays: \"Wedding for all of Europe\" (1966), \"Banquet\" (1969, both staged in the Moscow satire theater), \"Staircase\" (1967), \"Was there a Dumas-father |\" (1968), a number of one-act plays, later combined into one - \"Little Comedies of the Big House\" (1973, T-p satire). In 1962-66. works in train. \"Youth\", where his first story \"Yellow Sand\" (1963) is published. Author and one of the founders of the \"12 Chairs Club\" (\"Lit. gas\"). In 1966, A.'s stories are included in the collection. \"Four under one cover\", which also included the production. Gorin, F. Kamov and E. Uspensky. In 1979 he took part in the almanac \"Metropol\", after which on several. years lost the opportunity to publish. Participated in many. TV programs: \"Artloto\", \"Around the laugh\", \"Blue light\". Prod. A. entered the repertoire of many. Izv. variety performers. In 1980, especially for VN Vinokur, the play \"I go out alone ...\" was written. Author of collections: \"Solo for a duet\" (1975, jointly with G. Gorin), \"Chin on the side\" (1975), \"There are many worlds in this world\" (Moscow, 1984), \"Everything\" (Moscow, 1990), as well as published in Russian. lang. in the USA in the publishing house \"Liberty\" - \"From Ilyich to the Bulb: A Textbook of the History of Soviet Power for Underdeveloped Children\" (New York, 1993). Twice laureate of the Golden Calf Prize; laureate of the w. \"Crocodile\" (1993) and the \"Aleko\" prize (Bulgarian Union of Writers, 1993)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKATOV (real family member Mogilevsky) Alexander Arkadievich (dates and places of birth and death unknown), film director. He worked as a journalist and theater critic. In cinema since 1912. Post. OK. 35 lb at different movie sites. Russia, including: \"God of Vengeance\" (based on the play by Sh. Asha) and \"Rachel\" (both 1912), \"The Mountain of Sarah\" (1913), \"I Want to Be a Rothschild\" (based on the story of Sholem Aleichem) and \" Judge, people ”(based on the story of I.-L. Peretz, both 1917). Filmed the stories and stories of N.S. Leskov (\"Katerina the gas chamber\" based on \"Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, 1915), N.V. Gogol (\" Nevsky Prospect \", 1915), V.M. Garshin (\" Signal \"1917) ... One of the founders of owls. \"Agitation\" in 1918-1920. - “About the priest Pankrat, aunt Domna and the revealed icon in Kolomna”, “Parasite”, “Four months at Denikin's”, “Two worlds”, “May Day”. Since 1920 abroad."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKHANGELSK (until 1613 - Novokholmogory), city, center of the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1584. From 1702 - the center of the voivodeship, from 1708 - the center of the Arkhangelsk province, from 1780 - the Arkhangelsk region. Vologda governorship, from 1784 - Arkhangelsk governorship, from 1801 - Arkhangelsk province. Since 1929 - the center of the North. edge, from 1936 - North. region, since 1937 - Arkhangelsk region. In 1858 in Arkhangelsk region. 156 Jews lived. In 1879 102 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 248 (1.2%), in 1910 - 503 (1.5%), in 1923 - 850, in 1926 - 896, in 1939 - 1346, in 1970 - 773 (0.2%), in 1979 - 600 Jews (0.2%). The Jewish community in Armenia was founded. in 1828 by cantonists. In 1879, a request to open a Jewish school for boys was turned down. A synagogue was opened in 1893. In 1910 a Jewish cemetery operated in Armenia. In the 1920s. A. was a place of exile for dozens of arrested Zionists, in 1939 - 40 to the Arkhangelsk Region. Many Jews were exiled from the territories recently annexed to the USSR. Since 1997, the Society of Jewish Culture (headed by Elena Lyagina) began to function in Armenia. In 1994, several hundred Jews lived in Armenia. M.N. Kalik, S.I. Kondakova."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKHANGELSKAYA, a village in the Tikhoretsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kuban Region. In 1939, 3 Jews lived in Armenia. 18 Sept. 1942 75 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKHANGELSKOE, a village in the Budennovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1840. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrigorievsky u. Stavropol province. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Armenia. 1942 48 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKHARA, urban-type settlement (since 1950), a regional center in the Amur region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in Amur Region. In 1939, 33 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKHAYGOROD, see Novoarkhangelsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKHONSKAYA, a village in the Prigorodny district of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladikavkaz u. Tersk Region. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKHYZ, an urban-type settlement (since 1972) in Zelenchuk district of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Russian Federation). In 1928–43, he was part of the Karachay Autonomous District. 1942 in gas. 20 Jewish children evacuated to A. were killed in the cell of the special vehicle."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKIN Arkady Efimovich (b. 1904, Dmitrov, Moscow province), architect, town planner. Son of E.A. Arkin. In the 1930s. studied at VKHUTEMAS under N.A. Ladovsky, in 1931 he graduated from Hud.-tech. Institute in Leningrad. He worked for I.V. Zholtovsky. Main works: in Moscow - the project of the Red Stadium on Vorobyovy Gory (1924, as part of the group of students of VKHUTEIN, in 1925 the project received the Grand Prix at the International Exhibition of Decorative Arts in Paris), the project of the T. Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko (1932), the project of the Institute of Oriental Studies (1934), the project for the development of the southwestern district of Moscow (1934), as well as the project of the House of Prospect in Simferopol (1934)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKIN David Efimovich (1899, Moscow - 1957, ibid.), Architect, scientist, historian of architecture, critic of architecture. Ch.-c. Academy of Architecture of the USSR. Son of E.A. Arkin. In 1922 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In the 1920s. promoted productions, art-in, later established. paid attention to the analysis of the classic. lawsuit. Persecuted during the period of the \"fight against cosmopolitans.\" Prof. Higher. art-prom. uch-schA (formerly Stroganovskoe). Main works: \"Art of household items\" (1932), \"Images of architecture\" (1941), \"Monumental sculpture of Leningrad\" (1944), \"Rastrelli\" (1954), \"Images of sculpture\" (1961)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARKIN Efim Aronovich (1873, Pinsk - 1948, Moscow), doctor, psychologist. Acad. APN (1947). He graduated from the city with a gold medal and honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1898). He worked as a factory and zemstvo doctor in the Dmitrovsky district of Moscow. lips. In 1903 he trained as a pediatrician in Switzerland. During the Russian-Japanese War, he served as a military man. doctor in D. Vostok, was the chairman of societies, a committee for helping refugee children. From 1906 - in Moscow, worked as a doctor for internal and children's diseases. In the years of the 1st world. war - head. Moscow mountains. soldiers' infirmary; organized assistance to refugee children. After the October coup, which he accepted sympathetically, he taught a course in physiology and psychology of childhood in various pedagogues. educational institutions of Moscow. In 1924 A. organized and headed the country's first cafe. preschool pedagogy at the 2nd Moscow State University (now Moscow Pedagogical State University). In 1936, without the protection of the dis. A. was awarded the degree of Dr. pedagogical. the science. - the founder of the doctrine of drugs, pathology, for the first time in the world. Liter in 1901 described the signs of drugs, diseases and proposed this term to designate it as an independent nosological form. Developed questions fiziol., Pa-tol., Hygiene and psychology. preschool age, as well as theoretical. problems of raising children. One of the first to pay attention to the beneficial effect of mother's love on the psyche. the development of the child, substantiated the position that by the age of one year, the child is a person. Developed theoretical. the basics of raising children in preschool institutions. Cit .: To the doctrine of medicinal rashes, M., 1901; Brain and Soul. M., 1921; Personality and environment, M., 1924; Human physiology, M.-L., 1928; On some questions of raising children, 1935; Features of school age, M., 1947; Child in preschool years, M., 1948."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARLOZOROV Haim (Victor) (1899, Romny, Poltava province - 1933, Tel Aviv), Zionist leader. labor movement. In 1905 (after the pogrom) he and his family moved to Germany. In 1918 he joined the ha-Poel ha-Tsair party, after its merger with the Gitagdut party (1920), one of the leaders of the new party. In 1924 he graduated from Berlin University, settled in E.-I. Since 1930 one of the leaders of the Israel Labor Party (Mapai). Since 1931, member. Zionist rule. org-tion and Heb. agency (headed by his polit, dep.). In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s began to doubt the reliability of the English. support for the idea of ​​creating Heb. state-va and in the ability to achieve mutual understanding with the Arabs. Confidential letter to H. Weizmann (June 1932, published in 1949) discussed the possibility of a transitional \"rev.\" period, in tech. to-rogo Heb. the minority must create conditions in the country for the reception of as many immigrants as possible, otherwise the coming peace. war and an Arab, nationalism will make it impossible to achieve the goals of Zionism. In 1933, A. took an active part in organizing mass immigration from Nazi Germany. In 1933 he was killed while walking. The revisionist Zionists were charged with the murder. However, circles not connected with the labor movement argued that the trial of A.'s murder had been fabricated by forces hostile to the revisionists. A number of settlements in Israel are named after A. Coll. op. A. (v. 1-7) (Hebrew) publ. in 1934–35."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARMAND David Lvovich (1905, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Geographer and soil scientist, popularizer of science. He spent his childhood abroad (in Switzerland, France, Italy), where his parents lived, exiled from Russia for participating in the events of 1905. In 1913 the family returned to Russia. He graduated from the Pushkin Experimental Colony School of the 2nd stage (1924), in the same year he entered Moscow. e-machine-build Institute, after graduation from 1927 he worked at Moscow. s-de \"Dynamo\" - first engineer, then art. designer, and from 1933 - head. workshop. In 1936 he decided to change his profession, entered the correspondence department of geography. Faculty of Leningrad State University, and from the 3rd year he transferred to Moscow State University. He graduated from it in 1940. Since that time - at the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1960–65 - head of the department of physical geography, in 1965–70 - scientific director of the Kursk forest-steppe station, since 1970 - scientific consultant). Vice President Moscow Branch Geographer, Society of the USSR (1958–63). In years. 2nd world. war participated in geological and geogr. servicing Kr. Army. active Science of the RSFSR (1973). In the 1940s, he was engaged in regional studies. In 1946–49 he developed physical and mathematical research. and experiment. methods geographer, research, as well as theoretical. physical problems geography, publishing ser. monographs on these problems. Since 1949, he began a cycle of studies aimed at diet, use of natural resources, the fight against soil erosion, the protection of the biosphere and the relationship between man and the environment, and the determination of the role of radiation. frontiers at a physicist-geographer. zoning. From 1967 he developed a new direction in landscape science - landscape physics. He wrote a number of popular scientific books for children and youth. Vol .: Terrible forces: Stories about the terrible phenomena of nature, M., 1945; Science of landscapes, M., 1975; Geographer, environment and diet, use of natural resources, M., 1983."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARMAVIR, a city (since 1914) in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1839 under the name. Armenian Aul, from 1848 - A. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Labinsky dep. Kuban Oblast In 1910, 7 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 349 (0.5%), in 1939 - 323, in 1970 - 353 (0.2%), in 1998 - approx. 500 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARMON Avraham (1887, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1960, Israel), teacher. Economist by education. Since 1913 - in E.-I. In 1928–31, dir. schools them. S Lemel in Jerusalem. From 1933 - school. inspector, and since 1948 Ch. school. Inspector of the Ministry of Education. Member collegiums of the Ministry of Education. The author of Art. and works on the problems of pedagogy. State pr. Israel for the teacher. activity (1960)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARMYANSK (until 1921 - Armenian Bazaar), an urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Krasnoperekopsk region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1880, 602 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 156 Jews and 32 Karaites, in 1939 - 107 Jews. 20th century in Armenia there was a synagogue, a talmud-torah, a society of benefits to poor Jews, and a Karaite philanthropist. about. In 1900-10 K. Magid was the rabbi of A.. 26 November. 1941 in Armenia, during the German period. occupation, 14 Jews were shot. Ilya Ilyich Kazas (1833-1912, Yevpatoria), actual state councilor, Karaite writer, poet, in 1895-1907 - inspector of the Alexandrov Karaite spiritual school in Yevpatoria."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARMENIAN AUL, see Armavir."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARMENIAN BAZAR, see Armyansk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARNOLD (real fam. Barsky) Arnold Grigorievich (1897, Kiev - 1969, Moscow), director. From 1907 he performed in the children's troupe of the entrepreneur Gorin, then played with NN Solovtsov in Kiev and in other drama. t-pah. From 1919 he worked on stage and in the circus. In 1922 he staged the pantomime \"Marietta and the Clown Pipo\" in the Kiev circus; in the 1920s. performed in the dance. number \"Lucy and Arnold\", as well as the quartet of the tap dancers \"Foley\". Since the 1930s. A. worked in music halls; in Leningrad. the music hall staged the reviews \"City Fathers\" by A.S. Bukhov and A.A. D'Aktil (1932), \"Bride and Automatic\" by M. Frolov and I. Efremov (1934), in Leningrad. circus - a new edition of the pantomime \"Black Pirate\" (with EP Gershuni, 1934), in Moscow. music hall - a program for Tea-jazz by L.O.Utesov \"Music Store\" by N.R. Erdman and V.Z.Mass (1938, jointly with Utesov), staged a number of numbers for E.T.Kio: \"House on the outskirts of Paris ”,“ Head from Wall Street ”,“ Speech of the Warmonger, ”and others. In 1941, A. staged one of the best performances by AI Raikin -“ Don't Pass By! ” V.S. Polyakov. 1943–45 - A. Ch. dir. Moscow circus, in 1956-60 - arts, hands., then Ch. dir. Centre. circus studio. In the 1950s and 60s. A. dir. performances \"Arena of Friendship\" (with M.S.Mestechkin, 1955), ballet and circus performances on ice (with L.M. Lavrovsky, 1959), \"Mysterious Crystal\" by I.V. Lukovsky (Swimming pool central stadium in Luzhniki, 1960), circus program with an illusion attraction by Z.A. Tarasova (Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after M. Gorky, 1963), \"Circus on Ice\" (premiere at the Tula Circus, 1964), etc. . Hon. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1963). Laureate of Vses. creative review of new works of circus art for the 50th anniversary of the Sov. circus (1969)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARNOLDOV Arnold Isaevich (b. 1915, Moscow), culturologist. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. Received higher education. philol. education, completed postgraduate studies in philosophy at Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. As a military man. corr. The Sovinformburo took part in covering the Nuremberg trials. Hands. dep. science \"Lit. newspapers \"(1948–51), scientific. sotr. Institute of Slavic Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951–52), head. Department of History and Theory of Culture Mosk. state Institute of Culture (1962–82), head. sector of philosophy. problems of culture of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Honored. active science of the Russian Federation. Member Executive Committee of Europe. about-va culture. Research A. associated with the development of the theory of culture and cultural studies, humanistic. principles of cultural policy, with the rationale for decomp. types of cultural revolutions. Cit .: Culture and modernity, M., 1973; Lifestyle and culture, M., 1976; Ch. And the world of culture, M., 1992."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARNOLDOVA Elena Arnoldovna (b. 1928, Moscow), actress. After graduating from the acting department of GITIS (1949) she worked in Moscow. dram, t-re oil workers, led by M.F. Astangov. Played here Agniya, Lyudmila (\"Not everything for the cat is Shrovetide\", 1950 and \"Late Love\", 1951, AN Ostrovsky), Dorina (\"Tartuffe\" by J.-B. Moliere, 1953), Eva Grand (\"Mansion in a side street\" bro. Tur, 1952), Slavka (\"Earthly Paradise\" by O. Vasilev, 1953), Kapu (\"The Scarlet Flower\" by ST Aksakov, 1954), etc. In 1957, director was invited. AG Vovsi in the pop performance \"Husband, Wife and Entertainer\" by S. Grodzenskaya as a partner of GM Dudnik for the role of wife. From that moment on, their pop duet took shape, finally taking shape in the season 1963–64 and existed on the stage of St. 2 decades."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARNON Daniel Israel (b. 1910, Warsaw), biochemist and plant physiologist. Graduated from California University in Berkeley (1932). Since 1936 he has been working there (since 1950 - prof., Since 1961 - head of the Department of Cell Physiology). tr. on photosynthesis. He studied the photochemistry of chlorophyll in plants and in the cell-free system, the chemistry of the reduction of carbon dioxide by chloroplasts. Discovered the process of photosynthetic. phosphorylation (1954) and found that all enzymes necessary for photosynthesis are concentrated in chloroplasts. Research the role of ferredoxin in energetic. reactions of photosynthesis. He showed that molybdenum and vanadium are essential trace elements for the life of green plants. Pres. Amer. Society of Plant Physiologists (1952-53), member. Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences (1962). Member Nat. AN (USA, 1961)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARNSHTAM Leo Oskarovich (1905, Ekaterinoslav - 1979, Moscow), film director, screenwriter, composer. Graduated from Leningrad. conservatory on class. piano (1923). He gave concerts. In 1924–27 the head. muses. part of the theater. Sun Meyerhold. Author of muses. design for a number of performances in the theaters of Leningrad. In 1929–42 he was a sound engineer and dir. movie theater \"Lenfilm\" and \"Mosfilm\". Film debut - 1931 (sound engineer and co-author of the script for the film \"Golden Mountains\"). Co-director, cum. with F.M. Ermler, f. \"Counter\" (1932). He independently put f. \"Girlfriends\" (1935), \"Friends\" (1938, jointly with V.V. Eisimont), \"Zoya\" (1944), \"Glinka\" (1946), \"Romeo and Juliet\" (with L.M. Lavrovsky, 1954, ave. International Film Festival in Cannes, Durban, Rio de Janeiro), \"History Lesson\" (1956, jointly with Bulgaria), \"Five days, five nights\" (1960, jointly with the GDR), etc. . Nar. art. RSFSR (1969), Steel. pr. (1946, 1947)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARNSTEIN (Orenshtein) Mark (1878, Warsaw - 1942 (43) |), playwright. He studied at a private gymnasium, worked for metal. factory, was engaged in self-education. From a young age he played on stage and tried his hand at drama. In 1900 he wrote the drama \"Hasidim\" in Polish, staged. in Polish. t-re. In 1901 he began to write and publish in Yiddish. A. fame brought a one-act play \"Dos eibike lid\" (\"Eternal Song\"), post, in Riga in 1905. He published stories, humoresques, poetry and theater, reviews in Hebrew. periodic. ed. Under ps. Andrzej Marek delivered the first Heb. ph .: \"Hasid and the Apostate\" (1911); Der Wilder Vater (The Sixth Father) (1911); Mirele Efros (1912). From 1914 he lived in the USA, where he staged his plays. In 1916 he returned to Russia. There was a deer. Russian t-ra in Vitebsk. Together with N. Tsemakh he was one of the founders of the \"Habima\" trade center in Moscow. Since 1919 A. again lives in America, where he continues to write and stage his plays. Among them - \"A zun fun tsvey national\" (\"Son of two nations\"), \"Far der khasene\" (\"Before the wedding\"), \"Di hasidishe tochter\" (\"Hasidic daughter\"), etc. In 1921 he became dir. to New York, Heb. thin t-re. In 1923 he created in Argentina Heb. r and traveled with him in Heb. colonies. In 1924 he visited Chile and Brazil, where he continued dir. activity. Then A. returned to Poland, where he staged the plays \"Gadibuk\" by S. An-sky and \"Golem\" by G. Leivik in his own. per. He staged performances in Krakow, Lodz and other cities. During the 2nd world. During the war, he staged plays in the Warsaw ghetto."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AROKH Arie (1908, Kharkov - 1974, Jerusalem), artist, diplomat. From 1924 in E.-I., he studied at the school of arts in \"Bezalel\" in Jerusalem and in the workshop of Collarossi in Paris. One of the founders of the group is thin. New Horizons (1948). Until the 1950s. creativity A. developed within the framework of expressionism, later he turned to themes and motives depicting folklore, developed a peculiar. style, characterized by the use of letters, graphic. signs and decoration. motives. In 1950–53 A. - 2nd, then 1st secretary. the Israeli embassy in Moscow, in 1956-59 the ambassador to Brazil, in 1959 62 - in Sweden. State Israel Ave (1970)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARON-SHMUEL ben Yisroel Kaidanover (Magarshak) (1614, Koydanovo - 1676), rabbi. In his youth he studied at the famous yeshiva Rabbi Yaakov from Lublin. During the pogroms of B.M. Khmelnitsky (1648) he fled to Vilno, where he became one of the mountains. religious judges. During the Swedish-Russian. During the war, his house was robbed, and the unique library was burned down. A. fled to Moravia. Later he was a rabbi in Glug, Fjord and Frankfurt am Main. After returning to Poland - the rabbi of Krakow. One of the largest rabbis of his time. Author pl. religious books."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARON SHMUEL ben Naftali Hertz ha-Cohen (1740 - 1814, Belaya Tserkov), rabbi. Comes from a well-known rabbinical family. He was a rabbi in Yampol and other cities. The author of comments to the \"Midrash Raba\", to the book. \"Bereshit\", and also Sat. sermons written in the form of a spiritual testament to sons."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONCHIK Aizik Borisovich (Itskhok-Aizik Berovich) (1858, Zhitomir | - 1889, Shlisselburg), a Narodnoye revolutionary. He graduated from the Kremenchug real school (1877) and supplemented. class of the Odessa real school (1878). In 1878 he entered the Institute of Railway Engineers in St. Petersburg, became close to the populist. circles. In 1879 he left the Institute and devoted himself entirely to the roar. activities. Since May 1879, members. terrorist, Freedom or Death group. From the fall of 1879 - Agent Execute, the roar. org-tion \"Narodnaya Volya\", participated in the preparation of a number of attempts on the imp. Alexander II. Arrested in St. Petersburg on the night of March 18, 1881. At the \"trial of 20\" (1882) he was sentenced to eternal hard labor. From March 1882 he was held in solitary confinement at the Alekseevsky Ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. In July 1883 he fell ill with a mental breakdown, complicated by paralysis of the legs. In aug. 1884 transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress. A. until the end of his days remained in solitary confinement."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONIN Lev Solomonovich (1920, Samara - 1983, Moscow), chess player, international. master (1950), chess. theorist and journalist. Champion of Russia (1952) and Moscow (1965). Participant of 4 USSR championships; best result: 2nd-4th places (1950). As part of the USSR national team, the winner of the European Championship (1957). Member of the Moscow International tournaments (1959 and 1961). He contributed to the development of the theory of the Spanish game, the Sicilian and King's Indian Defense, and other openings."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONOV Alexander Borisovich (1921-1970, Moscow), director of the circus. In 1944 he graduated from the directing department of GITIS. In 1945-51 - thin. hands. Kalinin circus, in 1951–70 - dir. Moscow circus, at the same time - in 1955–65 - dir. Moscow dram, t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky. Among the works in the circus are illusion attractions, buffoon-satirical. en-tre, clown revues, etc. In t-re post. performances: \"On the Personal\" by V. I. Pistolenko (1957), \"The Opened Window\" by E. V. Braginsky (1958), \"The First Day of Freedom\" by L. Kruchkovsky (1960), \"The Life and Crime of Anton Shelestov\" by G. A. . Medynsky and VN Tokarev (1961), \"Salem Witches\" by A. Miller (1963), etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONOV Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1934, Moscow), poet, journalist. The verse was known for a long time. \"Lilac\", publ. in the beginning. 60s in f. \"Youth\", as well as vivid performances on culture and gas literature. \"Moskovsky Komsomolets\", work as amended by to-rogo A. gave more than 30 years. The first collection of verses. A. appeared only in the era of \"perestroika\" (\"Island of Security\", M., 1987; \"Texts\", \"First Life\", both - M., 1989), having discovered the original poetry. world, in which Heb. is organically present. topic. Into verse. \"Ghetto. 1943 \"poetically interpreted one of the most tragic. pages of the Catastrophe - the attitude of the environment. peace to the death of the Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONOV Arkady Girshevich (b. 1939), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). In 1962 he graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering in-t. After graduating from in-that - in Ying-those of nuclear physics and Phys.-tech. in-those AN. Works in the field of TV theory. body, semiconductor theory, theory of disordered systems."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONSHTAM Lazar Naumovich (1896, Naumovka, Poltava province. - 1938, Moscow), political worker Kr. Army, army commissar of the 2nd rank (1935), member. Communist. parties since 1915. He studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that (1 course). In civil war battalion commissar, military commissar of the regiment, art. division, brigade. Since 1921 the military commissar of the inspection of artillery and armored forces of the Red Army. He graduated from the 2nd course of the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1924). In 1924-29 sec. Vitebsk district committee of the CP (b) of Belarus. In 1929–33 a member. Military. Council and early. political department of Belarus. VO, in 1933–36 held the same position in the Separate Krasnoznam. Dalnevost. Army, in 1936-37 - in Moscow. IN. In May 1937 he was appointed member. Military. Council of Privolzhsky VO. Repressed in 1937."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONSKY (real name. Zak) Moishe Aronovich (1896, Ovruch, Volyn province - 1944), prose writer. In 1916 he graduated from commercial. uch-shche. Studied in Kiev, un-those. He taught literature, history and mathematics in Hebrew. schools and orphanages in Gaisin and Berdichev. He made his debut as a story in 1926. He portrayed in his works. life and psychology of workers and intelligentsia. Mn. stories dedicated. civil events war in Ukraine. In June 1941 he volunteered for the fr. He died in battle in the region of Tara, near Budapest. The author of the book. \"Nina and Majorchik\", Kharkov, 1929; \"In gli\" (\"In heat\"), ibid, 1932; \"Kemble un zine faint\" (\"Kemble and his enemies\"), Kiev, 1939, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONSON Boris (1898-1980), artist. t-ra, painter, sculptor. Son of Shlomo Aronson. He studied at the State. school of arts in Kiev, Berlin and Paris. Since the 1930s. - in USA. He worked successfully at Schwartz's Jewish Theater, Our Theater in the Bronx (New York), then on Broadway, where he created sets, in particular for plays in Hebrew. themes (\"Anne Frank's Diary\", \"An Incident in Vichy\", etc.). In the 1950s. becomes one of the most famous. theater, thin. America. In a number of his works he was close to surrealism. A. created the interior of the Washington synagogue. Organizer several personal exhibitions of manuf. painting and sculpture."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONSON Grigory Yakovlevich (1887, Petersburg - 1968, New York), writer. He participated in the revolutions of 1905 and 1917. Was arrested, was in exile. In 1922–51, he was a member. Central Committee of the Bund, zarub, delegations of the Social Democratic. parties of Russia; in 1926–31 - gen. sec. Ort-Union in Berlin. Since 1940 in the USA. In 1944-57 he was a columnist for New York gas. “New Russian. word\". Published during the period. ed .: \"Zukunft\", \"Unzer Zeit\", \"Forward\" \"Frey Arbeiter Shtimme\", \"New Journal\", \"Russian Review\". Was sred. \"Socialist Courier\"; \"Stories of the Bund\"; Against the Stream (1952-54); \"Books about Russian Jewry\" (part 1 - 1960; part 2 - 1968). The author of the book. Lyric Poems, 1915; Peace from Afar, 1923; Dawn of the Red Terror, 1929; “The problem of the Yiddish language in the Sov. Union \", 1944; “Jews in the Sov. Russia \", 1949; \"The Truth About Vlasovites\", 1949, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONSON Naum Lvovich (1872, Kreslavka, Vitebsk province. - 1943, New York), sculptor. Initial thin Educated at the Vilna drawing school. From 1891 in Paris, he studied at the School of Decorative Arts and at the Collarossi workshop. Participant pl. exhibitions, incl. “Exhibitions of paintings and sculptures by Jewish artists” (1917, “Moscow). One of the founders of the Society of Friends of Evr. music in Paris. Donated in Heb. orphanages in Kreslavka and Dvinsk. Experienced a strong influence of O. Roden, expressed in the sculptural portrait of Leo Tolstoy, made in 1901 in Yasnaya Polyana. On the way from Russia to Holland he made a sculptor. busts of the heroes of the Boer War (kept in the Museum in Pretoria). In 1905 at the International conference. exhibition in Liege presented a bust of L. Beethoven, in 1922 he created a bust of L. Pasteur for the Pasteur Institute (m.). Chevalier of the Order of the Legion of Honor. Since 1941 - in the USA."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONSON Shlomo (1863, Krucha, Mogilev province - 1935, Tel Aviv), rabbi. R. in the family of a local rabbi - A. Yaakov. Since 1887, a rabbi in Glukhov (Chernigov province), then in Nizhyn (Chernigov province), since 1906 - a rabbi of Kiev. From a young age he shared Palestinian views, was a participant in the Khivat Zion congresses. He defended Zionism on the pages of \"ha-Melitz\". He was a consultant on the part of the defense at the trial of M.M. Beilis. During the 1st world. war made a lot of efforts to help Heb. refugees from Galicia. In 1917 he headed the religion created on his initiative. party Ahdut Israel. From 1921 - in Berlin, where he was the rabbi of the community of immigrants from Russia. From 1923 in E.-I. Ch. Ashkenazi rabbi of Tel Aviv. There was also a member. the central committee of the Mizrahi movement."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONZON Boris (1898-1990), Brazilian businessman. R. in Ukraine. From 1931 he lived in Brazil. Founder and President Vaad ha-Hinukh. In 1935 he founded and until 1957 led the Hebrew. school. In 1958 59 - prez. \"Gabonym\". In 1955, 59 gene. secretary of the Zionist organization in Sao Paulo. The author of the articles published in f."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARONZON Leonid Lvovich (1939 - 1970, Leningrad), poet. Graduated from the Faculty of Rus. lang. and literature Leningrad, ped. Institute (1963), taught in an evening school, wrote scripts for scientific-popul. f. During his lifetime he was not published. First. publications abroad and in \"samizdat\" in 1976. In 1985 in Jerusalem published \"Selected\", compiled. E.A. Schwartz. In 1990 in Leningrad came out Sat. \"Poems\". Starting from the poetics characteristic of the circle of \"Akhmatov's orphans\" (IA Brodsky, EB Rein, DV Bobyshev), to which he joined in the beginning. 60s, A. creates his own unique style, inheriting N.A. Zabolotsky of the period \"Columns\" (he was dedicated to A.'s thesis) and based on light semantic. shifts and syntax. deformations, a combination of elements of irony and parody with unchanging lyricism. dominant and existential motives. In a number of texts A. was one of the first to introduce into Russian. poetry, some ultra-avant-garde techniques (spatial organization of the text, tautology, etc.)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARRAGO (real family. Levitin) Roman Semenovich (1893-1949), artist of the original genre. Studied on mat. f-those of the Sorbonne (Paris). In 1909 he performed with numbers of mnemonics in Brussels (t-r \"Skalya\"), then in plural. cities of Europe. Most of his life he worked in Russia. Instantly produced all kinds of arithmetic. actions on multi-digit numbers, solved problems of raising to a power and extracting a root from decimal numbers, answered questions from viewers about the exact dates of birth of famous people, about the dates of history. events."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Arshavsky Ilya Arkadievich (b. 1903, Ivanovka of the Slavyanoserbsky district of the Yekaterinoslav province), physiologist. Prof. (1939). Graduated from honey. Faculty of North Caucasus un-that (Rostov-on-Don) (1926), then postgraduate studies in physiology in Moscow; from 1929 he improved in Leningrad. un-those at hand. A.A. Ukhtomsky. In 1932–34, Assoc. Department of Physiology Biol. Faculty of Kazan University; from 1934 - in Vses. in-those experiment, medicine (VIEM), where in 1935 he organized and headed the lab. age physiology and pathology. In 1953 the laboratory was closed in connection with the \"doctors' case\" (restored in 1954). Since 1980, after the closure of the lab. - scientific. Consultant of the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. - one of the founders of age physiology. His tr. played an important role in the formation of the concept of individual development (ontogenesis) and aging (on the importance of motor activity for the development of the body - the so-called energy rule of skeletal muscles). To the lab. A. revealed the regularities of the functioning of the organism for dec. stages of individual development. He put forward the concept of the dominant of pregnancy: the appearance of a corresponding focus of excitation in the center, the nervous system after fertilization of the egg and its implantation into the uterine mucosa. Offered (1967) fiziol. classification of periods of the individual, human development - from embryonic to extreme old age. The data obtained in the lab. A., made it possible to make a number of valuable suggestions in the practice of children. health care, in particular the recommendation of early feeding of the child with mother's milk (1952), and also to evaluate newborns not by morfol., but by fiziol. indicators, i.e. according to the degree of their maturity. Methods of compensation fiziol were developed immaturity and its prevention. Sci. tr. lab. A. were an important contribution to evolutionary, ecological, gerontological, and agricultural physiology. Cit .: Physiology of blood circulation in the prenatal period, M., 1960; Essays on age physiology, M., 1967; Physiological mechanisms and patterns of individual development, M., 1982.Syn A. - Yuri Ilyich (b. 1929, Moscow), neurophysiologist. Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952) and postgraduate studies in physiology (1958). Since 1958 he has been working at the Institute for Information and Computing, the Head of the USSR Academy of Sciences. lab. neurophysiology. In 1988–89 he lectured in high fur boots in the USA, where he has been conducting research since 1990. work. Sci. tr. dedicated neurophysiology of mammals, problems of direct and feedback between nerve centers, cellular structure of nerve ganglia, etc. Vnuk A. - Vadim Yurievich (b. 1958, Moscow), biochemist. Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1981) and postgraduate studies there. He worked at the Institute of Biochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1990 he has been working in a lab in the USA. biochemistry of Wisconsin University. Sci. tr. eating, neurobiochemistry, retinal biochemistry."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Main in the 13th century. Since 1781 - the district, since 1796 - the provincial town of the Kazan district. and lips. Since 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARTEM, a city (since 1938) in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). Main In 1924, 70 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939. 1990s A community was created in Armenia, headed by Alexei Reichstadt. In 1999, approx. 50 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARTEMOVKA, a village in the Pechenezhsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kharkovsky u. and lips. 1942 local policemen shot one Jew in A."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARTEMOVSK (until 1921 - Yekaterinovka), a city (since 1961) in the Perevalsky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1911. At the beginning. 20th century - in Slavyanoserbsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 30 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARTEMOVSKY, now a district within the city of Shakhty (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Vlasov farm, Cherkasy env. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 36 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARTSIZ, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1816.Since 1828 - in the Akkerman district. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 842 Jews (28.5%) lived in Armenia. 95 families - immigrants from Prussia and Poland. Jews lived in A. from the middle. 19th century Main occupations - trade and crafts. In A. worked several. manufacturing factories belonging to Jews. In 1900, 35 families (170 people) suffering from hunger and drought received help from St. Petersburg and Odessa. Since the 1900s. There was a Zionist organization in Armenia. Relations between Jews and Germans in Armenia were always tense, especially after the Jews were equalized as citizens in 1917. rights. Despite the economical. crisis early. In the 1920s, the Jews of Armenia actively helped refugees from the Ukraine. school network \"Tarbut\", later - cf. school and children. garden; there were 2 Jewish libraries, an orchestra, an organization VITSO. In 1923, 1929, and 1936 the Jewish population of Armenia suffered greatly from the drought. To the end. 1930s anti-Semitism and persecution by the authorities and German neighbors intensified in Armenia. In 1939 room. the authorities closed the Jewish children. garden. In the end. 1930s several dozens of young Armenian Jews left for E. I. Most of the Jews of A. in June 1941 were exterminated. The rest were deported to Transnistria."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARUIN Leonid Iosifovich (b. 1924, Moscow), pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1971), prof. (1983). R. in the family of a toxicologist, prof. (1940) Military Veterinary Academy of Joseph Solomonovich A. (1893-1946). In 1947 he graduated from the Naval Medical. acad., until 1960 served as a doctor in the Pacific and Baltic fleets. After demobilization, he worked in Moscow as a doctor in the mountains. hospital, head. pathologist. dep. 1st honey. in-that, since 1967 head. lab. Pathomorphology Research Institute of Gastroenterology. scientific. research dedicated clinics and functional morphology of the digestive system: establishing the role of violations of regenerative processes in the development of morphological. substrate of diseases of the stomach and intestines, pathomorphology of the stomach and intestines after resection, the peculiarities of the formation, chronicity and healing of ulcers, the importance of pyloric helicobacters in the origin of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Developed methods of differential diagnosis of chronic. liver diseases and described their morphological. features. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. I.V. Davydovsky (1983) and S.P. Botkin (1989). Deputy prev. Moscow about-va of pathologists, chl. reign of Vseros. about-va gastroenterologists. Cit .: General pathology h., M., 1st ed., 1982; 2nd ed., 1990 (et al); Structural Foundations of Adaptation and Compensation, M., 1987 (et al.); Peptic ulcer and pyloric Helicobacter. M., 1993 (et al.)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARZAMAS, a city, a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1578, from 1719 - in Nizhny Novgorod province, from 1779 - a district town. In 1900 there were 103 Jews in Armenia, in 1910 - 140, in 1926 - 389 (2%), in 1939 - 271 Jews. In 1900, Jews of A . asked the governor to rank them among the Nizhny Novgorod rabbi and to allow them to have a prayer house. Min-in int. cases were resolved, but the house of prayer was refused. In 1910 a synagogue was opened in Armenia and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1915, the Jewish community of Albania accepted 600 Jewish refugees; there were 2 synagogues in the city; with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches, a school and a hearth were opened. By 1917, ORT had organized a labor office in Armenia. In 1998, approx. 25 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARZGIR, a village, a regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1876. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrigorievsk, from 1900 - Blagodarny u. Stavropol province. In 1939, three Jews lived in Armenia. 1942 in Armenia, St. 150 evacuated Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ARZHENKA, now in the city of Rasskazovo (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tambov u. In 1911, 71 subbotniks lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASAF (Osofsky) Simcha (1889, Luban, Minsk province - 1953, Jerusalem), rabbi, researcher in the field of Jewish philosophy. Since 1910 - a rabbi in Minsk. In 1914-1919 he taught the Talmud at the yeshiva in Odessa, founded by H. Chernovitz (in 1915-19 - director). In 1920–21 - in France and Germany, he was engaged in research. work. From 1921 in E.-J. taught at the Mizrahi Teachers' Seminary in Jerusalem. After creating. Heb. un-ta A. was invited to teach a course on the Jewish religion. lit-ry. Since 1936 - prof. He was a member of the working council of un-that, was the dean of the humanitarian faculty, headed the Institute of issl. Heb. culture. From 1949-50 the rector of the university. In 1931–43 - member. assembly of representatives of Jews in E.-I., member. National Council of Heb. communities, where he was headed by K-t by education. After the formation of the State of Israel, he was appointed a member. The Supreme Court. He took an active part in the activities of many. public and scientific. org-tions. Author pl. Art., book. in the region. Heb. literature and philosophy, incl. Art. in the \"Encyclopedia of Judaica\" (English), \"Udeshes Lexicon\" (German), \"Encyclopedia of Hebrew\" (Hebrew)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASARE, a settlement in Jekabpils region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Assern manor of Illukst u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925, there was one Jewish family (5 people) living in Armenia, and in 1930 there were 18 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASBESTOS, a city (since 1933) in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1889 as a settlement. Koudelka of Yekaterinburg u. Perm province. In 1939, 32 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASH Abraham Joseph (1821 - 1887, New York), rabbi. Since 1851 - in the USA. Participated in the creation. first Orthodox congregation rus. Jews in America (\"Beth Midrash ha-Gadol\"), where he was a rabbi from 1860 until his death. Having a stable material base, he rendered great financial support to the congregation. In 1880 he created the Kashrut society, and in 1884 - the Talmud Torah. Fierce opponent of reformist teaches. in Judaism."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASH Nathan (b. 1902, Warsaw), writer. Since 1915 in the USA. He studied at high fur boots of Syracuse and Colombia. He wrote stories of Art. and book. reviews for publications: \"New Yorker\", \"Yale Review\", \"Virginia Quartels Review\", \"Harpers Bazaar\" and others; scripts for Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer and Paramount; and radio dramas for Radio Keith Orpheum. In 1942–45 he served in the US Army. Awarded the US Air Force Medal (1944) and the Bronze Star Medal (1945). Author of the book: \"Office\" (1925), \"Love in Chartres\" (1927), \"Day of the Pay\" (1930), \"Valley\" (1935), \"The Road: In Search of America\" ​​(1937)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASH Sholom (1880, Kutno, Warsaw Province - 1957, London), prose writer, playwright. R. in an orthodox family. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Suspected by his parents in disbelief, he was forced to leave his family, lived with relatives, teaching their children Heb. literacy and observing the life of the peasants. Then he moved to Wloclawek, where he made a living by writing letters for the illiterate. He debuted in literature in 1900 simultaneously. in Yiddish and Hebrew. In 1902 his first was published. Sat. stories in Hebrew, in 1903 coll. Yiddish. In the same years was published. pov. A. \"Moshele\". The turning point in the life of A. was his meeting with the Polish-Hebrew. the writer M.M. Shapiro, whose daughter he later married. The financial support provided to him by M. Shapiro gave A. the opportunity to do only literature. During the 1st world. During the war he lived in the United States, then returned to Poland, and from there he left for France. After visiting for the first time E.-I. in 1908 published ser. travel sketches, as well as a number of works, in which the bibl. subject. In 1938 he settled again in the United States. Last years of his life he spent in Bat Yam (c. Tel Aviv), in a house, which after his death turned into a memorial museum of A. Mir. fame came to A. with the publication in 1904 pov. \"Shtetl\" (\"Shtetl\"), where for the first time in Heb. lit-re dark image of Heb. life gave way to an awareness of her warmth and cordiality. His first play \"Mitn shtrom\" (\"Down the Stream\", 1904) also enjoyed great success, followed by other dramatic plays. manuf., delivered in rus, gender. and it. scenes. The most famous of these was the drama Got fun nekome (Gd Revenge, 1907). In 1913 A. publishes his first. rum. \"Maria\" and its sequel \"Der veg tsu zikh\" (\"The Way to Oneself\"), which reflects the common problems of Jews around the world. In the 20s. his rum appears. from Amer. life \"Mother\", \"Death Sentence\", \"The Return of Chaim Lederer\", \"The Witch of Castile\". One of the naib. meaning manuf. A. - the trilogy Farn Mable (Before the Flood, 1929–31), which describes the life of the Jews in the first decades of the 20th century. in St. Petersburg (\"Petersburg\"), Warsaw (\"Warsaw\") and Moscow (\"Moscow\"), the events of the revolution and civil. war. In the end. 30 - early. 40s A. created a trilogy about the origin of Christ \"Derman fun Neutseres\" (\"The Man from Nazareth\", 1943), \"The Apostle\" (1949) and \"Mary\" (1949). Rum was devoted to topical issues. East River (1946), Der Brenendiker Dorn (Burning Bush, 1946), Moses (1951), and others. A. introduced the Hebrew for the first time. lit-ru in Yiddish in the context of Europ. and Amer. culture. Was honorary before. Union of Hebrews. writers (PEN Yiddish Writers' Club)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHA, a city (since 1933), a regional center in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1898. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ivanovskaya (other name. Asha) Ufa district and lips. In 1928–33, it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHAGA ARAG, see Arak."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHANSKY (Oshiansky) Abel-Aaron Itskovich (1825–1899), sergeant major, veteran of Her Majesty's Cavalry Regiment. A stove-maker by profession. In 1846 he was recruited, served in a military workers' company, in 1863 he was transferred to the Cavalry Regiment, in 1874 he reached the highest rank of sergeant major for a non-combatant command for a soldier, in 1881 he was transferred to the combatant, in 1890 due to his advanced age he was appointed as a warden of the sick. The 50th anniversary of A.'s service (1896) was celebrated by the entire regiment (the order specifically mentions A.'s devotion to his unit). Service A. in the guard. shelf - will be excluded. case in Russian. army, because usually Jews who did not accept Christ were not allowed to remain in the ranks beyond their obligation. term. After A.'s death, he was buried with honors in Hebrew. Transfiguration Cemetery. In Petersburg."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHENDORF Yisroel (b. 1909, Mill of Volyn province), prose writer, playwright. Grew up in Lviv, where he studied in the Nar. school and teacher. seminar. He made his debut in 1927 with a ballad, was published in different editions. Heb. periodic. ed. During the war he was in the USSR. In 1945 he returned to Poland. In 1948 he moved to Paris, and from 1963 to Argentina. Throughout many. years combined lit. activity with pedagogical. Author of the book: \"Montik Inderfree\" (\"Monday morning\"), 1937; Grusn in der white (Greetings into the distance), 1939; \"Wei un wander\" (\"Pain and wandering\"), 1950, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHEROV Mashia (Misha) (b. 1924, Samarkand), actor, director. From 1934 in E.-I. He studied at the drama studio \"Habima\" (1945–48). From 1949 he worked in the \"Habima\" t-re, from 1961 a member. management of the t-ra (manager in 1957–61). Naib, major works: Greenwald (\"The Rise of Cain\"), Jimmy Porter (\"Look Back in Anger\" by J. Osborne), Mark Antony (\"Julius Caesar\" by W. Shakespeare). Fast. performance \"Long, short and high\" by V. Hall and others."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHGABAT (in 1881-1919 - Askhabad, in 1919-27 - Poltoratsk, 1927-91 - Ashgabat), a city, the capital of Turkmenistan. Main in 1881 as a military fortification. In 1881-1919 - adm. the center of the Transcaspian region. In 1919-24 - the region. center of the Turkestan ASSR. In 1924-91 it was the capital of the TurkSSR. In 1887 310 Jews (1.6%) lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 330, in 1910 - 505 (1.8%), in 1926 - 729 (1.8%). in 1939 - 711, in 1959 - 1276 (0.76%), in 1970 - 1246 (0.5%), in 1979 - 983 Jews (0.3%) .The community was founded by Jews from Europe. parts of Ros. empire. Jewish merchants from A. who bought up cotton and acted as representatives of the bargaining. Russian firms played an important role in the economy of the Turkestan Territory and the Bukhara Khanate. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Armenia. The rabbi was Abram Shaulovich Reznik (1867, Druya ​​Disnensky u. Vilna province -?). Between 1924 and 1925 dozens of illegal members were exiled to Armenia. Zionist organizations from Europe. parts of the USSR, Ch. arr. Zionist socialists. In the spring of 1928, they were allowed to leave the USSR for E.I. 1940s Jews played an important role in the formation of the industry, the creation of the modern. education systems, health care, cultural development (including Yu.I. Katsnelson, Yu.S. Meitus). 1980s Hebrew courses were opened in Armenia, and a representative office of the Sokhnut functioned. In the beginning. 1996 approx. 300 families of Ashkenazi and several. families of Bukharian and Iranian Jews. According to the Jewish Agency, in 1998 the Jewish population of the city was approx. 1.5 thousand people In A .: genus: M.I. Pevzner; Daniel Bar-Tal (b. 1946), Israeli psychologist, Ph.D. (1974), prof. (1989), since 1994 - vice-president. Int. about-va polit. psychology."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHINSKY Aharon Mordechai (1866, Raigrad of Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinsky province. - 1954), rabbi, leader of the religious Zionist movement. Since 1895 - in the United States, where he was a rabbi in dec. communities of Syracuse and Detroit. In 1898 he became a rabbi in Montreal and served as a military man. a rabbi in the Canadian Forces. Subsequently, he became the rabbi of the Bet ha-Midrash ha-Gadol community in Pittsburgh and remained so until the end of his life. He was engaged in organizing Heb. education and participated in the creation. religious schools. One of the founders of the Mizrahi organization in America and in tech. pl. years her vice-president. A. was also one of the creatures. Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHKENAZI Israel Markovich (b. 1917, Nizhny Novgorod), painter, muralist. Ml. brother thin. M.M. Ashkenazi. He studied at the 1st year of the Gorky thin. school (1937–38), will prepare. courses of Institute of painting, sculptor. and architect. Vseros. AH (1940), in the Kiev art. in-those (1951–57) in the workshop of A.A. Shovkunenko. 1941-1948 in the army. He worked in Odessa art. workshops (1948–51). In 1959 he made the first monument in Gorky, painting in the alfresco technique (c / t \"Petrel\"), and in the 1960s - 70s. a number of similar works for residential and societies, city buildings, in which A. goes to stylization and decor, the rhythm of the comp., subordinating the image. elements of the general architect-art. conception, brings in architect. decor, beginning and enriches it (\"Girl and Sail\", \"Space Connection\", \"Sea Legends\", etc.). A. also created a whole gal. manuf. easel painting (portraits, landscapes, genres), where color and plastic expressiveness of the means play an active role (\"Self-portrait\", \"In the waiting room\", 1950s, mid-landscapes \"Hot Key\", \"Gurzuf\", 1970- e and others). Since 1957 academic. in the region. exhibitions. First solo exhibition in 1979."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHKENAZI Meir (1890, Petrikov Mozyr district, Minsk province - 1954, USA), rabbi. He studied at the \"Tomkhey Tmimim\" yeshiva (Lubavichi). Rabbi in Vladivostok (1914-18), Shanghai (in 1920-1940s) A.'s grandson - Mordechai (b. 1943), rabbi of Kfar-Chabad (since 1970)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHKENAZI Moisey Mordukhovich (1913, Bobruisk, Minsk Province - 1941, Kolpino, Leningrad Region), painter, graphic artist. Brother I. Ashkenazi. Studied at the Kazan United, artistic-theater. technical school, Nizhny Novgorod art studio under the hands. L.A. Khnygina (1929–33), then in the Saratov art. technical school (1935–37), at the Institute of Painting, sculptor. and architect. Vseros. Academy of Arts in Leningrad (windows 1940) .In the 1930s. A. created a number of aqu. (\"Chess Players\", \"Memories of the Civil War\", \"A Girl in a Yellow Dress\", \"Spring\", etc.), but DOS. creative searches thin. concentrated in painting (\"Ronya: Girl with a Book\", \"Lisa: Study\", \"Self-portrait in a cold scale\", etc.). Killed in battle during the defense of Leningrad."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHKENAZI Vladimir Davidovich (b. 1937, Gorky), pianist, conductor. His father is a well-known pop virtuoso pianist David A. (in particular, accompanist K.I.Shulzhenko). In 1960 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. L.N. Oborin. 2nd ave. To Mezhdunar. competition them. F. Chopin in Warsaw (1955), 1st avenue to the Intern. competition them. Queen Elizabeth (Brussels, 1956), 1st Ave. to Intern. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1962). In 1963 he went abroad and settled in London. In the 70s. A. began performing as a conductor, since 1981 - permanent conductor of the King of London. Philharmonic Orc., since 1987 has headed it. A. also hands. orc. West Berlin Radio and Guest Conductor of the Cleveland Symphony. orc. (USA). From the very first performances, A. the pianist demonstrates phenomenal technique, his interpretations are distinguished by rare architectonicity, timbre variety, creating an impression of orchestral sound. He constantly gives concerts, made a huge number of recordings, constantly striving to create \"complete collections of op.\" this or that composer. He recorded all concerts for the FP. with orc. S.V. Rachmaninov, S.S. Prokofiev, B. Bartok; A. recorded all the concerts of W.A. Mozart with an orc, which he directed himself. Among the solo recordings there are sonatas by L. van Beethoven, F. Schubert, A. N. Skryabin, practically all fp. Rachmaninoff's legacy. His conductor's interpretation of the classics is distinguished by innovation, unconventionality, which is especially evident in the performance of works. Russian composers, first of all PI Tchaikovsky. He pays close attention to A. and the music of 20th-century composers."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHKENAZI Eugene (1845, Odessa - 1903), botanist. Moved to Dresden. He specialized in botany at Heidelberg University, in 1872 he became a member of the department, in 1891 prof. Investigated chlorophyll and other plant pigments, the physiology of growth and flowering, physical. the forces involved in the rise of water along the stems of plants. Wrote \"A Report on the Critical Treatment of Darwin's Theory\" (1872)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHGABAT, see Ashgabat."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHKINAZI Vladimir Alexandrovich (1873, Kerch, Tauride province - not earlier than 1941, Paris |), writer, feuilletonist, translator. He wrote under the ps. V. Azov. R. in the family of a doctor. Studied the history of arts and law in high fur boots in Paris, Zurich, Bern. The first feuilleton publ. in 1895. In gas. \"News of the day\" under ps. Peck from 1896 chronicled lit. and theater, life. In 1906 he began to publish satirical. g. \"Good mate\", to-rye was closed after the first issue. Published in f. \"Pencil\", \"Zarnitsy\", \"Spectator\", \"Dragonfly\", \"Alarm Clock\" and others. Collaborated in gas. \"Rech\" (since 1912). In 1910 he published the almanac “Literary and artistic cabaret“ Black Cat ”(1910), in which Sasha Cherny, N.A. Teffi, T.L.Schepkina-Kupernik, and others participated. sotr. g. \"Satyricon\", since 1913 - \"New Satyricon\". In 1916 he received the title of hereditary honor. citizen. Since 1918 - translator at the publishing house \"World Literature\". Translated by O'Henry, J. Conrad, L. Carroll, H. Wells and others. Since 1926 in France. Works: Truly Russian folk tales, St. Petersburg, 1911; Colored glasses, St. Petersburg, 1911; Thorns without roses, P., 1916, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASHLAG Yehuda Leib (1886, Warsaw - 1954, Israel), rabbi. The largest kabbalist of the 20th century in Europe, per. in Hebrew book. \"Zohar\". Living in Poland, he combined entrepreneurial activity (he owned a factory for the production of soap) with teaching. From 1922 to E.-I. Since 1927 - Rabbi Givat Shaul. Founder of the Yeshiva Itur Rabanim. The founder of the Hasidic dynasty. His 21-volume work \"Sulam\" (trans. \"Zohar\" with commentary) became the basis for the study of Kabbalah in modern times. Israel."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASINO (until 1930 - Ksenievskoe), a city (from 1952), a regional center in the Tomsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1896. At the beginning. 20th century - the village of Tomsk u. and lips. From 1949 it was a workers' settlement. In 1939, 25 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASKANIA-NOVA (until 1841 - Chapli), an urban-type settlement (from 1938) in the Chaplinsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1822. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dneprovsky u. Tavricheskaya gubernia. In 1939 in A.-N. 22 Jews lived on 15 March 1942 in A.-N. 240 Jews were shot."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASKENAZI Shimon (Simon) (1866, Zavikhost of Sandomierz district of Radom province - 1935, Warsaw), historian. Studied at Warsaw and Göttingen fur boots. In 1897-1914 he taught history at Krakow University (from 1902 prof.). Since 1910, members Krakow Academy of Sciences. During the 1st world. war member. Polish nat. council in Switzerland. In 1920–23 the representative of Poland in the League of Nations. Since 1927 prof. Warsaw University, brought up several. generations of Polish. historians. Author of works on the history of Poland, 2nd half. 18 - 1st floor. 19th centuries, founded. paid attention to the era from the 1st section of the Commonwealth (1772) to the national liberation. uprising 1863-64. tr. (on the floor. lang.): “Prince Joseph Po-nyatovsky. 1763-1813 \"(1904, translated into German and French, 2nd ed. - 1910),\" Russia - Poland. 1815-1830 \"(1907),\" Lukasiński \"(vols. 1-2, 1908, 2nd edition - 1929),\" Napoleon and Poland \"(vols. 1-3, 1918-19),\" Gdansk and Poland \"( 1919, translated into German, French and English) and other works: Kingdom of Poland. 1815-1830, M., 1915."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASKHABAD, see Ashgabat."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASKNAZI Abram Isaakovich (1887, Petersburg - 1937), meteorologist and forecaster. Son of I.L. Asknazia. Graduated in 1911 from St. Petersburg. un-t on the department of chemistry. During his studies, he began to conduct a synoptic. issl., worked in Ch. physical observatory. Since 1921 in Ch. military meteorological. management in Moscow, later in Moscow. region weather bureau. In 1929, on a business trip to Germany and Norway, he got acquainted with the work of the hack, weather forecasters. Upon his return, he headed the USSR Forecast Bureau (1930; later Center, Institute of Forecasts). Fact. scientific. hands. synoptic country service. The frontologist actively promoted. methods in the work of weather services. He put forward the idea of ​​a dynamic. climatology, studied the problem of air transformation. masses, discovered the existence of Eastern Europe. summer polar fr. and explained the reasons for its formation, proposed a method for generalizing synoptic. processes using average maps for the phases of processes, gave critical. analysis of the methodology of long-term forecasts by B.P. Multanovsky. Created scientific. school, preparing nauch. cadres of forecasters, which for many years determined the level of meteorology in the country. Brother A. - Samuel (1888, Petersburg - 1952), lawyer, specialist in the region. civil law, Dr. Sciences (1947), prof. department of civil. Leningrad rights. un-that since 1945."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASKNAZI Isaak Lvovich (1856, Drissa Viteb. Gubernia - 1902, Moscow), painter. Volunteer of the Academy of Arts (1870–74), then became an academician (1874–79). In 1880 A. was sent to study abroad (1880–83), worked in Berlin, Dresden, and Rome (with G. Makart). In 1885 he received the title of Acad. (\"Moses in the Wilderness\", 1882). Since 1902, members St. Petersburg. about-va thin. Follower of Acad. schools. In the 1880s - 90s. created paintings on biblical themes (\"The Coming of Saturday\", \"Parents of Moses\", etc.), genre canvases (\"For a favor\", \"Girlfriends\", etc.), less often portraits (\"The Cellist\", \"Coffee Shop\", \" and etc.). From 1881 academic. exhibitions of the Academy of Arts and St. Petersburg. about-va thin."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASKOLDOV Alexander Yakovlevich (1932, Moscow), film director. In 1955 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1958 graduate school Lit. in-ta them. M. Gorky. In 1959-60 the inspector of the department. t-ditch of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR. In 1960–64, Ch. ed. Production Department f. Ministry of Culture of the USSR, member. script ed. Collegiums of the Committee for Cinematography of the USSR. In 1966 he graduated from dir. dep. Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. In 1966–81, dir. to / st. them. Gorky. Dir. doc. f. \"Comrade KamAZ\" (1972), \"My destiny KamAZ\" (1975). In 1981–85, director, artist. hands. state cinema and concert hall \"Russia\". Post, your only f. \"The Commissioner\" in 1967. The film was banned by the censorship in large part because one of the center, the character. - Jewish tinsmith - one of the few Jews in the Sov. the screen of the 50-60s. The picture was released on the screen twenty years later, in 1987. Prize \"Silver Bear\", pr. FIPRESCI, prize Int. catholic jury, prize Int. evangelical. jury at 38 International, film fest. in West Berlin."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASNIS Avram (Arkady) Efimovich (1908, Odessa - 1987, Kiev), engineer, specialist in the region. welding and structural strength. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1962), prof. from 1968. Graduated in 1934 from Leningrad State University. in-t Ing. railroad transport. Since 1938 in Kiev in the Institute of Electric Welding of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Main tr. in the region. metal welding technologies structures, strength of welded structures. State pr. Ukrainian SSR. (1972, 1982). Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1981). Works: Gas welding and cutting, Kiev-M., 1958; Strength increase of welded structures (et al.), 2nd ed., Kiev-M., 1985."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASSERN, see Asare."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASSINOVSKAYA, a village in the Sunzhensky district of the Ingush Republic (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Vladikavkaz env. Tersk Region In 1939, 8 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASTANA (in 1832-1961 - Akmolinsk, in 1961-1992 - Tselinograd, in 1992-98 - Akmola), city, the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Main in 1830 as a fortress of Akmola. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Akmola oblast. In 1910, 154 Jews (1.1%) lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 155 (1.2%), in 1959 - 563 (0.6%), in 1970 - 798 (0, 5%), in 1979 - 637 (0.3%), in 1989 - 664 Jews. Jews have lived in Armenia since the 1870s. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Armenia. In 1993, the Aleph Jewish cultural center was organized in Armenia. - Jewish Sunday school. A synagogue was opened in Armenia in 1999. B.G. Erzakovich."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АСТРАХАНЬ, город, центр Астраханской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 13 в. В 1459—1556 — столица Астраханского ханства. С 1556 — в составе России, с 1717 — губ. город. В 1928—34 — в составе Нижневолжского края, в 1934—43 —Сталинградского края (обл.), с 1943 — обл. центр.В 1864 в А. проживал 291 еврей, в 1873 — 751, в 1897 — 2164, в 1910 — 2793 (2%), в 1923 — 4023 (3%), в 1926 — 5904 (3,4%), в 1939 — 4077, в 1959 — 3800 (1,3%), в 1970 — 3500 (0,85%), в 1979 — 2757 (0,6%), в 1989 — 2137 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях в А. относится к 1805. Первым евреем в А. был могилевский купец Лейб Янкелевич Давыдов с семьей. В 1825, по закону о высылке евреев — иностранных подданных, из А. были высланы 2 золотых дел мастера, подданных Австрии. В 1830-х гг. в А. появились евреи-военнослужащие. Существовала казенная молельня. «Солдатской» общиной руководил матрос Михель Алендухов. В кон. 1850-х гг. в А. начали селиться отставные николаевские солдаты. В 1857 имелась синагога. В 1860-х гг. в А. появились евреи — выходцы с Кавказа. В 1866 была образована ашкеназийская община. В 1869—81 раввином был Лейб Дейхес, поддерживавший тесные контакты с общинами геров и субботников в Астраханской губ. С 1873 существовала хевра кадиша. Земля под еврейское кладбище арендовалась у муж. монастыря. С 1879 существовала сефардская община под рук. Илии Крупинского, выделившего часть собств. дома под синагогу. В нач. 1880-х гг. раввином А. был Михайловский, в 1886—1906 — Сруль-Бер Шухер (с 1913 — духовный раввин ремесл. синагоги). Раввином ашкеназийской общины в 1880-х гг. был Арон Вихман.В 1902 была предпринята попытка создания уч-ща для еврейских мальчиков. В 1904 открыта ремесл. синагога. С 1907 работало муж. еврейское уч-ще. В нач. 20 в. раввином А. был Элиэзер Бойман. Поток беженцев в годы 1-й мир. войны увеличил еврейское население А. Был создан Еврейский временный к-т по оказанию помощи раненым и больным воинам и жертвам войны. В 1915 при к-те был открыт лазарет. В 1916 в А. зарегистрировано 1516 беженцев-евреев, был открыт очаг. Раввином Астраханской губ. в годы 1-й мир. войны был Й.Л.Каплан. В 1917 в А. было 4 синагоги, в т. ч. 2 сефардские. В 1919 в А. было образовано отд-ние Евсекции (рук. в 1925: Голдовский, Коган, Турчинский, Хейфиц, Шварц, в 1929: Гуревич, Рыжиков, Шварцбург, Г.А.Шофер).С 1921 в здании бывш. муж. еврейского уч-ща работали еврейская школа и еврейский дет. сад. В нач. 1920-х гг. в округе действовала еврейская с.-х. коммуна им. М.И.Калинина. В 1929 была закрыта хоральная синагога, ее здание было отдано под еврейский клуб им. М.И.Калинина. В 1937 была закрыта ремесл. синагога. Раввином А. в 1930-е гг. был Авром Пиндрус (?—1941), в 1945 — Самсон Борисович Дынкин. В 1945 синагогу в будни посещали 15—20 чел., в праздники — 120—150. В 1960 в А. был моэл Заславский.В 1991 в А. создан еврейский фольклорный ансамбль «Тхия» под рук. Аркадия Ароновича Остринского (р. 1924). В 1992 организовано об-во еврейской культуры «Тхия» (пред. Александр Матвеевич Цейтлин, р. 1938), начали действовать курсы по изучению иврита. В 1994 открылась еврейская воскресная школа. Действует синагога. В 1993 на еврейском кладбище было разрушено более 60 памятников. С 1997 при синагоге изд. газ. «Шалом».В 1999 в А. проживало ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев.В А. род.: З.В.Атлас, М.Я.Кац, Л.Н.Свердлин, М.А.Трилиссер, М.О.Фридланд; Иосиф Деникер (1852—1918, Париж), д-р ист. наук, автор трудов по антропологии и этнологии народов Азии, с 1888 рук. б-ки Нац. музея естеств. истории в Париже; Исай Юрьевич Рабинович (1894—1974, Ленинград), дивизионный комиссар.А.Р.Бимбад, pronunciation=АСТРАХАНЬ, город, центр Астраханской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 13 в. В 1459—1556 — столица Астраханского ханства. С 1556 — в составе России, с 1717 — губ. город. В 1928—34 — в составе Нижневолжского края, в 1934—43 —Сталинградского края (обл.), с 1943 — обл. центр.В 1864 в А. проживал 291 еврей, в 1873 — 751, в 1897 — 2164, в 1910 — 2793 (2%), в 1923 — 4023 (3%), в 1926 — 5904 (3,4%), в 1939 — 4077, в 1959 — 3800 (1,3%), в 1970 — 3500 (0,85%), в 1979 — 2757 (0,6%), в 1989 — 2137 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях в А. относится к 1805. Первым евреем в А. был могилевский купец Лейб Янкелевич Давыдов с семьей. В 1825, по закону о высылке евреев — иностранных подданных, из А. были высланы 2 золотых дел мастера, подданных Австрии. В 1830-х гг. в А. появились евреи-военнослужащие. Существовала казенная молельня. «Солдатской» общиной руководил матрос Михель Алендухов. В кон. 1850-х гг. в А. начали селиться отставные николаевские солдаты. В 1857 имелась синагога. В 1860-х гг. в А. появились евреи — выходцы с Кавказа. В 1866 была образована ашкеназийская община. В 1869—81 раввином был Лейб Дейхес, поддерживавший тесные контакты с общинами геров и субботников в Астраханской губ. С 1873 существовала хевра кадиша. Земля под еврейское кладбище арендовалась у муж. монастыря. С 1879 существовала сефардская община под рук. Илии Крупинского, выделившего часть собств. дома под синагогу. В нач. 1880-х гг. раввином А. был Михайловский, в 1886—1906 — Сруль-Бер Шухер (с 1913 — духовный раввин ремесл. синагоги). Раввином ашкеназийской общины в 1880-х гг. был Арон Вихман.В 1902 была предпринята попытка создания уч-ща для еврейских мальчиков. В 1904 открыта ремесл. синагога. С 1907 работало муж. еврейское уч-ще. В нач. 20 в. раввином А. был Элиэзер Бойман. Поток беженцев в годы 1-й мир. войны увеличил еврейское население А. Был создан Еврейский временный к-т по оказанию помощи раненым и больным воинам и жертвам войны. В 1915 при к-те был открыт лазарет. В 1916 в А. зарегистрировано 1516 беженцев-евреев, был открыт очаг. Раввином Астраханской губ. в годы 1-й мир. войны был Й.Л.Каплан. В 1917 в А. было 4 синагоги, в т. ч. 2 сефардские. В 1919 в А. было образовано отд-ние Евсекции (рук. в 1925: Голдовский, Коган, Турчинский, Хейфиц, Шварц, в 1929: Гуревич, Рыжиков, Шварцбург, Г.А.Шофер).С 1921 в здании бывш. муж. еврейского уч-ща работали еврейская школа и еврейский дет. сад. В нач. 1920-х гг. в округе действовала еврейская с.-х. коммуна им. М.И.Калинина. В 1929 была закрыта хоральная синагога, ее здание было отдано под еврейский клуб им. М.И.Калинина. В 1937 была закрыта ремесл. синагога. Раввином А. в 1930-е гг. был Авром Пиндрус (?—1941), в 1945 — Самсон Борисович Дынкин. В 1945 синагогу в будни посещали 15—20 чел., в праздники — 120—150. В 1960 в А. был моэл Заславский.В 1991 в А. создан еврейский фольклорный ансамбль «Тхия» под рук. Аркадия Ароновича Остринского (р. 1924). В 1992 организовано об-во еврейской культуры «Тхия» (пред. Александр Матвеевич Цейтлин, р. 1938), начали действовать курсы по изучению иврита. В 1994 открылась еврейская воскресная школа. Действует синагога. В 1993 на еврейском кладбище было разрушено более 60 памятников. С 1997 при синагоге изд. газ. «Шалом».В 1999 в А. проживало ок. 2,5 тыс. евреев.В А. род.: З.В.Атлас, М.Я.Кац, Л.Н.Свердлин, М.А.Трилиссер, М.О.Фридланд; Иосиф Деникер (1852—1918, Париж), д-р ист. наук, автор трудов по антропологии и этнологии народов Азии, с 1888 рук. б-ки Нац. музея естеств. истории в Париже; Исай Юрьевич Рабинович (1894—1974, Ленинград), дивизионный комиссар.А.Р.Бимбад, extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASTRAKHANKA, a village in the Melitopol district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Berdyansky settlement Tauride province. 1941 one Jew was killed in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASTROV (real fam. Poves) Isaak Sergeevich (1876, Odessa - 1922, Saratov), ​​polit. activist. From his youth he participated in the roar. movement (first arrested at the age of 15). From 1900 he worked in insurance and co-op. org-tions, since 1902 - member. RSDLP, since 1903 - Menshevik. Party roar. events of 1905–07. In the years of reaction - \"liquidator\". From the end. 1910 - member. Petersburg. \"Initiative group\", sotr. gas. \"Ray\", w. “Nasha Zarya”, “Vozrozhdenie”, “Insurance of workers”. In 1912 he was arrested, exiled to Narym, in 1913 he emigrated. In the years of the 1st world. war lived in Switzerland, from the end. 1914 - member. Overseas. secretariat organiz. to-that of the Mensheviks. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Petrograd. One of the leaders of the left wing of the Menshevik internationalists, member. to-that Petersburg. org-tion of the Mensheviks, dep. Petrogr. Council (headed by the labor department). Since June, member. Centre. Bureau of Menshevik Internationalists. In aug. - cases. Congress of the RSDLP; elected as Cand. in part. Central Committee of the RSDLP (ob) from the internationalists, Oct. did not accept the roar. In late November and early December - a delegate to the Extraordinary Congress of the RSDLP (ob); was elected member. Central Committee with ser. 1918 - in Odessa, one of the leaders of the local Menshevik. org-tion and trade unions. After the establishment of the Sov. authorities (1919) was repeatedly arrested. In 1921 he was expelled to Kharkov, where he entered the Ch. Ukr. to-t RSDLP. In apr. 1922 exiled to Turkestan; died of typhus in the Saratov transit prison. Op .: “Rus. revolution in the struggle for peace \", P., 1917; \"Why France is at war\", P., 1917."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ASUNE, a village in Kraslava district (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - estate Osun Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1925–30, 25–30 Jews lived in Armenia. in the summer of 1941 all the Jews of Albania were exterminated."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATTACK, see Otach."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATAR (Apteker) Haim (1902, Zlatopol - 1953, Israel), painter. Since 1922 in E.-I., founding member of kibbutz Ein Harod, founder and director. Center of Arts in Ein Harod. The work of A. was influenced by Heb. thin the Parisian school. Ch. arr. in the genre of portrait and still life. Created approx. 100 drawings, incl. ser. sketches of the fighters of Gagana."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATENI, a village in the Gori region (Georgia). Main all R. 11th century Before joining Russia in 1801 - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli, from 1802 - in the Georgian province, from 1840 - in the Gori environs. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In the 13-18th centuries. A. is a major bargaining. and adm. Centre. In the 18th century. as a result of the raids of the Dagestanis he was ruined. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), in Armenia, along with Georgians and Armenians, there were Jews who had a synagogue. In connection with the decline of the city, the Jewish population left it. Separate Jewish families lived in Armenia until 1808, when the Jewish community ceased to exist. D.M. Khananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATKARSK, city, regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1781 as a district town of Saratov Gubernia. 89 Jews lived in Armenia in 1910, 47 Jews in 1926, and 42 Jews (0.2%) in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATLAS Eliezer (Lazar) (1851, Beysegole, Kovensky district and province - 1904, Bialystok), critic and publicist. He studied at the yeshiva in the m. Zhagory Shavelsky u. Covenskaya lips. In the beginning. In the 1870s, while living in the Novaya Zhagora metro station, he became close to the leaders of the \"Haskala\" movement, was engaged in self-education, from 1875 sotr. gas. \"Ha-Carmel\". In the 2nd half of the 1870s - the 1st half. 1880s in search of earnings wandered around the cities and m. Sev.-Zap. the edges. In 1884 he settled in Warsaw, was engaged in journalism, the author of Art. on the history of Jews in Russia and Poland, as well as on Hebrew literature. In 1888 he published the collection. \"Ha-Kerem\" attracted many others to participate in it. prominent Hebrews. writers and publicists, however, the intention to turn sat. in f. had no success. In 1898 A. published the collection. his lit.-critical. Art. Forward or backward. In the 1880s. A. is close to Palestinophilism, but already in the 1890s. walked away from him. In publicistic. Art. 1890s sharply opposed both the Palestinophiles and polit. Zionism T. Herzl and it grew. followers, became close to orthodox circles grew. Jewry, publ. a number of anti-Zionist, Art. in their organ \"Ha-Peles\", in 1900 issued a pamphlet against the Odessa Zionist. to-that. Feeling tragic. the gap between Heb. intelligentsia and the mass of Heb. people, A. tried to find a way out of this situation in the synthesis of the ideas of \"Haskala\" and trad. Heb. ideology. From 1902 A. worked as a home teacher in Moscow. In 1904, despite a serious illness, he was expelled from the city as having no right of residence in the capitals. Through several. days after the expulsion died."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATLAS Iehezkel (1913, Rava Petrokovskaya province - 1942), doctor, one of the hands. partisas. movement on the territory. Poland. After the occupation of Poland by Germ. troops (1939) fled to Kozlovshchina, where his family was destroyed by the invaders, and A. himself was sent to work as a doctor in the village of Vylka-Volya. Organized and led the partisans. a detachment of young Jews (120 fighters), who managed to escape from the ghetto in Derechin on the day of its liquidation. Soon the detachment A. joined the Sov. partisas. connection operating in the Lipichansk forests. In aug. - Oct. 1942 the partisans of Afghanistan destroyed the Germans. garrisons in Derechin, Kozlovshchina, Rude-Yavorskaya, sabotage. group under com. A. blew up a train on the railway. Lida-Grodno line and a strategic bridge across the river. Neman. In the course of the September battles of 1942, the guerrillas of Armenia captured an enemy plane, which made an emergency landing in the area where the detachment was located. A. died in battle with the punishers."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATLAS Mariam (Miriam) Semenovna (b. 1912), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1957). Z.V. Apglas's cousin. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Kazan high fur boots (1931). From 1933 to scientific and teaching. work in Moscow (since 1958 prof.). Author and ed. a number of textbooks on political economy and economics, incl. textbook \"Polit. economy of socialism \"(1962), uch. manuals for universities \"Fundamentals of the functioning of econ. systems \"(1991) and others, ed. collection of articles \"Questions of watered, economy\" (1958, 1963), \"Methods of teaching watered, economy in economics. universities \"(1961),\" The law of saving time ... \"(1987, 1991) and others. Works: Nationalization of banks in the USSR, M., 1945 (2nd ed. M., 1948); Credit reform in the USSR, M., 1958; The development of banking systems in the socialist countries, M., 1967."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATLAS Petr Matveyevich (b. 1926), mechanical engineer. He graduated in 1948 Moscow. engineering-physical in-t. In 1948–53 he worked as an art. Ing. in the system of the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding of the Navy of the Ministry of Defense. Since 1953 at the Tizpribor plant in Moscow, since 1962 ch. constructor. Cand. tech. Sciences (1974). tr. associated with development and research. system of means cyclical. pneumoautomatics for control of discrete processes in chem. production-wah and other branches of industry. Participated in the creation. and development in 1957 at the plant \"Tizpribor\" of the aggregate unified. systems of elements prom. pneumoautomatics - USEPP, which became the basis. element base of fatherlands, pneumatic. instrumentation. In the beginning. 1970s developed a new system \"Start\", covering a wide range of instruments assembled from standard USEPP elements. Author of printed scientific. works. Linen. pr. (1964). Cit .: Development of equipment and expansion of the capabilities of the system CYCL, Moscow, 1975 (in co-authors)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATLAS Shmuel (1899, Komay Novoaleksandrovsky u. Kovno province - 1977, New York), teacher. In 1913-18 he studied at the Lithuanian yeshivas, then in 1921-28 he studied philosophy and jurisprudence in the high fur boots of Russia (Moscow University) and Germany (Berlin, Marburg, Giessen). He taught philosophy and the Talmud at the highest. uch. institutions in Poland and England: in 1929–34 - Heb. Institute in Warsaw, in 1935–39 - Cambridge University and Magdalena College in Oxford. Since 1942 in the USA. Prof. philosophy and the Talmud in the United Heb. College of Cincinnati and Heb. in-those religions in New York. Author of works on medieval Hebrews. philosophy."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATLAS Zakhar (Zakhary) Veniaminovich (1903, Astrakhan - 1965, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1939). M.S. Atlas's cousin. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Don State un-that (Rostov-on-Don) (1924), worked in the econom. and finance. institutions. Since 1935 on scientific and teaching work at the econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1939 prof.), since 1963 - in Moscow. finance. in-those. Participated in the theoretical. substantiation, preparation and implementation of the 1947 monetary reform in the USSR. Member scientific and expert commission under the President. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Specialist in money circulation and credit, author of works on the political economy of socialism, cost accounting, money circulation, finance, credit, pricing, currencies of foreign countries, countries, etc. One of the authors of the textbook for universities \"Money circulation and credit in the USSR\" (1957, repeatedly reprinted) Vol .: Money and credit under capitalism and in the USSR, parts 1–2, Moscow, 1930; Essays on the history of money circulation in the USSR, M., 1940; Household. calculation and its role in the conditions of Otech. war, M., 1944; Inflation and Currency Crisis in England after the 2nd World. war, M., 1949; Socialist. monetary system, M., 1969."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATRAN Frank (1885, - 1952, USA), entrepreneur, philanthropist. After Oct. 1917 he emigrated to Belgium, was engaged in the production and sale of textiles. Subsequently, he transferred the company to France, then to the USA (New York), where it reached its peak. In the last years of his life he made kr. contributions to charity. goals and in favor of decomp. Heb. org-tions, especially in favor of Heb. labor to-that, to-ry opened the House of Heb. culture them. A. In 1950 he donated 1 million dollars to the construction of the lab. the building of the b-tsy on Mount Scopus (Israel). For several. month to death he founded the chair of Heb. lang., literature and culture at Columbia University (USA)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATSARKIN Vadim Alexandrovich (b. 1936, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1971). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1959). Since 1959 he has been working at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1986 - head. lab. Since 1990 simultaneously. prof. Moscow Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation. interests - magn. radio spectroscopy tv. bodies, quantum electronics, superconductivity. Let's experiment. found the main. patterns of change in spin temperatures at magn. resonance in tv. bodies (1967–73), as well as the collective mechanism of dynamic. polarization of nuclei (dynamic cooling). Predicted and experiment. discovered the effect of a giant amplification of the longitudinal magn. susceptibility at paramagnetic resonance. Author approx. 100 scientific. works, Cit .: Dynamic. polarization of nuclei in tv. dielectrics, M., 1980."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATSKURI, a village in the Akhaltsikhe region (Georgia). First mentioned. in the 11th century. From the 2nd floor. 16th century - the center of the Atskur sandjak of the Akhaltsykh pashalyk of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Akhaltsykh u. Kutaisi, from 1867 - Tiflis province. In 1921-91 - part of the Georgian SSR. 1870s In A. lived St. 100 Jews, in 1893 - 96, at the beginning. 20th century the number of the Jewish population reached 40-45 smoks (families). According to legend, Jews (5 smokes) settled in Armenia during the reign of Queen Tamar (1184-1213). In ist. the works of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), along with Meskhs (Georgians), Armenians and Tatars, mention. and Jewish merchants. In A., Jews lived in a separate block in the north of the city. In the 18th century. the Jewish population of Albania was 150 smokes. During the Russian tour. During the war (1828-1829), a plague epidemic destroyed almost the entire population of the city. After 1828 Jews from Dviri, Adigeni, and Abastumani moved to Armenia. Despite this, the size of the Jewish population in 1830 did not exceed 31 smoke. The Jews were engaged in small trade and crafts. In 1843 economical. the situation of the Jews deteriorated after the introduction of a new taxation per capita. The number of Jews in the 1860s did not exceed 20 smokes. In 1918, the Turks who seized Armenia accused the Jews of spying for Georgia. With the help of D. Baazov, the Jews of A. moved to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe). D. M. Khananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ATYRAU (until 1992 - Guryev), city, center of Atyrau region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1640.Since 1868 - the district town of the Ural region. Since 1938 it has been the center of the Guryev Region. In 1959, 362 Jews (0.5%) lived in Armenia, in 1970 - 216 (0.2%), in 1979 - 158 Jews (including 24 Bukhara)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AUER Leopold (Lev) Semenovich (1845, Vesprim, Austrian Empire - 1930, Lovshits, Germany), violinist, teacher, conductor. The founder of the Russian. (petersburg) violin school. R. in a poor family of artisans. Thanks to his wealthy patrons, he studied violin at the age of 8, first in Pest with R. Kon, then in 1857–58 in Vienna with J. Dont. With funds from concerts, he continued his studies in Hanover (1861–63) under J. Joachim, whose teaching principles later became the basis of his own. pedagogy. In 1863-67 he was a concertmaster in the orc. Dusseldorf and Hamburg; performed in concerts as a soloist and ensemble player. In 1868, having received an invitation to the post of prof. Petersburg. cons. came to Russia. A. spent half a century in St. Petersburg: he taught violin, quartet and chamber ensemble classes in the cons., Headed symph. collection and the famous quartet of Petersburg. branch of the RMO (Russian music society), was a soloist of the orc. imperial t-ditch, simultaneously toured (in Russia and in Europe). He has performed with major pianists - A.G. Rubinstein, T. Leshetitsky, A.N. Esipova, E. d'Albert, R. Punio, I. Hoffman. To study with A. in St. Petersburg (as well as in London, where he opened a studio school), violinists from many of them came. countries. A. dedicated their op. PI Tchaikovsky (\"Melancholic Serenade\"), AK Glazunov (concert for skr. With orc. 5th quartet), A.S. Arensky (concert for skr. With orc.), S.I. . Taneyev (\"Concert Suite\") and others. Since 1918 he lived in the USA. He taught at the New York Institute of Music. lawsuit, at Curtis-in-those in Philadelphia; wrote a number of methodological literature. tr., the main of which have been translated into Russian. lang .: \"My school of playing the violin\", L., 1929; \"Among the musicians\", M., 1927. Among the students of A. - Y. Kheifets, M.B. Polyakin, N.M. Milstein, M.S.Elman, E.A.Tsimbalist, L.M. Zeitlin, Yu.I. Eidlin, B.O.Sibor.A. - the author of violin pieces, transcriptions, cadenzas (in particular, to concerts by L. van Beethoven, I. Brahms); as well as editor pl. op. (including concerts by Tchaikovsky, Glazunov)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Auer Misha (nast, name and surname. Mikhail Simonovich Unskovsky) (1905, Petersburg - 1967, Rome), film actor. Since 1928 in the USA - together with his grandfather, the violinist L.S. Auer, he took on his fam. He worked at the Broadway t-ts in New York. In 1928, dir. F. Tuttle on ch. role in f. \"Something always happens.\" Ch. arr. starring Indians, Mexicans, gypsies. In f. \"My Man Godfrey\" (1936) showed a bright comedic talent and became one of the most popular Amer. comedians of the 1930s. The greatest success was accompanied by A. in comedy films dir. F. Kapra - \"You will not take anything with you to the grave\" (1938), R. Claire \"In the end, no one will be left\" (1945), O. Wells \"The Secret Dossier\" (1955). After the 2nd world. war worked in Zap. Europe (France, Italy, Great Britain), starred in f. \"Viva, Villa!\" (1934), \"Beauty from New Orleans\", \"Helzapoppin\" (both 1941), \"Natalie\" (1957), \"Goodbye, baby\" (1966), etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Auerbach Avraham Dov-Ber (1761, Khmilniki - 1840, Safed), Hasidic rabbi. Head of the rabbi, court in Khmilnyky. Since 1785 - rabbi in Ovruch. Since 1824 (5 |) the head of the rabbi, the court in Zhitomir. From 1832 - in E.-I. in Safed, the rabbi of the Hasidic community. He headed the work to restore the Hebrews. quarter after the pogroms (1834; 1837) and the earthquake (1837)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AUERBAH Ephraim (1892, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1973, Petah Tikva), poet. In 1908 he began to publish stories in Russian. lang., and in 1909 he debuted a verse in Yiddish. In 1911 he came to Warsaw. Published periodically. ed. In 1912–15 in E.-I., he worked in kibbutzim. Since 1915 in the USA. Participated in the 1st world. war in the Heb. legion. After demobilization, he returned to the United States; was engaged in lit. active Since 1970 in Israel. Author of the book: \"Oifn Shvel\" (\"On the Threshold\"), 1915; \"Caravans\", 1918; Far Groys un Klein (For Big and Small), 1921; Dry Rizn (Three Bogatyrs), 1937; \"Yankevs getselt\" (\"Tents of Jacob\"), 1945, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AUERBAKH Elizaveta Borisovna (b. 1912, Moscow), author-performer of stories. In 1935 she entered the directing department of the Theater College, after completing the 2nd year in 1937 she was accepted into the auxiliary. the composition of the Moscow Art Theater. In this t-re A. worked for a quarter of a century, played mainly secondary roles - the saleswoman of cigarettes (\"Love Yarovaya\" by K.A. Trenev), the Fifth Princess (\"Woe from Wit\" by A.S. Griboyedov), one of the lady's maids Tizl (“School of Scandal” by R. Sheridan) and others. In 1941–45 she gave concerts as part of front-line brigades. She began writing stories after the war. Performances with them in concerts were a success. In the late 50s - early. 60s A. left the theater, devoting herself entirely to the stage. Her early stories are mostly about front-line themes and theater. For the first time publ. in f. Theater (1956). And, she wrote and numerous. stories about children, the world to-rykh she understands and conveys. A. speaks in schools, arranging, as it were, a complementary lesson, in which she reads both classics to children and her own. stories, cit .: My stories, Moscow, 1959; Small ensemble, M., 1971."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AUERBACH Chaim ben Yitzchok (| - 1839), rabbi, writer. On the maternal side, he descended from I. Karo. A. held the post of rabbi in Lenchitsa, dealt with issues of rabbinical law. character, \"Dibre Mishpat\" (Kropotin, 1835), research. on questions stated. in dep. \"Shoshen Mishpat\" by I. Karo, published by A.'s son, Menachem, a rabbi in the Island, with additions."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AUKSHTADVARIS, a settlement in Trakai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vysoky Dvor Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 194 Jews (27.9%) lived in Armenia in 1888, 309 (43.5%) in 1897, and 272 in 1923 (33, 4%), in the 1930s. - 297, in 1941 - 230 Jews. The first Jews settled in Armenia in the 18th century. In the end. 1890s a Zionist organization was created in Armenia. Since 1900, Abram Dantskir (1863–?) And Reuven Braz (until 1932) have been rabbis in Armenia. There was a synagogue. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1930, the Yavne school was established. In the 1930s. branches of \"Maccabi\", \"Gordonia\", dec. Jewish org-tions. In 1932-35 Mordechai Rabinovich was the rabbi, in 1935-41 - Aron Elinovich (? -1941). 1941 approx. 200 Jews of A. were taken to Trakai and shot by the Lithuanian police. Eight Jews of A. hid in the woods for three years until liberation. In the beginning. 1990s a memorial sign with an inscription in Yiddish and lit. language."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AUKSTOYI PANEMUNE, now a district within the city of Kaunas (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1559. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Ponemon of Mariampolskiy u. Augustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. In 1897, 775 Jews (49%) lived in AP. 19th century A.P. had a synagogue. In the 1880s. Rabbi A.P. was Avrom Lichtenstein, from 1890 - Benjamin Maisel, from 1926 - Efroim-Nison Mayofis, who died during the Holocaust. In 1931 Jews owned 13 out of 20 shops, factories for the production of effervescent waters, husband. hats, felt, 2 mills, bakery, sawmill. Jews of A.P. were destroyed during the Holocaust."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AULIE-ATA, see Zhambyl."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AUSLENDER Sergei Abramovich (1886, Petersburg - 1943), prose writer, playwright, critic. The son of the People's Will A.Ya. Auslender. Mother - from the nobility, sister of the poet M.A. Kuzmin. He graduated from the 7th city in St. Petersburg (1906). In 1906-10 he studied at the verbal department. ist.-philol. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that. In 1908 - a member of the Pushkin seminary of S.A. Vengerov. In 1906–08 he collaborated with VF Komissarzhevskaya. Began to publish in 1905 in g. \"Bulletin Wed. institutions ”,“ Lights ”,“ Students ”,“ Spring ”. From 1910 he published critical. Art. into gas. \"Speech\". First Sat stories - \"Golden Apples\" (1908). In 1912 A. released the 2nd collection. - \"Stories\", in 1913 - rom. \"The last satellite\", in which he tried to convey the atmosphere of lit. and artist. Petersburg in the 1910s. From 1914 he acted as a playwright. From the end. 1915 printed correspondence from the front to Petrograd. editions, in 1916 ed. Sat. stories \"Warrior's Heart\", after eating, the events of the 1st world. war. In 1918 - in Moscow, collaborated in gas. \"A life\". From Jan. 1919 was published in Kolchak gas. \"Sib. speech \". Publ. it contains the last rum. \"Visions of Life\" (about the time of the 1st World War). Since 1922 again in Moscow, broke with the former literature. environment, wrote Ch. arr. ist.-rev. stories and stories for youth. Coll. op. (v. 1–5, 7, M., 1928) consists only of children. novellas written after 1922. In 1937 he was repressed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AUCE, a city (since 1925) in the Dobele region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 18th century as the primogeniture of Count von Medem. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alt-Auz Doblensky u. Kurland province. In 1918-25 - Veh-Auce, from 1925 - Auce as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 138 Jews (9%) lived in Armenia, in 1925 - 157 (6%), in 1930 - 151 (5%), in 1935 - 147 (4%) Jews have lived in Armenia since the 1880s. biennium Since 1887 LB Ovchinsky was the rabbi. In 1899 a synagogue building was built, in 1901 - a mikvah, founded. hevra kaddish. In 1905, fearing a pogrom, some of the Jews left Armenia for some time. Since 1920 the community of A. has been assisted by the Joint. The rabbi was Yoel Pisetsky. Two doctors and one in three dentists in A. were Jewish. Zionist org-tions worked actively. All the Jews of Armenia were shot in the end. Aug 1941."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVDEEVKA, city (since 1956) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1884 as a settlement of Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 46 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 38 Jews. In 1919 the Jewish population of Armenia suffered from a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army. 1942 in A. 9 Jews were shot, January 23. - 4 Jews, to the end. jan. 1942 - 27 Jews. LB Fabrikant."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVDOTIEVKA, a village in the Shirokovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Avdot'evka (other name. Venediktovka) of the Alexandria district. Kherson province. 29 Apr. In 1942 a workers' camp was created in Armenia, where all able-bodied Jews from Kamenka were taken out. The prisoners were used on the construction of the Kryvyi Rih - Dnepropetrovsk highway."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVERBAKH Ilya Alexandrovich (1934, Leningrad - 1986, ibid.), Film director and playwright. Graduated from the Leningrad Medical Institute, worked as a doctor. Graduated from the Higher. courses for directors and screenwriters at the Lenfilm studio. The author of scripts for popular science and game f. He made his directing debut in 1967. He staged fiction films. \"Degree of risk\" (1968, Grand Prix at the International Film Festival of the Red Cross in Varna, Bulgaria, 1969), \"Monologue\" (1972), \"Letters from Others\" (1975, special jury at the I IFF in Naples, Italy, 1976 ), \"Declaration of love\" (1977), \"Voice\" (1982) and others. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1976)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVERBAKH Leopold Leonidovich (1903, Saratov - 1938), lit. critic, publicist, literary society. activist. R. in the merchant. family. He studied at the city. Member of the RKSM of the first composition. On instructions from the Comintern of Youth, he worked abroad. Ed. g. Young Guard (1922–24), then railway “On lit. post ”(1926–32) and gene. sec. The RAPP, which tried to turn the writers' organization into a \"cell of the Central Committee with literature\" and pursued a policy of ousting writers-\"fellow travelers\". Publicistic. and critical. A.'s works were distinguished by intolerance, class limitations, and vulgarization of the nature of the arts. creativity. After the liquidation of the RAPP, he took part in the preparation of the 1st All. Congress of Sov. writers and the implementation of a number of undertakings by M. Gorky (collection of articles about the White Sea-Baltic Canal, ser. book: \"History of Factories and Plants\", etc.). Auth. book “Cultural Revolution and Modern Issues. literature \", M.-L., 1928; “On the tasks of the flight. literature ”, ibid., 1928, etc., which today are of interest only as a document of the era. Repressed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVERBAKH Mikhail Iosifovich (1872, Mariupol - 1944, Moscow), ophthalmologist, acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1895) and was left at the clinic of eye diseases. From 1900 he worked at the Ophthalmological Hospital. V.A. and A.A. Alekseevs (since 1903 chief doctor), on the basis of a cut in 1910 founded the Department of Eye Diseases Mosk. higher wives. courses. In 1931–44 he headed the founder. named after the Department of Eye Diseases Center, Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors, at the same time (1935–44) Dir. Research Institute of Eye Diseases. G. Helmholtz, in the organization to-rogo he took an active part. Prev Vses. and Mosk. about-in eye doctors. scientific. A.'s works are devoted to various refractions of the eyes (doct. dis., 1900), problems of trachoma, glaucoma, eye traumatism, blindness, pediatric ophthalmology, ophthalmosurgery (developed and introduced into practice a number of new operations), etc. A. - the creator of scientific. schools (M.L. Krasnov, P.E. Tikhomirov and others). Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR established the prize MI Averbakh, awarded for the best scientific. work in the field of ophthalmology. His name was given to the eye clinic of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, children's eye hospital at the Research Institute of Eye Diseases. G. Helmholtz, on the territory. a bust of A. was installed in 1952; on the Golitsynsky building of the First city hospital - mem. plaque in honor of A. Zasl. Scientist of the RSFSR (1933). Became. pr. (1943). Works: Ophthalmological essays, M.-L., 1940; The main forms of changes in the optic nerve, M., 1944; Damage to the eyes and their surrounding parts, M.-L., 1945."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVERBAKH Mikhail Mikhailovich (b. 1925, Moscow), pathologist and immunomorphologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1962), prof. (1964). Father - A. Mikhail Mikhailovich (1902-1955), obstetrician-gynecologist, associate professor, dean to lay down. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow honey. in-that; grandfather M.I. Averbakh. In 1949 he graduated to lay down. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, entered graduate school at the department of pathological. anatomy of the same inst. Since 1952 scientific. sotr., and then deputy. dir. by scientific. work Center. Institute of tuberculosis. scientific. works (St. 300, including 10 monographs) are devoted to the problems of pathogenesis, immunomorphology and immunogenetics of tuberculosis and other lung diseases. Honored. active sciences of the RSFSR. Cit .: Immunobiological bases of anti-tuberculosis vaccination, M., Medicine, 1970; Delayed type hypersensitivity and anti-tuberculosis immunity, M., Medicine, 1974; Immunology and immunopathology of tuberculosis, M., 1976; Immunological aspects of lung diseases, M., 1980; Immunogenetics of infectious diseases, M., 1985."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVERBAKH Yuri Lvovich (b. 1922, Kaluga), chess player; int. grandmaster (1952), international. Arbitrator (1969). Member Executive Committee (1978–82) and the Central Committee (1974–82) of FIDE. Prev chess. Federation of the USSR (1972–77). Ch. ed. g. Chess in the USSR (1962–91) and Chess Bulletin (1991–93). Shahm. theoretician, historian and writer, Champion of Moscow (1949, 1950, 1962) and the USSR (1954). Participant in the Candidates Tournament (1953) and Interzonal Tournaments (1952 and 1958). Winner of the Intern. tournaments (including Dresden (1956), Vienna (1961), Moscow (1962), Rio de Janeiro (1956), Polyanica-Zdroj (1975)). A.'s research in the region. endgame and chess history received an international. recognition. Cit .: In search of truth: (Notes of a grandmaster), M., 1967 and 1993; Travel to chess. Kingdom, 2nd ed., M., 1976 (et al.); Shahm. graduation, M., 1980."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVERBUKH Jacobo (1904, Kamenets - |), industrialist. Studied philosophy and societies. Sciences. There was a prez. youth organization \"Kadima\" in Kamenets; headed by Gehaluts (Bukovina, Romania). He worked in the electronic industry. Since 1940 Gen. Secretary of the Zionist Federation of Colombia. Founder of the Cultural Center for the Jews of Colombia, the first Hebrew. schools in Bogota. Published in Colombian periodicals. ed. and abroad."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVERBUKH Rebekka Abramovna (1891, Kazan - 1978, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1938). Graduated from the Higher. wives courses at Kazan University, those taught history in Wed. school. From 1924 in Moscow, in 1924–27 she studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History RANION in the seminars of prof. N.M. Lukina and acad. V.P. Volgin. In 1925–29 he was a scientific secretary. section on the history of the West in the Society of historians-Marxists under the Communist. Academy, read a course on general history in the Communist. un-those working people of the East and the Academy of Communist. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskoy, after graduate school - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History Communist. Academy (from 1936 - Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, from 1969 - Institute of General History). In 1944–58 - prof. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University. Author of works on the history of modern and modern times (the history of Hungary, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the 19th and 20th centuries). She participated in the preparation of a number of calls. works, monographs, uch. manuals. Cit .: The Tsar's intervention in the fight against the Hungarian. the roar of 1848-1849, M., 1935; Italy in the first and second world. wars, M., 1946; Revolution and national liberation. wrestling in Hungary 1848-1849, M. 1965; Revolution in Austria (1848–1849!), M., 1970."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Averbukh Wolf (1890-1936 |), polit. activist. From his youth he participated in the roar. movement. Under the influence of Art. brother Zvi (ps. - Alexander Khesin) joined Poalei Zion. During the 1st world. war, being a Russian soldier. army, got into Austr. captivity. After the revolution of 1917, a lion was at the head. Poaley Zion wing in Russia. From 1922 - in E.-I. Was engaged in illegal desks. activities. He was the first Heb. communist. a figure who established ties with the Arabs of Shechem and Nazareth. Collaborated in the communist. press. Articles were signed by ps. Abu Zion. In 1930 he was exiled to Russia, where the NKVD was arrested and, apparently, died in prison."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АВГУСТОВ, город (с 1561) в Сувалкском воеводстве (Республика Польша). В 16—18 вв. — в составе Речи Посполитой, в 1795—1807 — Пруссии, в 1807—15 — Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1837—66 — центр Августовской, с 1867 — уездный город Сувалкской губ. В 1918—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—45 — БССР.В 1765 в А. проживало 239 евреев, в 1800 — 462 (29%), в 1808 — 984 (28%), в 1820 — 1167, в 1827 — 1482 (41%), в 1857 — 3669 (46%), в 1897 — 3468 (36%), в 1921 — 2261 (24%), в 1931 — 2397 (26%), в 1939 — ок. 3000 евреев.Евреи поселились в А. с момента его основания. В 1578 евреи А. получили привилегии заниматься торговлей, ремеслом и продажей алкоголя; развивались торговля рыбой и извоз. Община существовала в А. со 2-й пол. 17 в. Первая синагога была построена в 1840-х гг. В 1897 имелось 5 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища. В нач. 1840-х гг. — 1854 раввином А. был Шмуэль-Авигдор Тосефталь, в 1854—70 — Исраэль-Иссер Шапиро, с 1870 — Мойше-Ицхок Галеви, затем его зять раби Катриэль-Натан. С 1870-х гг. до нач. 20 в. казенным раввином в А. служил писатель Зеев Шперлинг, получивший известность как переводчик на иврит книг Жюля Верна. В А. действовали хедеры и талмуд-тора. В 1827—62 евреям, не являвшимся пост. жителями А., было запрещено селиться в А. из-за его близости к границе с Пруссией.В кон. 19 в. евреи владели 3 мельницами, 2 лесопилками, каменоломней, мастерской по выделке кож (продукция продавалась по всей России), мастерской по произ-ву фарфоровых изделий. В этот же период мн. еврейские семьи пострадали от пожаров, в результате к-рых остались без крова. Благодаря финансовой поддержке со стороны Г.О.Гинцбурга и М.Монтефиоре им удалось поправить материальное положение. В А. начало развиваться текстильное произ-во, давшее источники заработка для мн. евреев. В это же время была осн. благотворит. орг-ция «Линат Цедек», оказывавшая помощь больным и бедным. Имелась небольшая хасидская община со своей синагогой. В 1885 возн. первая сионистская группа «Доршей Цион», деятельность к-рой проходила нелегально в рамках открытой тогда б-ки. В 1905 начала работать ячейка Бунда. В 1917 открылась нач. еврейская школа. Действовали отд-ния сионистских партий и движений, «Агудас Исроэль». В 1919 создано еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. При поддержке Джойнта в 1922 было открыто отд-ние Кооперативного кредитного банка, к-рый предоставил ссуды почти половине еврейского населения А. В 1927 была осн. школа для девочек «Бейс Яаков». Активно работало отд-ние Бунда. В 1922—25 раввином А. был Ицхок Косовский, в 1925—34 — Азриэл-Зелиг Кошелевский, в кон. 1930-х гг. — Гирш Лайгер, погибший в период Катастрофы.В сент. 1939 А. был занят частями РККА. В это же время в А. прибывали беженцы из зап. районов Польши, оккупированных герм. войсками. В 1940 сов. власти выселили всех беженцев за 100 км от новой границы; большинство из них поселились в Барановичах и Слониме.22 июня 1941 А. был занят герм. войсками. Расстрелы евреев начались сразу же. 3 июля 1941 в А. было расстреляно 316 чел., в основном евреев, в авг. 1941 — ок. 1500 евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 в А. было создано гетто, где находилось ок. 2 тыс. чел., в осн. женщин и детей из А., а также из окрестных местечек. 2 нояб. 1942 евреи были вывезены в транзитный лагерь в Богуше, а оттуда — в лагеря уничтожения Треблинка и Освенцим. После ликвидации гетто в А. продолжали жить неск. евреев-выкрестов с семьями. Они были убиты на еврейском кладбище летом 1943. В сер. мая 1943 в А. была привезена группа евреев, к-рые сожгли останки ок. 5 тыс. чел., расстрелянных в Клезицком и Шацевском лесах. На разрушенном еврейском кладбище установлен памятный знак.В А. род. Р.Синай, Р.Х.П.Стоукс., pronunciation=АВГУСТОВ, город (с 1561) в Сувалкском воеводстве (Республика Польша). В 16—18 вв. — в составе Речи Посполитой, в 1795—1807 — Пруссии, в 1807—15 — Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1837—66 — центр Августовской, с 1867 — уездный город Сувалкской губ. В 1918—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—45 — БССР.В 1765 в А. проживало 239 евреев, в 1800 — 462 (29%), в 1808 — 984 (28%), в 1820 — 1167, в 1827 — 1482 (41%), в 1857 — 3669 (46%), в 1897 — 3468 (36%), в 1921 — 2261 (24%), в 1931 — 2397 (26%), в 1939 — ок. 3000 евреев.Евреи поселились в А. с момента его основания. В 1578 евреи А. получили привилегии заниматься торговлей, ремеслом и продажей алкоголя; развивались торговля рыбой и извоз. Община существовала в А. со 2-й пол. 17 в. Первая синагога была построена в 1840-х гг. В 1897 имелось 5 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища. В нач. 1840-х гг. — 1854 раввином А. был Шмуэль-Авигдор Тосефталь, в 1854—70 — Исраэль-Иссер Шапиро, с 1870 — Мойше-Ицхок Галеви, затем его зять раби Катриэль-Натан. С 1870-х гг. до нач. 20 в. казенным раввином в А. служил писатель Зеев Шперлинг, получивший известность как переводчик на иврит книг Жюля Верна. В А. действовали хедеры и талмуд-тора. В 1827—62 евреям, не являвшимся пост. жителями А., было запрещено селиться в А. из-за его близости к границе с Пруссией.В кон. 19 в. евреи владели 3 мельницами, 2 лесопилками, каменоломней, мастерской по выделке кож (продукция продавалась по всей России), мастерской по произ-ву фарфоровых изделий. В этот же период мн. еврейские семьи пострадали от пожаров, в результате к-рых остались без крова. Благодаря финансовой поддержке со стороны Г.О.Гинцбурга и М.Монтефиоре им удалось поправить материальное положение. В А. начало развиваться текстильное произ-во, давшее источники заработка для мн. евреев. В это же время была осн. благотворит. орг-ция «Линат Цедек», оказывавшая помощь больным и бедным. Имелась небольшая хасидская община со своей синагогой. В 1885 возн. первая сионистская группа «Доршей Цион», деятельность к-рой проходила нелегально в рамках открытой тогда б-ки. В 1905 начала работать ячейка Бунда. В 1917 открылась нач. еврейская школа. Действовали отд-ния сионистских партий и движений, «Агудас Исроэль». В 1919 создано еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. При поддержке Джойнта в 1922 было открыто отд-ние Кооперативного кредитного банка, к-рый предоставил ссуды почти половине еврейского населения А. В 1927 была осн. школа для девочек «Бейс Яаков». Активно работало отд-ние Бунда. В 1922—25 раввином А. был Ицхок Косовский, в 1925—34 — Азриэл-Зелиг Кошелевский, в кон. 1930-х гг. — Гирш Лайгер, погибший в период Катастрофы.В сент. 1939 А. был занят частями РККА. В это же время в А. прибывали беженцы из зап. районов Польши, оккупированных герм. войсками. В 1940 сов. власти выселили всех беженцев за 100 км от новой границы; большинство из них поселились в Барановичах и Слониме.22 июня 1941 А. был занят герм. войсками. Расстрелы евреев начались сразу же. 3 июля 1941 в А. было расстреляно 316 чел., в основном евреев, в авг. 1941 — ок. 1500 евреев. В кон. авг. 1941 в А. было создано гетто, где находилось ок. 2 тыс. чел., в осн. женщин и детей из А., а также из окрестных местечек. 2 нояб. 1942 евреи были вывезены в транзитный лагерь в Богуше, а оттуда — в лагеря уничтожения Треблинка и Освенцим. После ликвидации гетто в А. продолжали жить неск. евреев-выкрестов с семьями. Они были убиты на еврейском кладбище летом 1943. В сер. мая 1943 в А. была привезена группа евреев, к-рые сожгли останки ок. 5 тыс. чел., расстрелянных в Клезицком и Шацевском лесах. На разрушенном еврейском кладбище установлен памятный знак.В А. род. Р.Синай, Р.Х.П.Стоукс., extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVIDA (Zlotnik) Yehuda Leib (1887, Plock - 1962, Israel), rabbi, leader in the field of Hebrews. education, research. folklore, publicist. Educated at the Yeshiva Volozhin. Rabbi since 1910. In 1911-1919, a rabbi in Gombin in Poland. During the 1st world. war was taken hostage by a local Russian. command in connection with possible espionage activities of Chl. his communities. In 1917 he founded and up to 1920 gene. sec. org-tion Mizrahi in Poland. From 1920 - in Canada, where he successively held posts: director. Heb. nat. Foundation in Canada, Dir. Heb. schools in Montreal and a rabbi in Vancouver. Since 1938 in South Africa, where as director. South African Council for Heb. education gradually consolidated the structure of Heb. enlightenment: he founded a seminary for the training of teachers (edges were later named after him) and developed a model for a children's school and early. day schools. Since 1949 in Israel. The versatility of A.'s personality was reflected not only in his activity in the Zionist movement, education, and religion, but also in his fruitful activity as a publicist and philologist, who wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, and English, as well as a folklorist and ethnologist. His first works in these regions. appeared in 1917, when he was still a rabbi in Gombina. He wrote under the ps. Yehuda Elzet (formed from the initial letters of his name Leib Zlotnik). Shortly before his death, he became prez. Israel Institute of Folklore and Ethnology. The author of fundamental philology. tr. in Yiddish \"Wunder Oitser fun der Yidischer Sprah\" (vols. 1-4, 1919-20) and the book. Koyheles der mentsch un dos bukh (1929)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVIDA Mordechai (b. 1909, Plock), diplomat. Studied at McGill University (Montreal), Heb. un-those (Jerusalem). Since 1930 in E.-I. In 1943–48 ed. Heb. British programs radio broadcaster. service in E.-I. In 1948–49 - deputy. dir. dep. British Commonwealth Foreign Office; in 1949–52 - one of the founders and director. radio \"Kol Zion la Gola\" (\"Voice of Zion for the Diaspora\"). In 1953–56 he was the cultural attaché of the Israeli mission in Buenos Aires. In 1956–58 he was responsible for South Amer. inf. dep. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1958–61 - Counselor at the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, from 1961 - Director. Dept. on cultural relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVIDAR-CHERNOVITS Yamima (b. 1909), writer. From 1921 in E.-I. Graduated from the Herzliya government in Tel Aviv; high fur boots of Vienna and Berlin (she studied individual psychology with Alfred Adler). Published approx. 40 kn. for kids. State Israel Ave (1984)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVIDAR Yosef (b. 1906, Kremenets, Volyn province), military man. activist and diplomat, brigadier general. From 1925 in E.-I., from 1927 a member. Gagany, in 1937–46 was a member of its higher. command. In 1946 the deputy. early Gene. headquarters of Gagana, in 1947–49 he headed the supply department. In 1950–55 teams. Center, and North. districts. In 1955–58 he was ambassador to the USSR. In 1958-60 gen. dir. Ministry of Labor. In 1960–68 he was ambassador to Argentina. 1968–71 finance. Inspector Histadrut."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVIDOR (Burshtein) Moshe (b. 1906, Kiev), education worker, society. activist. From 1913 to E.-I. In 1931 he graduated from Columbia University. Doctor of Philosophy (1933). In 1933–42 he taught history at the Herzliya state institution (Tel Aviv). In 1942–48 - an inspector of the Hebrews. schools in E.-I. In 1948–52 - inspector for special affairs of the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture, in 1952–53 - his general. dir. He held the post before. Nat. Commission of UNESCO (since 1954), Societies. Broadcasting Council (since 1961). Member Execute. Committee of UNESCO (since 1962). Author of the book: \"Self-government of Jews in E.-I.\" (1934), Education in Israel (1958). Published Art. on history and education in Heb. and English. g."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVIDUV Yani (1891-1970, Israel), leader of the Zionist movement. In E.-I. since 1921. Member. party ha-Poel ha-Tsair. One of the organizers of illegal immigration through sowing. border, as well as from Greece and North. Africa. In the period preceding the creation of the state of Israel, he, together with Israel, managed to bring to E.-I. thousands of date palm seedlings, which served as the basis for date plantations in the Arava."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVIGDOR Ben Shmuel (| - 1771, Vilna), rabbi. In 1719-1768 he served as a rabbi in Pruzhany, Pruzhany, Vilkavishki and Zelva. The author of responses. A.'s son - Shmuel, the rabbi of Vilna."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVIGDORI (Vendorkhoys) Shneur Zalman (1891, Nikolaev - 1960, Israel), doctor, one of the first fighters against malaria and tuberculosis in E.-I. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. During the 1st world. war - military. doctor of the Russian army. In 1919 he arrived at E.-I. on the ship \"Ruslan\". He was a doctor in Galilee, and later in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. One of the founders of public medicine in Israel. Founder of the League Against Tuberculosis and the Doctors' Union."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVINOSTO, see Avinyuosta."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVINOVITSKY Yakov Lazarevich (1897–1938, Moscow), military leader, corps commissar (1935); Dr. ped. Sciences (1936). The son of a teacher. He graduated from the beginning. bunk bed uch-shche (1913), special. ped. courses (1916), worked as a teacher. Since 1919 in Kr. Army. Deputy prev. Cheka under the defense committee of the Lithuanian-Belarusian. republics. Then until Oct. 1920 - to the West. fr. In 1921 one of the hands. suppression of the so-called. Antonov rebellion in Tambov province., then Commissioner of chemical. advanced training courses for command personnel. He graduated from the same courses (1922), 2 courses of economics. f-that Ying-that them. K. Marx (1923). In 1932–34 the beginning. and the military commissar of the military. Academy of the Red Army, from 1934 - beginning. and military commissar. academy of chemical protection, one of the founders and organizers of chemical. service Kr. Army. Shot."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVINYUOSTA, a village in the Zarasai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Avinosto Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, since 1842 - Kovenskaya province. Before the 1st world. During the war, Armenia had a Jewish population."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVITSUR Shmuel (b. 1908, Baku), geographer, ethnographer. Studied at Baku University. In E.-I. - from 1931. In 1938 he founded the first in E.-I. Department of Regional Studies. In 1952 he founded the Institute of Local Lore. Haim Avshalom. Prof. Tel Aviv University. Etc. Israel Geography (1977). The author of works on geography, local history and archeology E.-I."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVNER (Zelikovich) Elimelech (1897-1957, Israel), military. activist, general (1948). From 1917 in E.-I., mobilized for a tour. army, commanded a company in Macedonian fr., then in fr. Gases. In 1918 he volunteered for Heb. legion Brit. army, where he served for 2 years. In 1921 he participated in the development of the basic. plan of the teachings of Gagana, at the same time led the first in E.-I. training course for officers. Since 1931, he was a member of the high command of Gagana, was its commander in Tel Aviv, and later in Yuzh. Galilee."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVNI (Kaminkovsky) Aron (1906, Yekaterinoslav - 1951, Israel), artist, architect, teacher. He studied in Heb. (Hebrew) g-zii (Yekaterinoslav) and at the Academy of Arts (Moscow). Member of \"Ge-Halutz\". From 1925 in E.-I. Until 1928 he studied at the Bezalel Academy. Participated in exhibitions of the studio \"Masad\", which opposed the traditionalist style of \"Bezalel\" and followed the path of the \"Parisian school\". In 1930 - the first personal exhibition in Tel Aviv. In 1930–32 he studied in Paris. Upon returning to E.-I. worked as architect. at the City Hall of Jaffa. He taught architecture and mathematics. He founded a painting and sculpture studio. Participant pl. exhibitions in E.-I. and other countries. The Avni Institute is named after him."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVNIEL Mordechai (1900, Pinsk - |), artist, lawyer. Hood. educated at the Higher School of Arts in Yekaterinburg. Delegate from \"Tseirei Zion\" Yekaterinburg at the Zionist congress in Moscow (1920). In E.-I. - from 1921. In 1923–28 - director. and teacher of the miniature department at the Bezalel Academy. In 1929–34 he collaborated in the revisionist press. In 1932 he graduated from law. school in Jerusalem and began to practice law. In 1948–65, he was a member. mountains. Haifa Council from Herut Party; was a member of the Supreme Court. As a landscape painter, he participated in art. exhibitions in Israel and other countries."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVNIMELEKH Moshe (1899, Warsaw - 1971, Jerusalem), geologist, paleontologist. He studied at high fur boots in Warsaw, Göttingen and Grenoble. An activist of \"ha-Shomer ha-Tsair\". In E.-I. from 1922. In 1925 he returned to Poland and taught at the Tarbut school. He returned to E.-I. in 1930, taught in Heb. un-those in Jerusalem. Since 1952 - prof."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVNON Yaakov (b. 1919, Vilno), diplomat. Since 1937 in E.-I. Graduated from the Technion in Haifa. In 1940–46 he served in Britain. army, demobilized with the rank of major. From 1950 to a diploma. work: in 1952–55 1st sec. Embassy of Israel in Sweden, in 1955-61 gene. consul in Los Angeles, then ambassador to Sierra Leone."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVODA (Hebrew - work), a former Jewish agricultural artel in the Dzhankoy region of Crimea. ASSR. Main in 1923 by immigrants from the North. In 1923, 195 people lived in Armenia. at 1219 dec. land. The Joint provided great help to the settlers. In the 1920s. there was a synagogue in A. Financial aid for religion. The needs of the A. community were provided by J.-I. Schneerson. The Jewish population of A. was exterminated in the end. 1941."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVRAAM-SIMKHA MSTISLAVSKY (early 19th century - 1864), tzadik. Son of Rabbi Pogostsky and nephew of H. Volozhinsky. Under the guidance of his uncle, Rabbi Chaim, he studied the Talmud and Kabbalah in Volozhin, and after the death of Rabbi Chaim he became a yeshiva teacher. About 1835 he took up the post of rabbi in Mstislavl, Mogilev province, where he was until 1864. The author of the correspondence with the present-day. rabbis for jurisprudence. The part of the book that remained after the fire was published after his death by his son Chaim-Joseph."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVRAAMOVO, see Abramovo."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVREKH Aron Yakovlevich (1915, Kirsanov, Tambov province - 1988, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1967). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940) and taught history at ped. in-those of Mr. Engels. Since Aug. 1941 at the front. After demobilization (1946) he taught history at the Arkhangelsk pedagogue. in-those, in 1947-50 he studied at the graduate school of Moscow State University. In 1950–54 he worked in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences as a consultant on problems of history, from 1954 at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1968 at the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences). Since 1954, deputy. responsible secretary, in 1958–61 responsible. sec. collection \"East. notes \". Author of works on the history of the state. building, int. politics and societies.-polit, struggle in Russia at the beginning. 20th century Articles A. “On certain questions of the rev. situations ”(“ Questions of the history of the KPSS ”, 1966, No. 5) and“ Rus. absolutism and its role in the establishment of capitalism in Russia \"(\" History of the USSR \", 1968, No. 2) gave rise to a lively scientific. discussions. Participated in the preparation of a number of multivolume publications, incl. \"History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day\", vol. 6 (Moscow, 1968). Cit .: Tsarism and the third June system, Moscow, 1966; Stolypin and the Third Duma, M., 1968; Tsarism and the IV Duma. 1912-1914, M., 1981; The collapse of the third June system, M., 1985; Tsarism on the eve of the overthrow, M., 1989; Freemasons and Revolution, M., 1990; P.A. Stolypin and the fate of reforms in Russia, M., 1991."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVROM-ABELE ben Avrom-Shloyme (1764 1836), rabbi. Known as Abele Posvoler. He was a student of Shloyme from Vilkomir. In his youth, he became a rabbi in Posvol (near Kovna), from 1802 - the head of the Vilna \"beis-din\", held this post in tech. 30 years. In 1835 he intervened in a discussion between ed. Talmud by the Romm family (Vilna) and the Shapiro (Slavuta) brothers. (Publishing house from Slavuta started work earlier and believed that the Romm family usurped their initiative). In 1822 Jews E.-I. financial difficulties arose, and A. called on the Jews of Poland and Lithuania to help them. A. failed to publish. his tr., but some of them have survived in the records of his contemporaries. A. approved \"Teuda be-Israel\" I.B. Levinzon, one of the leading grew. \"Maskilim\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVRUNIN Abraham (1869-1957), philologist and specialist in the region. Hebrew grammar. Rod. in Russia; joined the Hibbat Zion movement and became a staunch Zionist. In 1898 he taught Hebrew in Minsk and devoted himself to the study of Hebrew linguistics. From 1910 in E.-I., where he taught in Wed. schools in Tel Aviv and the College of Educators for Children. gardens, d. his student I. Galperin. A. fought for the use of pure and literate Hebrew. The author is etymological. and linguistic. works, Hebrew grammar (with A. Pepper, 1922), wrote poetry and epigrams, led a linguist's column in the gas. \"Haaretz\" and was co-editor of the periodical. ed. \"Va'ad ha-Lashon\", \"Leshonenu la-Am\". He wrote commentaries on the \"Book of Job\" (jointly with AZ Rabinovich, 1916); research \"Medieval poetry in Hebrew\" (1929); prepared by ed. books by Y. Al-Kharivi with a preface and commentary (1945)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVRUSHCHENKO Vladimir Izrailevich (1908, Yampol, Podolsk province - 1941, approx. Pyryatin), poet. From 1918 to 1925 he lived in Poltava, where he graduated from high school. Here he began to write poetry. The first verse, published in the Kharkov Komsomol, Gaz. in 1925. In the same year he moved to Moscow, where he studied at the Higher. lit. courses and in Lit. in-those. His poems were published in the newspaper: \"Komsomolskaya Pravda\", \"Literaturnaya Gazeta\", \"Krestyanskaya Gazeta\", in f. Ogonyok, Molodaya Gvardiya, Novy Mir, Oktyabr and others. Before the war of 1941–45, more than 100 verses were published, and more than 50 trans. in Russian lang. from Ukrainian, Belarusian, Ossetian. and other languages. In 1932, Sat. his poems \"The Fourth Battalion\", in 1935 in Poltava Sat. \"Poltava\", in 1937 in Kiev - Sat. \"Gardens\". In the beginning. During the 1941–45 war, he volunteered for the French, worked for the army gas. \"Combat Campaign\". He was wounded, captured and executed. In 1971, the book was published. his poems \"The Oath\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVRUTIK Avratam N. (1909, Kherson - 1982, USA), rabbi, religious activist. In 1921-29 he lived in Canada. Since 1929 - in the USA. Bachelor of Arts (1934). Rabbi since 1936 (after graduating from the Theological Seminary of Rabbi Isaac Elhanan). Since 1947 hand. decomp. religious associations: member. executive committee of the Union of Orthodox Jews. communities of America; in 1948-50, vice-president. Council of America's Rabbis, in 1950–56, founder and 1st Pres. Connecticut Rabbis Council, since 1962 - Pres. Council of America's Rabbis."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVRUTIS Chaim Avraamovich (b. 1928, Baryshevka, Kiev region), painter, graphic artist. From a Hasidic family, but after the death of his father and grandfather, he lost contact with Heb. tradition. Since 1933 in Moscow. Studied in a private art. N.V. Sinitsyn's studio (1937–40), in the Moscow Art School (1940–47) in the class. V.V. Pochitalov, then at the Moscow Art Institute. VI Surikov (1947–53). In 1954–67 he lived in Novosibirsk, worked primarily. in the portrait genre (the Theorists series, etc.). At the turn of the 50-60s. joined the so-called. \"Severe style\", which is usually characterized by a dark color and expressive heavy brushstroke. At the same time. A. worked a lot in the region. book ill. for children, led by teach. and will enlighten. active Since 1971 he has been living and working in Troitsk Moscow. region He created a number of cycles (ch. Arr. Tempera), the best of which is the \"Great French Revolution\". Whole sir. works devoted to Heb. subject (\"The scripture says ...\", \"Boy and the Talmudists\", \"Menorah: The Tree of Martyrs\", etc.). In recent years. paints portraits and landscapes of the Moscow region. Participant of group and personal exhibitions."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVRUTSKY Grigory Yakovlevich (1924, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Psychiatrist. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. (1969). After graduating from Military med. Academy in Leningrad (1948) served as a military man. a psychiatrist. From 1953 until the end of his life he worked in Moscow. Research Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (his teachers were M.Ya. Sereisky, D.E. Melekhov, S.G. Zhislin). In 1961 he improved in England and France, incl. from the French. scientists J. Delei and P. Deniker - pioneers of psychopharmacotherapy. The formation and development of psychopharmacotherapy in the USSR is associated with the name of A. His scientific. tr. dedicated psychopharmacology, org-tion of community-acquired therapeutic. assistance to the mentally ill and other problems of psychiatry. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1987). State etc. USSR (1980). Cit .: Treatment of the mentally ill, M., 1981 (et al.)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVSHALOM (Fridman) Chaim (1890-1952, Israel), trade unionist. In his youth, he was an activist of the Ceireytsion. After the revolution in Russia, together with I. Trumpeldor, he created \"Ge Halutz\". From 1919 - in E.-I. He worked as a road worker, was a delegate to the founding congress of trade unions (1920). One of the founders of the union of working youth. Hereinafter - Member. Tel Aviv Workers Council, held leading positions in central prof. organs, mainly. related to culture and education. The \"Avshalom Institute\" at Tel-Aviv University, engaged in local history E.-I."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AVSHAULOV Khizgil Davidovich (b. 1913, Nyugdi village, Dagestan region), writer, folklorist. Writes in TAT and Russian. languages. A classic of Soviet literature of Mountain Jews. Member of the 2nd world. war. Until 1956 he was engaged in journalism. Collaborated in the yearbook \"Council to Vatanimu\", published in the Tatar language. The first story - \"Lovers\" was published in 1939. One of the first collectors and publishers of the folklore of Mountain Jews. In 1940 he published a collection of works. \"Tatsky folklore\". The author of the play \"Love in Danger\". Cit .: Meeting at the spring, M., 1960; Under plane trees, M., 1960; The interpreter of the imam, 1967; The Legend of Love, Makhachkala, 1972; Retribution, M., 1978."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AYALON (Leshchiner) Zvi (b. 1911), military. activist and diplomat, gen. Israel Defense Forces (1948). From 1923 in E.-I. He studied at the Ga-Reali state institution in Haifa and in s.-kh. school \"Mikve-Israel\". In 1927 he joined Gagana, worked his way up from ml. com. to the leading officer of her gen. headquarters. After the creation of the Israel Defense Forces (1948) - deputy. early Gene. headquarters. During the War of Independence, the Center commanded, fr. In 1952, he headed the quartermaster department of Gen. headquarters. In 1954 - teams. Center, neighborhood. In 1955–57 he trained in the USA, from 1957 the beginning. dep. building of the Ministry of Defense of Israel, since 1958 deputy. gene. dir. this min-va. In 1959 he headed a delegation of the Ministry of Defense in Great Britain. Since 1964 - Ambassador to Romania."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AYAN, village, center of Ayano-Maisky district of Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Primorsk region. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Armenia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EICHENWALD Alexander Yulievich (1904, Moscow - 1941, Oryol), economist, publicist. Son of Yu.I. Eichenwald. In 1919–20 p. Krasnopresnenskiy RK and MGK RKP (b), instructor and agitprop party committee in Pyatigorsk. In 1920–21 he studied at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov in Moscow. In oct. 1924 - scientific. sotr. this un-that. In 1924–25 he was a propagandist in the town of Bezhitsa, Bryansk province. In 1925-28 he studied economics. department of the Institute of red professors in Moscow. In 1926-27 he was a member. edition w. \"Communistich. International\". In 1928-29 - prof. political economy in Tatar Communist. un-those in Kazan; author of the brochure \"On the tactics of the Comintern in China\" (1927), pl. articles on the theory of economics and world economy, in f. \"Bolshevik\", \"Under the Banner of Marxism\", \"Communist. International \"and others, monograph\" Sov. economics: Economics and economics, politics of the USSR \". In 1930 he was expelled from the party for belonging to the \"Right Opposition\" and was soon reinstated. In 1933 he was arrested on charges of belonging to the \"Antipart, a group of rightists ...\", sentenced to 2 years in prison (he was kept in the Suzdal political isolator). In 1935 he was sentenced again to 2 years in prison, replaced by exile in the town of Berezov, where A. worked in the floating workshop of Berezovsky fish. s-yes (1935). In Jan. 1937 arrested again on charges of counterrevolution. activities; sentenced to 15 years in prison. He served his sentence in the Oryol prison. 09/11/1941 by the verdict of the Military. Colleges Top. USSR ships were shot."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EIKHENWALD Alexandra Yurievna (b. 1957, Moscow), linguist. Daughter of Y.A. Eichenwald. In 1979 she graduated from the department of structural and applied linguistics philol. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1980–89 she worked at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Cand. philol. Sciences (1989). Since 1989 - prof. Federal University of Santa Catarina State in Florianópolis in Brazil, since 1994 prof. University of Canberra (Australia). Author of many works on the Berber, Anatolian languages, languages ​​of the South Indians. America, according to the Baltic-Finnish mythology; Hebrew specialist, author of approx. 15 articles and monograph “Sovr. Hebrew \", M., 1990."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EIKHENWALD Boris Yulievich (1902, Moscow - 1938), literary critic. Son of Yu.I. Eichenwald). Graduated from Philosophy. dep. ist.-philol. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1922). In 1922–23 scientific. sotr. Inst. Scientific. philosophy. From 1923 he taught Russian. literature in schools and in training courses in higher education. uch. institutions. In Jan. 1926 in Lit. section of the State. acad. artist Sciences (GAKhN) read the report \"Dostoevsky's willfulness\", after which in March he became a freelance scientist. sotr. Philos. dep. Gakhn. In the Commission for the Compilation of the Dictionary of Aesthetic. A. terminology dealt with the concepts of \"Art\", \"Art and Nature\", \"Normativeism\". In Dept. General lawsuit worked on the study of aesthetics. views of NV Gogol, made reports \"The structure of the verbal image\", \"The way of cinema\", etc. Prepared by dis. \"On the lyrics of Pushkin\". The author of Art. about TV-ve MS Shaginyan \"Method\" Hydrocentral \"(Zh.\" Krasnaya nov \", 1933, book 2). Together with A.I.Smirnitsky per. in Russian lang. op. Swede, poet I. Tegner (1935). In apr. 1937 arrested (during arrest, among other papers, A.'s work \"The Philosophy of Betrayal\" was seized), sentenced to 5 years in prison. He died in a camp in the Far East."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EIKHENVALD Lev Isaevich (1873, Balta, Podolsk province - 1954, Odessa), psychiatrist. Brother of Yu.I. Eichenwald. Prof. (1935). Graduated from Yuryevsky University, in 1899-1908 resident of the Odessa psychiatrist. b-tsy. In 1904–05 during the Russian-Japanese period. war was in the army. In 1908-14 - psychiatrist resident. b-tsy in Ufa, in 1913 conducted a census of the mentally ill in the Ufa province., participant of the 1st world. war (military doctor). From 1921 - Ch. doctor Odessa psychiatrist. hospitals. Member Board of the Odessa branch of the Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists, the author of St. 50 scientific. works on clinical issues, court-psychiatric. examination and organization of psychiatrists. help (including the monograph \"The Right of the Mentally Ill\", 1925)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EICHENWALD Julius Isasvich (1872, Balta, Podolsk province - 1928, Berlin), lit. critic. The son of a rabbi. In 1894 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa with a gold medal for the work \"Locke's empiricism and Leibniz's rationalism.\" From 1895 he taught in Moscow, was a secretary scientist. Moscow psychol. about-va, chl. Pushkin Commission of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Translated from him. lang. book K. Fischer \"A. Schopenhauer\" (M., 1895) and complete collection. op. A. Schopenhauer (vols. 1–4, Moscow, 1901–10). A. in pl. periodic. ed. published Art. on philosophy, ped. or T. Topics. Wrote Art. for encycl. dictionary Granat, for “History of Rus. literature \"D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky. A. lit. became famous. portraits, interpretation of the work of Rus. and Western European writers and books. “Silhouettes of Russian. writers \"(vol. 1-3. Moscow, 1906-10),\" Studies on Western Writers \"(Moscow, 1910). A. is a representative of impressionistic, immanent criticism. This criticism contradicted Russian. democratic traditions, for to-rykh were important chap. arr. social problems and journalistic. focus. Believing that the critic has the right to interpret thin. manuf. subjectively, A. saw in the criticism a kind of priest - a mediator between the creator and the reader. In the discussion about the development of t-ra (1900–10) A. stated that t-r had outlived its usefulness, that the scene was depriving thin. the text of its inherent ambiguity. An essay on Belinsky, the inconsistency of which A. proved the inconsistency, caused controversy, after which A. published the book. \"Dispute about Belinsky: Answer to the Critics\" (Moscow, 1914). October. A. did not accept the Revolution of 1917. A number of Art. A. is dedicated to Heb. issue, the origins of anti-Semitism, whose roots in social and spirit. infringement of a person. In 1922, together with other intellectuals of A. was exiled abroad. Lived in Berlin, published in emigre. press, conducted literary critic. dep. into gas. \"Rul\" giving weekly. reviews of owls. and émigré literature, taught in Rus. scientific. in-those, was the soul of lit. about-va \"Club of Writers\", member. to-rogo was V.V. Nabokov, whose aesthetic. views A. had a significant impact. Killed by being hit by a tram."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EIKHENWALD Yuri Alexandrovich (ps: Y. Valich, Y. Sitnikov) (1928, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Poet, translator, member of the human rights movement, son of A.Yu. Eichenwald. After the arrest of his parents, he worked and went to school as a slave. youth. In 1947 he entered the lit. Faculty of Moscow mountains. ped. in-ta them. V.P. Potemkin. In 1949 he was arrested and exiled to Karaganda for 10 years; in exile in 1951 he was arrested again, placed in Leningrad. prison psychiatrist. b-tsu. After rehabilitation (1955) he graduated from lit. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. In 1957–68 he taught literature at school. Since 1957 he has published poetry, trans., Art. into gas. \"Mosk. Komsomolets \",\" Teach. newspaper \",\" Lit. newspaper \", etc., in f. \"Family and School\", \"New World\", \"Theater\", \"Art-in Cinema\" and others. He wrote lyrics for the plays of the Moscow Art Theater, made an authorization. per. plays by O. Zagradnik \"Solo for the striking clock\" (Moscow Art Theater, 1973); per. and made a stage. edition of the comedy by E. Rostan \"Cyrano de Bergerac\" (premiere in the theater \"Contemporary\", 1964). In \"Contemporary\" in the lane. and scenic A.'s edition staged the plays \"The Masters\" by R. Stoyanov (1968) and \"Lorenzaccio\" by A. Musset (1979). Author of the text for the musical \"The Man from La Mancha\" (VV Mayakovsky Theater in Moscow) and a number of other plays, as well as monographs about the actors of the Small Theater: \"Ostuzhev\" (Moscow, 1977); \"A.I.Sumbatov-Yuzhin\" (M., 1987). Main themes of poetry A. - the importance of eternal human. values, a sense of history, the sin of oblivion, fidelity to love, etc. Poems and prose A. were distributed in samizdat, collection \"On the edge of the sharp\" (1972) and \"Leap year\" (1980), as well as ist. research Don Quixote on Russian soil (vols. 1–2, 1982–84) publ. in the West."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EINZAFT Samuil Semenovich (ps. Sh. Stulin) (1889, Zhitomir - 1929, Moscow), historian, participant of the revolutionary. movement. Carpenter-furniture maker by profession. In 1905, a member of the Hebrew. self-defense in Zhitomir, then joined the Socialist. Heb. working party (SERP). In 1908 he was arrested and exiled for 3 years to the Vologda province. Since 1914, member. Bund. In 1916 he was arrested and exiled to the Irkutsk province. After Feb. rev-tion - in Zhitomir, member. Pres. Volyn lips. Council of Trade Unions, then worked in the Yuzhprofburo (Kharkov). In the years of civil. During the war, he was repeatedly persecuted by the Petliurists and White Guards. In 1920 he left the Bund, soon moved to Moscow, studied at the Institute of the Red Professors. Author of works on the history of the labor movement in Russia. Member Ob-va of Marxist historians, one of the founders of the Istprof MGSPS, worked in the bureau of the section for the study of roar. movement among the Jews under Vses. about-ve of former political prisoners and exiled settlers, collaborated with Heb. scientific. ob-vom and Heb. Department of Ukr. AN Op .: Zubatovschina and Gaponovschina, M., 1922 (4th ed. M., 1925); Labor movement in Russia before 1905, M., 1924; The first stage of the trade union movement in Russia (1905-1907), c. 1–2, Gomel, 1924–25; The history of the worker prof. movement of woodworkers before the revolution of 1917, M., 1928."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EISBERG (Iceberg) Ilya Semenovich (Elya Samuilovich), (1868, Odessa - 1942, Tbilisi), composer. Graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. in 1902 in the class of fp., in 1906 - in the composition class of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. In 1906-17 - taught in the music. uch-shche Tiflis department Rus. muses. about-va. In 1917–23 and in 1934–42 - prof. horse, in Tiflis (Tbilisi). In 1923–34 - prof. (1923–28 - rector) Azerb. cons. in Baku. Author FP. op. Published by a musicologist. Art. in decomp. Russian gas. and f."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EISENBERG Grigory Zakharovich (1904, Timkovichi - 1994, Moscow), specialist in the region. theory and technology of antennas for radio communication and broadcasting. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1946). After graduating from the Odessa Polytechnic in 1930. in-that worked in the Center. n.-i. in-those communications, where he headed the antenna department (since 1949 - the department of the Scientific Research Institute of Radio). From 1946 he taught at Moscow. electrical engineering in-those communications, head. department of technical. electrodynamics of antennas, prof. from 1946. Under the hands of. A. Practically all broadcast and communication antennas used in the country have been developed, including for MW, LW and HF bands, high-performance antennas for HF bands with changing direction of max. radiation. A. belongs to work on antenna-feeder devices for radio relay communication lines using arts, earth satellites. Author of 53 inventions, 60 publications, including 7 monographs, 3 of which have been translated abroad. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1965). Became, etc. (1947). Linen. pr. (1957). State pr. USSR (1984). Cit .: Antennas for trunk short-wave radio communications, M., 1948; Ultrashort wave antennas. M., 1957; Shortwave antennas, M., 1962; Passive repeaters for radio relay lines, M., 1973; VHF antennas, parts 1-2, Moscow, 1977."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ISENBERG Isaak Petrovich (1902 - 1968, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1960). Graduated from Moscow. in-t Nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (1929). From 1932 to teach. work in Moscow (since 1962 prof.). Author of works on monetary finance. relations under socialism. Cit .: Schemes of document formation for settlement operations of the State Bank, M., 1937; Questions of the exchange rate of the ruble, M., 1958; Fundamentals of the stability of money under socialism, M., 1964."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EISENBERG Mikhail Natanovich (b. 1948, Moscow), poet, critic. Graduated from Moscow. architect. Institute (1972), worked as an architect-restorer. Published abroad since 1974, in the USSR since 1989. Lyrics 1972–92 were included in the book. \"Index of Names\" (Moscow, 1993). Poetics A., directly inheriting the lyric. traditions of V.F. Khodasevich, is based on emphatically earthly and everyday images. A. acted as a theorist and popularizer of \"new poetry\", primarily Russian. postmodernism."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EISENBERG Nina Evseevna (1902, Moscow - 1974, ibid.), Artistic director t-ra and cinema, easel graphic artist. She studied at the studio of F.I.Rerberg (1914), the school of I.I.Mashkov, then at the VKHUTEMAS (1918–24) in the class of I.I.Mashkov and A.A. Osmerkin. From 1924 she worked in the \"Blue Blouse\" trade center, where she created sketches of costumes, sets, \"stage numbers\". A.'s work was distinguished by laconicism and simplicity. Designed performances for a number of t-drov in Moscow and Leningrad (\"Green Island\", \"Bourgeois in the nobility\"). A. - participated in Moscow. Association of Artistic Decorators (MAHD) (1928–32), was a member. association \"October\" (1930–32), participated in the decoration of Moscow for the holidays (1930–41). After the war of 1941–45 she continued to work in the t-ts of Moscow (\"The Gadfly\", \"Plyasunya\", \"Henry IV\", etc.). She was the artistic director of the cartoon. \"The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda\" (1955). In recent years, she has been doing a lot of easel graphics."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EISENBERG Julian Borisovich (b. 1931, Kiev), engineer, specialist in the region. lighting devices. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1986), prof. since 1988, ch. Academy of Electrical Engineering. Sciences (1993). At the end of Moscow. energetic in-that in 1954 worked in N. - and. lighting technology. in-those in Moscow (head of laboratory, head of the department of lighting devices and lighting for industrial and public buildings). scientific. tr. associated with the system development of lighting devices, the principles and methods of their classification, the calculation of the service life. Developed by scientific. terminology and designation system for light electrical engineering. products. Conducted a complex of studies. and the development of a number of non-traditional solutions for lighting devices (with pneumatic protection against pollution, with heat-reflecting screens, in a particularly vibration and shock-resistant design). He put forward a number of new ideas and developed principles for designing lighting, devices with long hollow fibers, as well as maintenance-free lighting devices. He supervised the development and introduction into serial production of more than 40 series of new mass lamps. Since 1957 scientific. ed., from 1969 ch. ed. scientific and technical g. \"Lighting Engineering\"; in 1993 he founded the international. scientific. g. on Lighting Engineering, published in New York. Is the vice-president. Lighting engineering. about-va of the CIS countries, before. Tech. to-that \"Hollow light guides\", Mezhdunar. lighting commissions. Honored. inventor (1992). Author of 300 scientific. works, monographs, 60 inventions, international patents. Cit .: Lighting devices with fluorescent lamps, Moscow, 1968; Lighting devices, M., 1980; Reference book. on lighting engineering, M., 1983; Basics of designing lighting devices, M., 1994."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AIZENMAN Alexey Semenovich (b. 1918, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, teacher. Studied at Moscow. thin uch-shche them. 1905 (1933–38) at dep. easel painting by N.P. Krymov. Since 1954 academic. in exhibitions. A.'s main works were created in the genre of urban landscape; moreover, most of them were painted in oil (\"Gorky Street\", \"In the Moscow courtyard\", \"Zubovskaya square\", \"In Kirovsk\", \"Novorossiysk\", etc.). The exceptions were the works of the 70s, created in tempera (\"In the Arbat area\", \"On the Garden Ring\", \"At the Kirov Gate\", etc.). A. is fluent in lighting effects and the development of light nuances. In recent years. writes ch. arr. invented landscapes. Since 1960 he has been teaching in the correspondence course. un-those claim-in on f-those fig. lawsuit."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EISENSTADT Benjemin (1838, Brestovichi, Vilna province - 1920, Uteny, Lithuania), rabbi. R. in the family of a local rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. 1868-1920 - Rabbi in Uteny. He was known for his sympathy for religions. Zionism."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AIZENSTADT Boris Abramovich (b. 1913, Slutsk, Minsk province), meteorologist and bioclimatologist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1970), prof. from 1974. Graduated in 1936 from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Central Asian University in Tashkent. From 1936 he worked in the system of the Hydrometeorological Service, Art. scientific. sotr. (1950), head. lab. meteorology and climatology of the Central Asian Regional Research Institute of Hydrometeorology named after V.A. Bugaev of the State Committee for Hydromet. Completed priority scientific. work on the thermal balance of mountains, deserts, oases and on biometeorology of humans and animals. Developed recommendations for the quantitative account of the radiation-thermal effects of mountain elements. environment per person (1985). Author of printed scientific. works, monographs. Honored. Scientist of the Uzbek SSR. Works: Heat balance and microclimate of humid mountain valleys, Leningrad, 1967; Bioclimate and microclimate of Tashkent, L., 1982 (with L.P. Lukina); Climate of Namangan, L., 1984 (et al.)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ISENSTADT Isai Lvovich (party and literary ps. \"I. Yudin\", \"Yu. Din\" and others) (1866, Vilna - 1937, Paris), polit. activist. He graduated from the city of Vilna, studied at the Demidov law. lyceum in Yaroslavl. In the end. 1880s member Vilna circle of Narodnaya Volya, at the beginning. 1890s joined the Social-Democrats, one of the hands. Heb. labor movement in Vilna, founder of a number of workers' circles. In 1893–94 he lived in Germany, upon his return he took part in organizing the first mass strike of Jews. tobacco workers in Vilna, was arrested, a year later exiled for 5 years to Siberia. Upon his return from exile (1900), member. Central Committee of the Bund, cases. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903). Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, participated in the publishing house. and editing a number of periodic. ed. Bund in Kovno and Vilna, after the defeat of the revolution, led a polemic with the \"liquidators\". In 1912 he was arrested again and exiled to Siberia, upon his return he lived in Astrakhan, headed the consumer. cooperative. In 1917 he joined the Mensheviks, Oct. he met the coup with hostility. In 1921 owls were arrested. authorities and imprisoned, where he held a hunger strike in protest. In 1922 he was exiled to Germany. While living in Berlin, he participated in the creation of the railway. \"Socialist. messenger \", was a member. Overseas. delegation of the RSDLP (center of Menshevik emigration). After the Nazis came to power in Germany (1933), he emigrated to France."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AIZENSTADT Liza Khaikelevna (b. 1924, Leningrad), graphic artist. In 1949 she graduated from Leningrad. art-ped. uch-shche. Constantly works in the techniques of aqu., Etching, lithography, linocut. For creativity A. is characterized by free possession of a broad brushstroke, clear room. solution, purity and freshness of color (“At the Yacht Club”, 1956, “Olenka”, “Sails”, 1959, etc.). A. attracts the image of the city as independent. the new world, created by people, artistically reflects many of its guises (middle \"Leningrad\" and others). Uch. 1st (1965) and 3rd (1972) All. exhibitions of aqu."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EISENSTADT Mariam Solomonovna (lit. ps. Mirra Zheleznova.) (1909, Kiev - 1950), journalist, lit. critic. Graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Philosophy and Literature (1932). Since 1934 in Moscow. Before the war. years - corr. \"Lit. newspapers ”, a columnist for“ Komsomolskaya Pravda ”. From the beginning. 1942 - sotr. Heb. antifash. to-ta (EAK), gas observer. Einikite. A. - the author of several. cycles of journalistic. essays about Jews - Heroes of the Sov. Union, partisans, concentration camp prisoners. A number of essays were intended for publication in the Black Book. The last work (in collaboration with S. Persov) was the book. essays, the heroes of which were Jewish engineers, representatives of technical. intelligentsia. The layout of the book was destroyed shortly after the defeat of the EAK. Repressed in 1950. Daughter - Zheleznova Nadezhda Leopoldovna (real fam. Bergelson; b. 1933), journalist, lit. critic. The author of the book. \"B. Polevoy: Prose, journalism, memoirs\" (M., 1985), \"Returned Pages\" (M., 1990) and others, as well as many others. lit.-critical. Art. in the period, ed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EISENSTADT Moisey Grigorievich (1870 - 1943, Paris), rabbi, society. activist. Graduated from Giessen University in Germany (1894), receiving a Ph.D. In 1899 Heb. Petersburg community for three years as assistant rabbi, but was not approved by the authorities. In 1909 he was elected to the post of state rabbi of St. Petersburg, approved in 1910. A. created Evening courses in Hebrew. language and history at Hoz. the reign of the Choral Synagogue for higher education and cf. uch. establishments, a header behind the Narva outpost. Together with Z. Zhabotinsky, he headed the Society of Hebrew Lovers. lang., was a part of the Heb. lit.-scientific. about-va, about-va Jews. bunk bed music, Society for the upbringing and education of Jews, Society for promoting the education of children of poor Jews, participated in the Society's activities to spread education among Jews in Russia (OPE), member. Look after. to-that Heb. uch-uch and library commission OPE, K-ta for the improvement of muses. sides of synagogue services. During the 1st world. war A. participated in the organization of the Ob-in to help wounded soldiers-Jews, refugees from the front-line districts. After Oct. coup of 1917 elected to the Executive Committee of the Hebrew. community (Deputy Chairman of its Council, one of the leaders of the Religious Department), entered the Committee to assist Jewish artisans in distress. Affairs. from Petrograd at the congress of Heb. communities in Moscow (1918). Considering it impossible for himself to cooperate with the new authorities, he abandoned the rabbinic, but continued to work in the community, participated in the revival of a number of Hebrews. ob-in, taught in Petrograd. in-those higher Hebrews. knowledge (taught the course \"History of the development of the oral teaching of the Talmud\"), was persecuted by the authorities, in 1923 he was forced to emigrate."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "EISENSTAT David (1890 - 1942, Warsaw), conductor of synagogue choirs. He studied in Russia, later - in Warsaw. In 1921–42 he conducted the Great Synagogue Choir in Warsaw. He wrote cantor music, songs, fp. and orc. manuf. He edited “People's muses. encyclopedia \"in Yiddish. He died in the ghetto."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AIZENSTAT David Samoilovich (1880, Rybinsk - 1947), bibliophile, publisher and bookseller. R. in the family of a zemstvo doctor. After graduating from the Rybinsk classical school he entered the law. Faculty of Moscow un-that and graduated in 1910. Then he was engaged in advocacy. While still a student, he began to engage in literary work, collaborating in the newspapers \"Rabocheye Slovo\", \"Rul\". The first publishing experience dates back to 1906: together with the Pushkin collector L.S. Ginzburg they compiled and published a collection of works. publishing house \"Nabat\". In 1917, together with A.M. Kozhebatkin and L.S.Yakub, he organized a small publishing house \"Wreath\". In 1919–23, together with S.A. Yesenin, he was in charge of Prince. store Mosk. labor artel of artists of the word. In 1920-29 he was one of the initiators of the creation and the most active member. Russian Society of Friends of the Book. In 1931–37 - director. Moscow \"Writers' Bookstore\". From 1938 lit. work became the main one for A., ​​they published. more than 100 articles in decomp. gas."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AIZENSTEIN Semyon Moiseevich (1884, Kiev - 1962), engineer, specialist in the region. radio telegraphy, radio engineering organizer. prom-sti. Higher. educated at Kiev and Berlin high fur boots and Charlottenburg Polytechnic. in-those (near Berlin). In 1901, in Kiev, he demonstrated radio communication over short distances using a homemade radio transmitter and a coherent receiver. In 1904 he received the first patent for a wireless telegraph apparatus, organized a private laboratory. to fulfill orders of the military. departments, built an experiment. radio stations in Kiev and Zhmerinka (1906–07) and established radio communication Zhmerinka - Odessa - Sevastopol. In 1907 in St. Petersburg he founded and headed the Akts. Society of wireless telegraphs and telephones, where he developed projects for building radio stations in Moscow (Khodynskaya and Tverskaya, 1914) and Tsarskoe Selo (1915). In 1912-14 he published the first Russian. radio engineering. g. \"Bulletin of telegraphy without wires.\" In 1915, he supervised the establishment of the first radio communication with submarines in a submerged position at long waves. In 1914-17 in the lab. The about-va created the first radio tubes and radio equipment in Russia. Dec. 1914 cum. with ND Papaleksi conducted the first experiments on radio telegraphy between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo. In 1917 the Society equipped the New Holland radio station with equipment. After 1917, he headed the radio section of the United State. e-tech. enterprises of weak current \", took part in the management of the construction of the radio station on Shabolovka in Moscow. In 1921, was made by the founder. initiator created Radio associations and became deputy. prev. moscow association groups. Since 1922 - in England in the firm \"Marconi\", hands. building radio engineering. s-dov in Poland (1922–35) and Czechoslovakia. In 1941–45 he worked in an electrovacuum lab. firm \"Marconi\". In 1947–55 - General. dir. English Electric Volve Company Ltd."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AIZENSTOK Jeremiah Yakovlevich (1900, Elisavetgrad - 1980, Leningrad), literary-led. In 1921 he graduated from Kharkov, in-t Nar. education. Participated in textual studies. preparation of Acad. ed. ukr. and Russian. classics, comm. to Op. T.G. Shevchenko in 12 volumes. (1925–31) and the first full. ed. of his \"Diary\" (1925), it means. contribution to Shevchenko studies. A. owned monographs about I.P. Kotlyarevsky, P.P. Gulak-Artemovsky, as well as the best textual scholar. and source study. commentary on \"Taras Bulba\" (NV Gogol, Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 2, 1937). With objectivity and tact A. comments on aspects related to the coverage of Hebrews. questions in Ukrainian. and Russian. lit."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AIZERMAN Mark Aronovich (b. 1913, Dvinsk), mathematician, specialist in control theory, honored. active science and technology of the RSFSR (1965). Graduated from MVTU im. N.E.Bauman (1937). Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947). Prof. (1955). Since 1939 he has been working in the Institute of Automation and Telemechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1953 - also in Moscow. physical and technical in-those. Main results in theory automatic. regulation and theory of differenti. equations. Linen. pr. (1964). Works: Lectures on the theory of automatic regulation, Moscow, 1956; Absolute stability of controlled systems, M., 1963, (with FR Gantmakher); Logics. Automatic machines. Algorithms, M., 1963, (with L.A. Gusev, L.I.Rozonoer, I.M.Smirnova, A.A. Tal)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AIZIKOVICH Samuil Yakovlevich (1882, Vilna - 1963, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of residential buildings. In 1910 he graduated from the Institute of Civil. engineers in St. Petersburg. From 1912 he lived and worked in Moscow. Participated in a number of competitions. Main works: residential building, cinema and school in Vilna (1910–12), prefabricated panel houses in Moscow (1915–17), reconstruction of the VSNKh building in Moscow (1919–24), typical residential buildings in Moscow (1924–30), project The Central Telegraph Office in Moscow (1925, with G.Ya. Volfenzon, E. Volkov), a commune house in Khavsko-Shabolovsky proezd in Moscow (1927–29, with Volfenzon, Volkov)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ISIKSON Yisroel (1851, Minsk province - 1923, New York), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. re-league, education. In tech. several years was a rabbi in the townships of Zap. the edges. Since 1907 - in the USA. Taught at the best yeshivas in New York. Secretary of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AIZMAN David Yakovlevich (1869, Nikolaev - 1922, Detskoe Selo), prose writer. He studied at a real school, then graduated from Odessa. art school, studied painting in Paris. At the age of 20, he began to publish essays from Hebrews. life in Odessa. gas. In 1901, J. \"Rus. wealth ”published A.'s first story in Hebrew. the topic \"A little to the side\". During the Revolution of 1905–07, it was adjacent to gr. writers, united around the collection of \"Knowledge\". On Sat. stories \"Black Days\" (St. Petersburg., 1904) and in the tragedy \"Thorny Bush\" (Berlin, 1907) depicted the life of the Hebrews. the poor, roar. activity of Heb. intelligentsia, the contradiction between the latter and a simple Russian. people. Since 1906, A.'s work has been marked by the influence of symbolism (Morning of an Angel, 1906; Bloody Spill, 1908). He wrote in Russian. lang., successfully transferring bunk. the speech of their Jewish heroes. He was friends with Sholem Aleichem, corresponded with him, helped him in editing and publishing his works, translated them into Russian. lang. In 1911 - 19 a meeting was published in St. Petersburg. op. A. in 8 volumes."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АЙЗПУТЕ, город в Лиепайском р-не (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1248. С 1378 — центр окр. Пельтен в Курляндском герцогстве. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Газенпот Курляндской губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940—91 — ЛатвССР.В 1797 в А. проживало 209 евреев, в 1800 — 678 (46%), в 1863 — 1622 (52%), в 1897 — 1170 (35%), в 1920 — 586 (22%), в 1935 — 534 еврея (16,5%).Евреи поселились в А. в 16 в., с 1708 существовала синагога. В 1-й пол. 18 в. евреи А. облагались особым муниципальным налогом, в 1750 официально получили право проживать в А. В 1751 Сейм Речи Посполитой дал разрешение на постройку новой синагоги. В сер. 18 в. была создана еврейская община (первая в Курляндии), имевшая собств. раввинат, религ. суд и др.; ежегодно избирался совет общины, с 1763 велись общинные книги (на нем. яз. еврейскими буквами). Экономич. положение общины и влияние на нее нем. культуры привлекали интеллигенцию из мн. городов Европы. В разное время в А. жили и работали выходец из Амстердама автор религ. трудов Даниэль Клайф, Ицхок-Агарон Эйхель (пер. молитвенник на нем. яз.), автор мед. трудов д-р Давид Абрамсон из Данцига, д-р Аврагам Брандт, получивший впоследствии звание надворного советника.В 1783 все евреи-торговцы были записаны в купеч. гильдии (в 1796 — 33 чел., из них 8 — купцы 1-й гильдии). В 1835 в гильдейском купечестве числилось 180 евреев. В 1840 96 еврейских семей (618 чел.) переселились в земледельч. колонии Херсонской губ. В 1848 еврейское население А. пострадало от эпидемии холеры. В 1861 в А. имелись 3 синагоги. С 1867 действовала хевра кадиша.Раввинами в А. были: в 1760—71 — Арон Горвиц, с 1711 — Иосиф бен Менахем, затем до 1835 — Иехил-Михл бен Арье, в 1839—50 — Иегошуа-Зелиг Коэн, в 1852 — 76 — Ицхок-Зеев Аронович, в 1876—81 — Аврам Геллер, в 1882—1904 — Цви-Гирш Нурок (отец М.Нурока), в 1904—13 — Мойше Якобсон. К кон. 19 в. в А. действовали хедеры, талмуд-тора (под влиянием Якобсона в ней стали преподавать светские науки и иврит), два еврейских уч-ща для мальчиков (казенное и частное). В 1904 осн. Еврейское об-во для духовного призрения.Во время 1-й мир. войны жители А. проводили сбор средств в поселенч. фонд Э.-И., в 1917 была образована сионистская орг-ция «Кадима». После 1-й мир. войны в А. созданы касса взаимопомощи, орг-ция «Га-кнассат орхим», в 1920 — еврейская б-ка, в 1922 при помощи Джойнта открыто отд-ние кооп. банка, работала еврейская школа (с преподаванием на нем. яз.) на 100 уч-ся (в 1928 началось преподавание на иврите, в 1939 было введено преподавание религ. дисциплин). Евреи А. занимались гл. обр. торговлей и ремеслами. В 1935 евреям принадлежали ф-ка шипучих вод и 3 лесопилки; евреями были 4 врача из 7, все 3 дантиста, один адвокат из 3. В 1926 3 еврея были избраны членами муниципального совета. В А. действовали ячейки «Маккаби» (с 1924), «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» (с 1928), Бейтара (с 1930), в 1930-х гг. — отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1933 в А. прошел съезд «Га-Поэль га-Цаир» Курляндии. К кон. 1930-х гг. активизировалась деятельность «Агудас Исроэль», в 1939 была создана ее женская ячейка «Батья».После присоединения Латвии к СССР (1940) все еврейские обществ., культурные и религ. орг-ции были ликвидированы. В июне 1941 и. о. мэра назначен Михаэль Блюм. К моменту оккупации А. герм. войсками лишь неск. еврейских семей сумели эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны СССР. 24 июля 1941 было расстреляно 29 евреев у кладбища Падуре, остальные евреи расстреляны 27 окт. 1941 в лесу близ ж.-д. ст. Калвене. Всего в А. было уничтожено 386 евреев. В 1973 на братской могиле установлен памятник., pronunciation=АЙЗПУТЕ, город в Лиепайском р-не (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1248. С 1378 — центр окр. Пельтен в Курляндском герцогстве. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Газенпот Курляндской губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940—91 — ЛатвССР.В 1797 в А. проживало 209 евреев, в 1800 — 678 (46%), в 1863 — 1622 (52%), в 1897 — 1170 (35%), в 1920 — 586 (22%), в 1935 — 534 еврея (16,5%).Евреи поселились в А. в 16 в., с 1708 существовала синагога. В 1-й пол. 18 в. евреи А. облагались особым муниципальным налогом, в 1750 официально получили право проживать в А. В 1751 Сейм Речи Посполитой дал разрешение на постройку новой синагоги. В сер. 18 в. была создана еврейская община (первая в Курляндии), имевшая собств. раввинат, религ. суд и др.; ежегодно избирался совет общины, с 1763 велись общинные книги (на нем. яз. еврейскими буквами). Экономич. положение общины и влияние на нее нем. культуры привлекали интеллигенцию из мн. городов Европы. В разное время в А. жили и работали выходец из Амстердама автор религ. трудов Даниэль Клайф, Ицхок-Агарон Эйхель (пер. молитвенник на нем. яз.), автор мед. трудов д-р Давид Абрамсон из Данцига, д-р Аврагам Брандт, получивший впоследствии звание надворного советника.В 1783 все евреи-торговцы были записаны в купеч. гильдии (в 1796 — 33 чел., из них 8 — купцы 1-й гильдии). В 1835 в гильдейском купечестве числилось 180 евреев. В 1840 96 еврейских семей (618 чел.) переселились в земледельч. колонии Херсонской губ. В 1848 еврейское население А. пострадало от эпидемии холеры. В 1861 в А. имелись 3 синагоги. С 1867 действовала хевра кадиша.Раввинами в А. были: в 1760—71 — Арон Горвиц, с 1711 — Иосиф бен Менахем, затем до 1835 — Иехил-Михл бен Арье, в 1839—50 — Иегошуа-Зелиг Коэн, в 1852 — 76 — Ицхок-Зеев Аронович, в 1876—81 — Аврам Геллер, в 1882—1904 — Цви-Гирш Нурок (отец М.Нурока), в 1904—13 — Мойше Якобсон. К кон. 19 в. в А. действовали хедеры, талмуд-тора (под влиянием Якобсона в ней стали преподавать светские науки и иврит), два еврейских уч-ща для мальчиков (казенное и частное). В 1904 осн. Еврейское об-во для духовного призрения.Во время 1-й мир. войны жители А. проводили сбор средств в поселенч. фонд Э.-И., в 1917 была образована сионистская орг-ция «Кадима». После 1-й мир. войны в А. созданы касса взаимопомощи, орг-ция «Га-кнассат орхим», в 1920 — еврейская б-ка, в 1922 при помощи Джойнта открыто отд-ние кооп. банка, работала еврейская школа (с преподаванием на нем. яз.) на 100 уч-ся (в 1928 началось преподавание на иврите, в 1939 было введено преподавание религ. дисциплин). Евреи А. занимались гл. обр. торговлей и ремеслами. В 1935 евреям принадлежали ф-ка шипучих вод и 3 лесопилки; евреями были 4 врача из 7, все 3 дантиста, один адвокат из 3. В 1926 3 еврея были избраны членами муниципального совета. В А. действовали ячейки «Маккаби» (с 1924), «Га-Шомер га-Цаир» (с 1928), Бейтара (с 1930), в 1930-х гг. — отд-ния разл. еврейских партий и орг-ций. В 1933 в А. прошел съезд «Га-Поэль га-Цаир» Курляндии. К кон. 1930-х гг. активизировалась деятельность «Агудас Исроэль», в 1939 была создана ее женская ячейка «Батья».После присоединения Латвии к СССР (1940) все еврейские обществ., культурные и религ. орг-ции были ликвидированы. В июне 1941 и. о. мэра назначен Михаэль Блюм. К моменту оккупации А. герм. войсками лишь неск. еврейских семей сумели эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны СССР. 24 июля 1941 было расстреляно 29 евреев у кладбища Падуре, остальные евреи расстреляны 27 окт. 1941 в лесу близ ж.-д. ст. Калвене. Всего в А. было уничтожено 386 евреев. В 1973 на братской могиле установлен памятник., extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZADOVSKY Mark Konstantinovich (1888, Irkutsk - 1954, Leningrad), folklorist, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. In the city he participated in the roar. movement, was close to the Socialist-Revolutionaries (his classmate and friend A.B. Elyashevich later became one of the leaders of this party). After the end of St. Petersburg. un-that (1913) taught in Tomsk, Chita, from 1923 - head. Department of Literature of Irkutsk University. In 1930 he moved to Leningrad, was the head. sector of folklore IRLI (Pushkin House) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the department of folklore Leningrad. un-that. He became a victim of the \"campaign against cosmopolitanism\", was subjected to gross insults at meetings in un-those, in the press, was dismissed from all posts and was deprived of the opportunity to publish. Therefore, a large number of his works, incl. most cap., publ. posthumously. began work in 1913. Publ. St. 350 art. and monographs on folklore, history of rus. literature and societies, 19th century thoughts, pl. engaged in the historiography of science, was an authoritative expert on the Decembrist literature, an expert on the history and culture of Siberia. Prepared texts, wrote to enter, Art. in the book: \"Lena lamentations\" (1922), \"Tales of the Upper Lena Territory\" (1925), \"Rev. Bestuzhevs \"(1931 and 1951),\" Rus. tale: Fav. masters \"(vols. 1-2, 1932),\" Verkhnelenskie tales \"(1938),\" Rus. Crying in Karelia \"(1940),\" Tales of Magaya \"(1940),\" Front folklore \"(1944),\" Rus. Tales in Karelia \"(1947), AA Shakhmatov\" Folklore Records ... in the Onega Region \"(1948),\" The Decembrists: New Materials \"(1955), published op. NM Yazykova, PP Ershova and others. Initiator of the creation of the folklore archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where the records of Hebrews are also kept. folklore; at his suggestion, ed. g. \"Siberian Living Starina\", collection of works \"Sov. folklore \". Cit .: Conversations of a collector, Irkutsk, 1924 and 1925; Literature and folklore, L., 1938; Essays on literature and culture in Siberia, v. 1, Irkutsk. 1947; V.K. Arseniev: Critical-biogr. sketch, M., 1956; History of Rus. folkloristics, t. 1–2, M., 1958–63; Art. and letters: Not published. and forgotten, Novosibirsk, 1978; Siberian Pages: Art., Reviews, letters, Irkutsk, 1988; Pages of the history of Decembrism, Vol. 1–2, Irkutsk, 1991–1992. Son A. - Konstantin (b. 1941, Leningrad), literary critic. The author of the book. \"Nikolay Klyuev\" (L., 1990) and others. In 1980, on the fabrications. KGB was arrested on charges of drug possession, spent 2 years in prison in the Magadan region. The real reason for the persecution was his human rights work."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZAK, see Azov."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZANIAKH (Eisenstein) Baruch (b. 1905, Pinsk, Minsk province), lawyer, public. activist, teacher. In 1926-27 he studied at Danzig and Berlin high fur boots, graduated from law. Faculty of Konigsberg University (1931). In 1931–33 he was a judge in Danzig and Berlin, at the same time. headed the organization Poaley Zion in Danzig, was also a vice-chairman, a local Zionist. org-tion, later - secretary. Heb. nat. fund in Konigsberg and secretary. org-tion Poaley Zion in Germany. From 1933 in E.-I., in 1934–35 he worked as a teacher. In 1935–37 the representative of Histadrut and ha-Kibbutz ha-Meuhad in Germany. In 1945-51 he taught at Uchit. seminary (Givat ha-Shlosha), in 1948-50 - at the high school of Kfar Sava. In 1949-50 dir. B. Katsnelson's seminary (Kfar Sava) in 1949-50 - Tikhon Khadali high school (Tel Aviv). Dep. Knesset from the Mapai party. Delegate of the 16th, 17th, 20th and 22nd World Zionist. Congr."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZARIN (real fam. Messerer) Azary Mikhailovich (1896, Moscow - 1937, ibid.), Actor. Graduated from Moscow. commercial Institute (1919), entered the Studio. Eug. Vakhtangov. In the spring of 1920 he moved to the 2nd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater, made his debut in the roles of Vyborny and the Beggar in the play \"Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich\" by A. K. Tolstoy (1920). The first means. work - the role of the father in \"The Tale of Ivan the Fool\" by Leo Tolstoy, staged by A.P. Chekhov, later played Kuligin (\"The Thunderstorm\" by A.N. Ostrovsky) and Cosme (\"The Invisible Lady\" by P. Calderon) ... In the performances of the Moscow Art Theater, A. played the Cat (\"The Blue Bird\" by M. Meterlink), Bobchinsky (\"The Inspector General\" by NV Gogol) and Zagoretsky (\"Woe from Wit\" by A.S. Griboyedov). In 1925–30 A. worked at the Moscow Art Theater No. 2, where he played Lefty (\"The Flea\" after N.S. Leskov), Fraser (\"The Flood\" by Yu.H. Berger), Volgin (\"Eccentric\" by A. N. Afinogenov ), Malvolio (\"Twelfth Night\" by W. Shakespeare) and others. As a director A. staged at the Moscow Art Theater the 2nd \"Good Life\" by SI Amaglobeli (1934), in the theater them. MN Ermolova \"Storm\" VN Bill-Belotserkovsky (1936). In 1936 he moved to the Maly Theater, where he played Arkashka Schastlivtsev in the play \"The Forest\" by Ostrovsky. Honored. art. Republic (1935)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZARKH Raisa Moiseevna (1897, Shcherbinovka, Ekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1971, Moscow), doctor, writer. Member Communist. Party since 1917. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1917). Participant Oct. battles of 1917 in Moscow. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In civil the beginning of the war. medical units of detachments, early. sanupra Ukr. front, early. sanitary services of the 5th Army, early. Chief Sanitary Inspection. Transbaikalia. Organizer of the fight against typhus epidemic in Siberia. One of the first women to be awarded the hordes. Cr. Banner (1928). Then to the desks. and prof. work in Rostov-on-Don and Tomsk. Ed. a number of magazines and newspapers, she studied lit. dep. Institute of red professors. Member of the RAPP. Since 1934, a member of the USSR. In 1936–37, she was a citizen. war in Spain, adviser to the Rep. Army and Ministry of Health. During the annexation of Vost. Poland (1939) and Soviet-Finl. war (1939–40) - in full. NPO of the USSR. 1941–44 - soldier. corr. Author of several books."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZARKH Yulia Semenovna (b. 1929, Leningrad), linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1984). Graduated from Moscow. correspondence polygraph. Institute (1949) and philol. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1954. Scientific. sotr. Kazan Museum. A.M. Gorky (since 1954), Art. teacher of Yelabuga state ped. in-ta (since 1955), teacher cf. schools in Moscow, since 1974 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1987 leading scientific. sotr. IRYA RAN. scientific. tr. connected with issues of history and dialectology of Rus. lang., ist. morphology rus. lang., dialect and ist. word formation, with methods of areal studies, atlas of rus. bunk bed dialects, phonetics severnorus. dialects. Cit .: Word formation and form formation of nouns in the history of Russian. yaz., M., 1984; Rus. nominal dialect word formation in linguogeographic. aspect, Kemerevo, 1994."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Azarov Vsevolod Borisovich (1913, Odessa - 1990, Leningrad), poet, prose writer, translator, critic. Graduated from lit. Faculty of LIFLI (1934). Began to publish in 1929. In the 30s. worked on the radio. During the war years 1941–45 he served in gr. under the Political Administration of the Baltic Fleet, led by V.V. Vishnevsky. Together with Vishnevsky and A.A. Kron, he wrote the heroic. the comedy \"The Sea Is Spread Wide\", edges was staged in besieged Leningrad on the stage of the Theater of Muses. comedy. On texts A. created many. songs, cantata \"The Last Night\" (composer AA Petrov), two cantatas by VK Sorokin and others. He translated poets from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, German. poets, translated from Heb. cycle of poems by M. Gruvman. Creativity A. is fanned by the romance of the sea, naval service, roar. youth. Publ. about 30 sat. poems and trans., 10 prose. book One of them is \"Alive, sing about us!\" - dedicated tragic. an episode of the war: a distracting landing near Peterhof (1969). After the release of the 2nd ed. (1970) the book was banned, it could not even be mentioned."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZBEL Mark Yakovlevich (b. 1932, Poltava), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1958). After graduation (1953) from Kharkov University, he worked at a school for working youth. In 1955–64 at the Kharkov Phys.-Tech. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, simultaneously. from 1958-, prof. Kharkov University. In 1964–70 prof. geological Faculty of Moscow university and head. sector in Ying-those theoretical. physics to them. LD Landau (1964–72). In 1972–77 prof. Moscow engineer-phys. in-that. Active human rights activist. Since 1977 in Israel, prof. Tel Aviv University (since 1973). research on the electronic theory of metals. Joint. with E.A. Kaner predicted cyclotron resonance in metals (1955, Azbel - Kaner resonance). Predicted a sharp change in the behavior of electrons in metals with a vanishingly small change in magn. fields (1964, the Azbel-Hofstadter problem). Discovered (with E.A. Kaner and V.F. Gantmakhsrom) anomalous penetration of high-frequency electromagnet into metal. fields. He predicted that Landau's diamagnetism leads to the emergence of spaces, superstructure. In works on superconductivity, he predicted the existence of quantum oscillations and resonances (resonances A.). Author approx. 200 scientific. articles, approx. 150 publicistic. Art. and book. “Refusenik in the Sov. trap ”(translated into plural, lit. ave. named after Christopher). In 1974 he headed the seminar of refusenik scientists and J. \"Jews in the USSR\". Member Amer. physical about-va."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZEF Evno Fishelevich (1869, Lyskovo, Grodno province - 1918, Berlin), one of the leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, provocateur, secret collaborator. Dep. the police. R. in the family of a tailor. In 1890 he graduated from the government in Rostov-na-Donu, participated in the work of the Narodnaya Volya. Cup. In 1892, to continue his education and to avoid arrest, he left for Germany, where he entered the Polytechnic. Institute in Karlsruhe. In the spring of 1893 on his own. the initiative offered its services to Dep. police as an informant. In 1894, at the direction of his superiors, he joined the Union of Rus. Socialist-Revolutionaries Abroad ”, where he acted as a staunch advocate of terror. In 1899, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, he returned to Russia, with the help of the police got a job in Moscow, where he established contact with the leadership of “Sev. Union of Socialist-Revolutionaries ”. Having won his trust and at the same time putting him under the control of the secret police, he received the authority to represent the \"Union\" in the negotiations on the formation of a single party of socialist-revolutionaries (AKP). In the end. 1901 went abroad, where, together with G.A. Gershuni, M.R. Gotz and V.M. Chernov, played a decisive role in creating. AKP; in 1902-08 he was a member of its Central Committee. In 1902–03 he traveled across Russia, working on the creation. and the rallying of local parties, org-tions and placing them immediately under police surveillance. In 1903, after the arrest of Gershuni, he headed the Combat Organization (BO) of the AKP, which in 1904–05 held several. successful terrorists. acts (June 1904 the murder of the Minister of Internal Affairs V.K. Pleve, February 1905 - washers, general-governor Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, and others). In the spring and summer of 1905, A. gave the secret police almost the entire staff of the BO, as well as the obl. Congress of the AKP in Nizhny Novgorod; in the fall of 1905, after being elected to the Battle Committee for training a thief. restore Petersburg, gave the police the plan of the revolt. In 1906 he prevented an attempt on the life of the BO on mines. int. cases of P.N. Durnovo, in 1907 - an attempt on the emperor. Nicholas II, in 1908 he handed over to the police a Combat Detachment at the Central Committee of the AKP (7 people were executed) and the Flying Combat Detachment of the North. The information about A.'s connections with the secret police came to the leadership of the AKP since 1902, but only in 1908 his provocation was proved by V.L. Burtsev and confirmed by the former. dir. Dep. police A.A. Lopukhin. Sentenced to death by the Central Committee of the AKP, A. managed to escape and from 1910 he settled in Berlin, where he lived on a passport issued by growing up. embassy, ​​led the life of a rentier, played on the stock exchange. After the start of the 1st world. war was under the supervision of germ. police, in June 1915 arrested as a \"dangerous revolutionary\" and until December. 1917 was in Moabit prison. In apr. 1918 died in a Berlin hospital."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZGUR Zair Isaakovich (b. 1908, Molchany, Vitebsk province), sculptor, monumentalist and portrait painter. D. h. Of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1958), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1978). In 1920–25 he studied at the Vitebsk Art College under M.A. Kerzin, in 1925–28 at the VKHUTEIN in Leningrad under R.R.Bach, V.V. Lishev, M.G. Manizer, in 1928–29 at the Kiev Art School. ... in-those. He made a contribution to the development of Belarusian sculpture. Supervised the creative workshop of the USSR Academy of Arts in Minsk. Main works: portraits of the Heroes of the Sov. Union of M.F.Selnitsky, A.I. Rodimtsev and A.I. Molodchy (all - 1943, br.), F.E.Dzerzhinsky (1947, br.), Lu Sinya (1953-1954, mr.), R. Tagora (1957, br.), V. V. Talalikhin (1961, br., Gr.), E. V. Vuchetich (1976, br.), Monuments to V. I. Lenin in the village of Kashino Mosk. region (1957, br.), Yakub Kolas in Minsk (1972). Dep. The Supreme Soviet of the BSSR (1947–67 and from 1971). Nar. thin USSR (1973). Became. pr. (1946, 1948), State. pr. USSR (1958). Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Art Museum of Belarus."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZUOLU-BUDA, a village in Marijampole region (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth, in 1795-1807 - Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the village of Dembova-Buda of Mariampolsky u. Augustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1901 in A.-B. lived 35 Jews (9.74%), in 1914 - approx. 15 Jewish families. In 1899 in A.-B. the Zionist organization \"Mokirei Zion\" was created. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews left A.-B., the synagogue burned down. At the end of the war, the Jewish community was revived (main occupations - crafts, small trade, in the summer months - serving tourists). In 1931, among the Jews A.-B. were a bakery owner and a lumber merchant. Rabbi in A.-B. was not, by all questions of religions. Avrum-Eliyahu Steinfeld was in charge of life; children studied in cheder (they invited melamed from Kaunas), some - in high schools with teaching in Hebrew in Kaunas and Mariampol (modern Marijampol). In July 1941, all Jews A.-B. were destroyed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZIMOV Isaac (1920, Petrovichi Klimovitsky u. Mogilev province. - 1993, New York), writer, biochemist. Since 1923 together with his family in the USA. In 1939 he graduated from Columbia University, specializing in biochemist. He lectured in a number of high fur boots in the United States, taught in med. School of Boston University, where in 1955 he was promoted to prof. by the department. chemistry. For work in the region. biochem. research received stars. Doctor of Philosophy. Author pl. foundation, scientific tr., the textbook \"Biochemistry and metabolism in humans\" (1952), as well as popular scientific works: \"Life and Energy\" (1962) - an essay on bioenergetics; \"Biographical. Encyclopedia of Science and Technology \"(1964),\" Sources of Life \"(I960),\" Human Body \"(1963),\" Brief History of Biology \"(1965),\" Universe \"(1966), etc. A. owns a Bible guide for children. One of the largest science fiction writers of the 2nd floor. 20th century A. began to print science fiction. manuf. in the beginning. 50s The place of action of the manuf. A. other worlds become heroes - their inhabitants. In pl. manuf. A. popularizes the achievements of science and technology, scientific. hypotheses become artists in them. reality. In 1950 publ. Sat. stories \"I, Robot\" (Russian translation 1964), in 1955 - the philosopher who brought him wide popularity. the novel \"The End of Eternity\" (Russian translation, 1966)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZOV, city, regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 11th century Since 1471 - Turkish fortress Azak. In 1696-1711 and from 1774 - part of Russia. In 1708-11 and in 1775-83 - the center of the Azov province, in 1783-1810 - a fortress, in 1810-88 - the settlement of Rostov u. Ekaterinoslavskaya guberniya., In 1888 - 1920 - in the Rostov environs. Don Army regions. In 1920-24 - in the Don Region, in 1924-34 - in the North Caucasian Territory, in 1934-37 - in the Azov-Black Sea Territory, since 1937 - in the Rostov Region. In 1864 26 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1900 - 368 (1.4%), in 1910 - 341, in 1916 - 413 (1.3%), in 1920 - 144 (0.8%), in 1939 - 69, in 1959 - 101 (0.25% ), in 1970 - 104 (0.18%), in 1979 - 90 (0.12%), in 1989 - 65 Jews (0.08%). the inscriptions from 1274 and 1404, kept in the kinassa of Feodosia, testify. Information about the Jewish quarter is contained in the charters of the Golden Horde khans Uzbek (1321) and Janibek (1347). All R. 19th century A Jewish community of 300-400 people arose in Armenia. In the 1830s. Jews of A. were assigned to the Taganrog Jewish Prayer Society. In 1858 a synagogue was registered (since 1885 - in its own building at Glukhobazarnaya, now - 26 Gogolevskaya Street). In 1868 Khevra Kaddish was founded. The oldest inscriptions on the monuments of the Jewish cemetery belong to this date. By 1881, the synagogue had a private Jewish school of the third category, which was maintained in 1887-99 by David Markovich Zaplavsky (he also taught). Later the school was transformed into a paid school, first for men, then mixed. In 1896–99, the head of the Spiritual Board was Berko Abramovich Nakhafovsky. R.L.Samoilovich, O.V. Budnitsky, S.M. Markedonov, E.V. Movshovich"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "AZOVSKOE (until 1945 - Kolay), an urban-type settlement (from 1957) in the Dzhankoy region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. 2 Jews lived in Armenia in 1926, and 80 Jews in 1939."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAAL-SHEM-TOV Israel (1700, Okup, Eastern Galicia - 1760, Medzhibozh), the founder of Hasidism. R. in a poor family. Orphaned early, he worked as a watchman in a synagogue, Melamed's assistant in a cheder, a shoyhet. All R. 1720s left the family and several. years spent in the Carpathian forests. In solitude, he formulated the foundations of a new teaching - Hasidism. OK. 1730 settled in Tlusta (Eastern Galicia), acquired the glory of a miracle worker. After about 10 years he moved to Medzhybizh (Podolia), to-ry became the center of attraction for followers of the new doctrine. A group of students, later preachers of Hasidism in Vostochny, formed around B. Europe. B. did not speak in public sermons, did not write himself and did not allow recording his conversations with his disciples. They were published for the first time 20 years after his death in the book. \"Toldos I am kov-Yosef\", written by one of B.'s students - Yakov-Yosef from Polonnoye. B.'s grave serves as a place of pilgrimage for followers of Hasidism. Tales about B. became the basis of Hasidic stories, a new genre of Hebrew. lit-ry."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAAZOV David (1883, Tskhinval, Tiflis province - 1947, Tbilisi), rabbi, public. activist. R. in the family of a rabbi. At the age of 13, to improve the Heb. education went to Slutsk, then to Vilna. In 1903 he returned to Georgia, where he took up the post of rabbi in the city of Oni. In 1918 B. sovm. with Sh. Tsitsiashvili founded the newspaper of the Zionists of Georgia - gas. \"The Voice of the Jew\". After the Sovietization of Georgia (1921), B., together with N. Eliashvili and his eldest son G. Baazov, organized the Hebrew. schools (teaching Hebrew and the history of the Hebrew people), and in 1924 publishes Hebrew-Georgian. gas. \"Makaveeli\", which was soon closed by the authorities (only three issues were published). In 1925, B. obtained permission from the authorities to leave part of the cargo, Jews in E.-I. In the 2nd floor. 20s - 30s continued to maintain close contacts with legal, and then with the Zionist who went underground, org-tions and groups of the center of Russia. In the beginning. 1938, following the arrest of his eldest son, B. was arrested along with his second son Haim, accused of an underground Zionist activity and sentenced to death. The death sentence was commuted to exile to Siberia. After returning to Georgia in 1945 and until the last days of his life, he was engaged in national education. activities."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAAZOV Herzl (1904, Oni, Kutaisi province - 1938, Tbilisi), writer. Son of D. Baazov. Graduated from law. Faculty of Tiflis. un-that in 1927. First. verse. B. (under ps. Ger-Bi) were printed in Hebrew-cargo. gas. in 1918. In 1923 his trans. \"Songs of Songs\" for cargo, lang., Received high. assessment of contemporaries. In 1924 B. published poetry, ist. stories and art. in euro-cargo. gas. \"Makaveeli\". In 1925, the European cargo was created by B. drama, the troupe \"Kadima\" staged his tragedy \"Secret Refuge\", dedicated to the persecution of Jews in Spain in the 15th century. On the initiative of B. there is a semi-lie. youth. org-tion \"Avoda\", which preached the ideas of Halucianism. In the 1920s. were published. B.'s stories \"Nikanor Nikanoritch\", \"The End of Gelatskaya Street\" and \"The Last Word of Shemaria\", which brought him wide. fame in Georgia. In the 1930s. Izv. cargo. dir. K.A. Mardzhanishvili staged several. dram, manuf. B. - “The Dumb Talked” (1932; a play from the life of Georgian Jews), “In spite of the faces” (1934), “Itska Rizhinashvili” (1936; on the activities of the first cargo, a Jewish revolutionary, killed by gendarmes in 1905). In 1935 rum came out. B. \"Pethain\" (Russian translation - 1936) is the first part of a trilogy he conceived about cargo, Jewry. In 1935–38 B. before. dram, section of the JV of Georgia. In 1938 B. was arrested in Moscow while working with S.M. Mikhoels on staging his new play at the GOSET. Delivered to Tbilisi, B. was shot without trial (according to other sources, he died under torture). Unpublished B.'s manuscripts kept at his home were destroyed after their arrest. In 1964 Georgia celebrated the 60th anniversary of B., center. street of Oni was named after him, was reissued. part of his works, and a monograph about him was published."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABAD Vladimir Davidovich (b. 1932, Kiev), architect, specialist in dwelling architecture. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Member of the 1941–45 war. Main works - in Moscow: an experiment, a residential building with 100 apartments on Tula street. (1969), 14th floor. residential building on the street Krzhizhanovsky (1969), the Wedding Palace (1988), the building of the party archive at the Ilyich outpost (1989)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABAEVO, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Belozersky station Novgorod Gubernia. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1926, and 22 Jews in 1939."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABAI, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1643. In 19 - early. 20th century - v. Babai, Kharkovsky district 16 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939. the Jews of B. were evicted to the Kazan province."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABALIKASHVILI Israel (1906, Kutais - 1971, Tbilisi), rabbi, society. activist. Beginning religious arr. received from Ch. Rabbis of Georgia R. Eluashvili and Sh. Levitin. Later he studied at the \"Tomkhei tmimim\" yeshiva (Rostov-on-Don). Upon completion of his studies, he returned to Tiflis, was a rabbi, khazan, melamed, butcher. In 1934 he was arrested for his associations, activities, spent six months in prison. After his release, he continued to travel to the cities and villages of Georgia, creating circles for the study of Hebrew and Torah (in Sachkher, Zugdidi, Borjomi, Sukhumi, Batumi, Tskhinvali, Gori, etc.), he taught in them. Among his students were students, university lecturers, engineers, pedagogues, etc. In 1953 he was arrested in connection with the “doctors' case”, for some time he was in prison. Later he was engaged in translations from Hebrew to cargo. lang. He left a diary - interesting sketches from the life of the cargo. Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABALIKASHVILI Nisan Izrailevich (1938, Tbilisi - 1986, ibid.), Semitologist, historian and linguist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1972). Son of I. Babalkashvili. Graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the Tbilisi State. un-that (1964). Since 1967 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, simultaneously. worked in Tbilisi un-those, the first in Georgia began to teach students of the modern. Hebrew. Research Heb. epigraphic. monuments of Georgia, North. Caucasus and Crimea, per. for the cargo. lang. book Tanakh Eikha and Kogelet (published in the almanac \"Armagani\", 1977). Works: Heb. inscriptions in Georgia (XVIII-XIX centuries), Tb., 1971; About several Jewish-speaking Karaite epigraphs. monuments in Chufut-Kale, in the book: Semitologich. studies, v. 3, Tb., 1986."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABANKA, a village in the Uman district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - a town of Bratslav Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from the 2nd floor. 19th century - volost center of Umansky district Kiev province. In 1930-59 it was a regional center. In 1939, 103 Jews lived in Byelorussia. occupation of the Jews of Byelorussia in the 19th century. - retail trade and crafts. All R. 19th century in B. there was a cantonist school. Between 1918 and 1921 the Jewish population of Byelorussia was repeatedly subjected to pogroms. All Jews of Byelorussia were shot by the spring of 1942. S.Ya. Elisavetsky"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Babat Georgy Ilyich (1911, Zhitomir - 1960, Moscow), scientist, specialist in the region. radio engineering and power engineering. R. in the family pom. attorney at law, after Oct. rev-tion - prof. Kiev in-that nar. x-va. Received education at home. From 1928 he studied at the Kiev email. technical school and at the Kiev Polytechnic. in-those, to-ry graduated in 1932. In 1932–42 he worked at the Svetlana electrovacuum plant in Leningrad (engineer, then head of the laboratory). At the same time in 1934–41 he taught at the Department of Automation and Telemechanics in Leningrad. polytechnics, in-those (from 1939 - Assoc.). In 1942 he was evacuated from Leningrad to Moscow, where he worked at defense enterprises. In 1943–46 he was scientific. sotr. Energetic. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1946–49 head. lab. Sci. automotor institute (NAMI), which was forced to leave in connection with accusations of cosmopolitanism. At the same time. (1945–48) taught the course \"Induction Heating\" in Moscow. energetic in-those, since 1947 - prof. Department of Electrical Engineering and Electrical Equipment Vses. extramural engineering and construction. in-ta.Osn. research in the region. high-frequency heating, creating edema. lamp generators and the use of high-frequency currents in transport. Since 1932, he completed a cycle of work on the circuits of post and AC converters. current using controlled valves (rectifiers, inverters, frequency converters). Pioneer in the region. prom. the use of e-thermal. methods in metal processing; the condenser electric spot welding invented by him has found (since 1934) application in vacuum technology. In 1936–39 he developed a method of induction heating of metal (high-frequency hardening) and proposed the first industrial. types of high-frequency quenching installations with lamp generators. The author of popular science and thin. books about science and technology. Became. pr. (1943). Etc. English. Institute of Electrical Engineers (1940) for work on steel hardening by high-frequency currents. Works: Induction heating of metals and its prom. application, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1965; Country PEEF, M., 1944; Stories about high-frequency currents, M.-L., 1948; Accelerators, M., 1957; Magnetron, M., 1957 (with A.L. Garf); Electricity Works, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1964."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Babai, see Babai."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABCHE, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bogorodchansky povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In May 1942, 13 Jews of Byelorussia were resettled to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankovsk), where they were subsequently exterminated."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Babchinets, see Babchintsy."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABCHINTSY, a village in the Mogilev-Podolsk district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - c. Babchinets of Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. 192 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939. the occupation of the Jewish population is the cultivation of tobacco plantations on rented land. The Jewish community flourished; there were synagogues and a public bath in Byelorussia. After the publication of the Provisional Rules in 1882, Jews lost the right to lease land for plantations; the financial situation of the community has deteriorated significantly. In 1926, immigrants from Byelorussia were founded. in the Kherson env. agriculturalist. m-in \"New Life\" (53 people). 9 Aug. 1941, 94 Jews were shot in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABEL Isaak Emmanuilovich (1894, Odessa - 1940, Moscow), writer. Received a homemade tradition. Heb. education. Graduated from Odessa Commercial uch-shche, then Commercial. Institute in Kiev (1915). At the age of 15, he began to write stories in French. lang., but soon gave up. In 1915 he moved to St. Petersburg. In 1916 he made his debut with two stories in the railway station. \"Chronicle\" by M. Gorky. Collaborated in gas. \"New Life\", closed in 1918 by the Bolsheviks as an opposition publication. On the advice of Gorky, he left the literature for a while and from 1917 to 1924 changed many occupations: he was a soldier to Romanian, French, served in the Cheka, the People's Commissariat for Education, and worked as a printing employee. In 1920 he volunteered for the front, was a fighter in the 1st Cavalry Army, where he was considered Russian according to documents. In 1923 he published in Zh. \"Lef\" stories \"Salt\", \"Letter\", \"Death of Dolgushov\", \"King\", which immediately brought him fame. These and other stories made up two main cycles - \"Cavalry\" (1926) and \"Odessa stories\" (1931), where art. the world of B. appears in all its uniqueness. In the images of the cavalrymen, B. showed a contradictory fusion of selflessness and unbridled passions, anarchism and devotion to the roar. idea. With heavy feeling B. describes violence and senseless destruction, Heb. pogroms and dying culture. This gave rise to sharp criticism of the \"Cavalry\" by its former commander S.M. Budyonny. Gorky spoke in defense of B. In \"Odessa stories\" B. gave a colorful image of Hebrews. urban poor, vivid images of representatives of the underworld, partly romanticized. A master of a short story, B. strove for laconicism and accuracy, showing in his works. a complex fusion of naturalism, pathos, sorrow and irony. The metaphorically complicated style of early stories is gradually replaced by a strict and outwardly restrained narration. manner (\"Awakening\", \"Karl-Yankel\", \"Dante Street\", etc.) The first owls. Russian-Heb. writer, B. was also a prominent representative of the so-called. South Russian lit. schools (I. Ilf, E. Petrov, V.P. Kataev and others). In the 2nd floor. 20s - early. 30s traveled a lot around the country, was in France, Germany, Poland, but wrote little. B. also belongs to the plays \"Sunset\" (1928), \"Maria\" (1935), several. movie scripts. Repressed in 1939. Son - Ivanov Mikhail Vsevolodovich (b. 1927, Moscow), artist. Author of landscapes of old Moscow."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABICH Boris Karlovich (1903, Ekaterinovka of the Verkhnedneprovsky district of the Ekaterinoslav province - 1966, Kiev), orthopedist, traumatologist. Prof. (1946). Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1927). In 1941–45 he served as a military man. a doctor. In 1947-52 Ch. orthopedist-traumatologist of the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR; hands. clinic of traumatology of the Kiev Research Institute of Orthopedics (1960-66). Made a great contribution to the organization of orthopedic and traumatology. help in Ukraine. the work of B. poev, the problems of osteoarticular tuberculosis, the formation of post-amputation stumps, osteomyelitis gunshot, etc. Vol .: On the calcaneal spurs, K., 1941 (doct. dis); Traumatic dislocations, K., 1 ^ 51; Outpatient treatment of fractures, K., 1952; Fundamentals of complex functional therapy for osteoarticular tuberculosis, K., 1965; Traumatic dislocations and fractures, K., 1968."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABICHI, a village in Radekhiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 30 Jews were driven away from Byelorussia and subsequently exterminated."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABIN, a village in the Kelmenets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 112 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In July 1941, the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria. Lydia Yakovlevna Lipkovskaya (real fam. Marschner) (1882-1958, Beirut), singer (coloratura soprano)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABIN Marat Ruvimovich (b. 1929, Moscow), sculptor. In 1948 he graduated from the department of training craftsmen at the Stroganov School, specializing in a chaser. Then pl. for years he worked as a metal chaser. From the beginning. 50s took up sculpture. He worked in the region. monumental and easel plastics. The creative face of the master was determined by the end. 60s Until mid. 80s was removed from participation in official exhibitions. He worked in figurative plastic, but especially many others. in abstraction. This made it difficult for the artist to reach the audience, prevented the embodiment of his ideas. Only with ser. 80s his decorative-monumental work begins to be successfully carried out. He makes the trademark of one of the Alushta sanatoriums in the form of a flying bird, creates an emblem for at. reactor, installed near Tomsk, performs an expressive series of monumental lamps. The sculptor works in strict material, ch. arr. in metal, occasionally in wood. Easel comp. B. is inherent in a monumental scope. His sculpture, be it an abstraction or a figurative composition, is designed for active interaction with the environment, for its transformation. How thin. abstract philosophy. thinking B. operates with plastic images for the expression of abstract categories, thinks in essences, not characters. From the 2nd floor. 80s B.'s work includes a biblical theme. In 1987 he creates the composition \"Servant of Abraham\", where the image of Eliezer is abstracted from the candidate. ist. and ethnogr. concreteness and turns into a plastic f-lu of the idea of ​​overcoming space. In The Flying Bird (1993) the same idea is solved in a different plastic way."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABIN Victor (b. 1908, Moscow), pianist, composer. In 1928 he graduated from the Riga State. cons., in 1931 - the Higher School of Music in Berlin. In 1929 he made his debut as a pianist. From 1932 he gave concerts at the fp. duet with V. Vronsky. In the beginning. 1930s gave recitals and accompanied by symphons. orc., performed on radio in the Baltic countries, in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, etc. In 1937 he made his debut in the USA, performed in New York at the fp. duet with his wife V. Vronsky. Since 1938 he has been living in the USA. In the end. 1940s toured a lot in the North. and Yuzh. America, Europe and Israel. The author of St. 50 works, publ. in Europe, Great Britain, USA; among them - concerts for piano, 2 piano, violin with orc., chamber instructor. ans, incl. strings .: quartet, fp. trio, sonata for cello and fp., cycle of songs for voice and fp. Beloved Stranger. B. owns an arrangement for 2 php. “6 Sonatas for Trio” by JS Bach; “Petrushka's Costume” by IF Stravinsky; romances by S.V. Rachmaninoff and others. Doctor of Fine Arts (un-t in Nyo-Mexico, Albuquerque, USA, 1961). Member festival quartet (since 1956); dir. Cleveland Muses. Institute in Ohio (since 1961) and the Ospensky muses. Institute in Colorado (1951-55)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABINA BALKA, does not exist since 1964. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson lips. In the 1940s and 60s. - the village of Voznesensky district of the Nikolaev region. 29 January. 1942 in B. B. Ukr. the police shot approx. 600 Jews from Odessa."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABINO, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine) .In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942 the Jewish population of Byelorussia was transferred to the Sambor ghetto, and in April-June 1943 they were shot."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABINOVICHI, a village in the Liozno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in the 16th century. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1777 - the district, from 1840 - the provincial town of Orsha u. Mogilev province. After 1917 - a village, in 1946-56 - in the Orekhovsky district of the Vitebsk region. In 1782 395 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1798 - 1754, in 1841 - 537, in 1846 - 639, in 1851 - 531, in 1854 - 512, in 1856 - 516, in 1859 - 799, in 1860 - 788, in 1869 - 526, in 1881 - 270 (28%), in 1897 - 552, in 1908 - 882, in 1910 - 906 (62.6% ), in 1923 - 410, in 1926 - 332 Jews (32.1%) In 1841 there were 4 synagogues in Byelorussia, 7 heders. In 1843-44 in the mountains. management included 2 Jews - Krapivner and Itkin. In 1856 there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia, and in 1859 there were 3 synagogues. From 1861 to 1865, Krapivner was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1869 there were 2 wooden synagogues. In 1910 - 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In the 1920s and 30s. Shmuel Halperin (? —1955), a Lubavitch Hasid, was a Shokhet in B. In March 1942, 16 Jews were shot in B. In B. Pechersky; Hayman Strunsky (1871-1942, New York), poet, publicist, wrote in Yiddish and English. V. N. Pervyshin"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABITSKY Konstantin Iosifovich (1929, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Linguist. In 1953 he graduated from the Institute of Communications, then several. years he lived in the Urals. Returning to Moscow, he enrolled in philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (graduated in 1960). Jr. worked. scientific. sotr. in the sector theor. and Applied Linguistics Ying-that Rus. lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Author and co-author of a number of scientific. works in the region. struct. and mate. linguistics. From ser. In the 1960s, he became close to the participants in the human rights defense that emerged in those years. movement, signed. several petitions of protest: in defense of A.D.Sinyavsky and YM Daniel, A.I. Ginzburg and Y.T. Galanskov. He was also known in Moscow as a performer of the \"author's song\"; naib. Izv. his songs to the verses of Daniel. Participant in the \"demonstration of seven\" - an act of protest on Red Square. in Moscow against the invasion of owls. troops to Czechoslovakia (08/25/1968). Arrested together with other participants of the demonstration; in oct. 1968 was found guilty by the Moscow City Court of “slander against the Sov. system \"and\" group actions, grossly violating society, order \", sentenced to 3 years in exile. Served a sentence in the Komi ASSR. After his release, he was completely deprived of the opportunity to work in his specialty. For some time he worked as a carpenter and handyman in the village. Shchelykovo, Kostroma region; also worked on the lane. room. poetry. In 1990 B. received honorary title. citizenship of the city of Prague."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABRAY, a village in Lazdija district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Mariampolskiy u. Suwalki province. 20th century in B. lived several. Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABSKY Evgeny Borisovich (1902, Geryusy Elisavetpolskaya province - 1973, Moscow), physiologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1924). Then until 1929 he worked in the department of physiology Biol. in-ta them. KA Timiryazeva, in 1927–30 - at the Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. V.A. Obukha. In 1930–49 - head. Department of Physiology Moscow. ped. in-that. In 1941-43 pom. authorized GKO on the use of modern. scientific. advances in medicine and physiology for defense needs. In 1949–50 at Ying-those clinics. Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (head of the department). Since 1952 head. lab. clinics physiology in Ying-those thoracic surgery them. A. N. Bakuleva, in 1959–73 head. lab. general and clinical physiology Ying-that norms. and pathological. Physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. tr. for the study of chem. factors of nervous excitation, mechanisms of muscle contraction. Research the nature of cardiac automation and the mechanisms of its nervous and humoral regulation. Developed new models of pacemakers, proposed a number of research methods. cardiovascular (dynamocardiography, cardiocyclography) and digestion. (endoradiosonde) systems, as well as the musculoskeletal system (stabilography, etc.). Auth. swelling textbooks on the physiology of women and humans for students (1934–37, 1966, 1972). Prev To-that on a new honey. technique at the Ministry of Health of the USSR (1962–67). Works: Electrical stimulation of the heart, Moscow, 1961 (with L.S.Ulyaninsky); Dynamocardiography, M., 1963 (jointly with V.L. Karpman); Physiology, medicine and technical progress, M., 1965 (with V.V. Larin); The history of biology from ancient times to the beginning. XX century, M., 1972; Fav. tr., Kiev, 1977."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABTAI, a place in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobty Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 125 Jews (19.1%) lived in Byelorussia; in 1913, approx. 900 (75%), in 1923 - 153 Jews (20%). B. had city rights. In the 19th century. - cr. bargain. a place on the Kovna-Riga highway; local Jews were engaged in the export of timber and agricultural. products to Prussia. In 1878-1914, Moishe-Eliyahu Burshtein was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the 1920s. with the construction of the railway. e. economical B.'s value has fallen, pl. Jews left for the United States and decomp. In 1931 Jews owned 2 wool-combing workshops, a sewing machine shop, and a sewing workshop. In 1937, among the Jews of Byelorussia there were three butchers, a baker, and a shoemaker. In the 1930s. Rabbi B. was Shloimo Pudlish. By the beginning. 2nd world. During the war, approx. 40 Jewish families. In the end. June 1941 B. occupied the Germans. troops. On July 17, 1941, the Lithuanian police killed 8 local communists (including 6 Jews), on August 31. 1941 Lithuanians shot 83 Jews. In the beginning. 1990s a monument was erected at the burial site in a forest 2 km from B."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABUSHARA, a village in the Gulripshsky district of Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Babusheri of the Sukhumi env. Kutaisi province. Between 1921 and 1991, it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1970, 12 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "GRANDMERS, see Babushara."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABUSHKIN (until 1939 - Losinoostrovsk), a region (since 1960) within the city of Moscow. Main in 1897 as a summer cottage settlement in the Moscow district. and lips. Since 1925 - a city, since 1929 - in the Mytishchi district of the Moscow region. In 1926, 1684 Jews (10.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 4761 (6.7%), in 1959 - 5117 Jews (4, 2%) In the 1920s and 1930s. in B., the largest Jewish population was noted in Moscow province. (region). In the 1920s. the Jews of Byelorussia owned a large number of shops, including up to 50% of the shops selling clothes. In 1925, a synagogue was officially opened in Byelorussia (in 1925-27 it was located at the following address: Kominternovsky uch-k, dacha No. 94; from 1927 to the beginning of the 1930s, the 3rd Vatutinsky uch-k, dacha No. 17) ... In the end. 1920s a second synagogue functioned in B. (Ostashkovskoe shosse, dacha No. 60); prev. reign was M. Shapiro. In 1927 two minyans gathered in Byelorussia (Kominternovsky Prospect, dacha No. 4; Kominternovsky Prospect, dacha No. 16). In the beginning. 1930s both synagogues were closed, minyans continued to gather in the 1930s and 1950s. In the end. 1940s Jewish believers have repeatedly petitioned for the opening of a synagogue, but were refused. In the beginning. 1950s a minyan (30-50 people) gathered in B., whose organizers were Ya.M. Edelman and Sh.E. Drabkin (address: Ostashkovskoe highway, dacha No. 99). Yakov Mordukhovich Kimelveld (b. 1937), Doctor of Chem. Sciences (1986), since 1979 deputy. dir. Institute of spectroscopy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, author of 80 scientific. tr. on the problems of spectroscopy. In the 1930s. in B. lived Sh.-J.-L. Medal. Y. A. Snopov"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABYAK, a village in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Kola posad. Kalisz province. 192 Jews (35%) lived in Byelorussia in 1827, 240 (46%) in 1857, 221 (36%) in 1897, 237 (30%) in 1921, and 240 Jews in 1939. Jewish families were engaged with. x-th, petty trade and craft. In 1884 Abel Kon was the rabbi in B.. 2 October. 1940 all the Jews of Byelorussia were transferred to ghettos in neighboring villages, from where in the middle. jan. 1942 were sent to the Chelmno extermination camp."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BACHELIS Tatiana Izrailevna (b. 1918, Kiev), theater critic, critic. Dr. lawsuit. Graduated from GITIS (1946). Since 1960 - Art. scientific. sotr. Grew up. in-that lawsuit (1985). The author of the book: \"Daria Vasilievna Zerkalova\" (Moscow, 1954), \"Theater Abroad\" (Moscow, 1961), \"Fellini\" (Moscow, 1972, an example of the deepest penetration into the secrets of the dir.), \"Shakespeare and Craig \"(M., 1983). B. publ. a number of Art. on questions of cinema and t-ra; special interests - in the field of Italian, French, English. Isk-va, also wrote about owls. masters of t-ra, including about V.E. Meyerhold, about S.M. Mikhoels in the role of King Lear, about A.G. Tyshler, about T. on Taganka (well. \"Theater\", etc. ). B. belongs to the cycle of Art. about fr. existentialist drama of the 1940s – 1950s. (about J.P. Sartre and others) in collections of the 1960s. \"Modern. hack drama \"and others."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BACHKI, a village in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Vengrovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 150 Jews (17%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 133 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BACHOY, see BACHOY."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BADEEV (real family. Suslik) Joseph Isaakovich (1880, Orhei, Bessarabian province. - 1937), part. activist. Into the roar. movement since 1903. In the beginning. 1920s - one of the hands. Orhei underground communist. org-tion, delegate of the 4th congr. Comintern (1921). In 1924 - before. Mold. section of the Odessa Provincial Committee of the KP (b) U, secretary. desks, orgburo Mold. ASSR. Dec. 1924 - Dec. 1928 - secret. Mold. regional committee of KP (b) U. Member CC CP (b) U, CEC Mold. ASSR. In 1929–37 - at desks and households. work in Ukraine. Delegate to the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b). Repressed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BADRAZH OLD, see [[Badrazhiy Vek."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAER Lev Abramovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), architect, specialist in the design of spectacular buildings. In 1951 he graduated from architect. Faculty Builds. in-that Mossovet. Member of the 1941–45 war. He constantly worked in the Institute Giproteatr. Main works: theater in Kineshma (1976), theater in Semipalatinsk (1982), cinema in Vladivostok (1989), children's theater in Saratov (1992). Etc. on Vses. competition for the design of the building of the Museum of Cosmonautics in Kaluga (1961)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAEVO, a village in the Dubrovno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1777 - the town of Orsha u. Mogilev province. From 1802 - in Kopysky, from 1861 - Goretsky district. Mogilev province. In 1922-24 - in the Smolensk province. RSFSR, since 1924 - in the Lyadnyansky district of the Orsha okr. Byelorussian SSR. 168 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1851, 238 in 1869, 697 in 1880, 505 (55.7%) in 1897, 645 in 1908, and 243 in 1923. In 1851 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. and the header. All R. 1920s the mikvah was closed. In 1928 Arie-Sholom Varshavsky was a shokhet in B. In the spring of 1942 the Jews of B. were shot. Samuil Matveevich Eidlin (1914-1986, Samara), poet (in Yiddish) .V.N. Pervyshin"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAEVSKY (Baklavsky) Arie (Gleb) (1889, Helsingfors - 1942), one of the pioneers of the Hebrew. pestilence fleet in E.-I. R. in the family of a Ukrainian nobleman. Studied at Mor. corps and Mor. academy in St. Petersburg. Fleet captain. During the revolution, he fled to Turkey. There he became close to a group of Zionists organized by I. Trumpeldor, and together with it he arrived in E.-I. Converted to Judaism. He was a military man. instructor \"Gagana\". He sharply opposed the British and became a member. revisionist movement. Was deputy. com. schools mor. officers in Italy, created by Beit-rum. After the start of the 2nd world. war volunteered in eng. fleet. He died of illness."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAEVSKY David Anatolyevich (1898, Smolensk - 1979, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1948), prof. (1935). Son of a zemstvo doctor. At 16-17 he studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1918-19 he worked in the department of bunks. education in Smolensk. In 1919–21 in Kr. Army. In 1921–23 he studied at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov. In 1923–25 he worked in the region. party school in Izhevsk. In 1925-29 he studied at the Ying-those red professors, at the same time. in 1926–29 he taught history at the Communist. un-those them. Sverdlov. In 1929–31 he worked at Ying-those Marx-Engels-Lenin in Moscow, member. editorial board \"Proletarian revolution\". In 1931–37 he lectured at the school. institutions of Bezhitsa, Smolensk and Gorky. In 1938–65 he worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1965 he retired. Participated in the preparation of \"Sketches on the history of Oct. rev-tion \"(v. 1, M., 1927), collection\" Against the historical concept of M.N. Pokrovsky \"(part 1, M.-L., 1939), generalizing tr. \"History of Moscow\" (vol. 6, part 1, M., 1952), \"History of civil. war in the USSR \"(v. 5, M., I960), comp. “History of Kazakh. SSR from ancient times to the present day \"(Alma-Ata, 1943) and others. Author of works on the economy of Russia and the situation of the working class during the civilian period. War, Cit .: No need for war! (Anti-war strike in 1916 in Bezhitsa), Smolensk, 1934; Essays on the history of households. construction period civil. war, M., 1957; The working class in the early years of the Sov. authorities (1917–21), M., 1974."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAEVSKY Solomon Isaakovich (b. 1923 Mogilev), orientalist, specialist in Iran, philologist and translator. Cand. philol. Sciences (1954). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1946). Art. scientific. sotr. (1971). From 1956 to scientific. work in the LO IV of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the 1941–45 war. The author of several. dozens of scientific. tr. Translated from Persian. \"A collection of rarities or four conversations\" by Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi (M., 1963, with 3. N. Vorozheikina). Op .: Description of the Tajik. and pers. manuscripts, v. 4, Pers. explanatory dictionaries (farhangs), M., 1962; Description of pers. and taj. manuscripts of the Institute of the Peoples of Asia, v. 5, Bilingual dictionaries, M., 1968; Early Pers. lexicography, XI-XV centuries, M., 1989."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAEVSKY Vadim Solomonovich (b. 1929, Kharkov), philologist. Researcher of Russian history poetry of the 19th and 20th centuries, the theory of verse. Graduated from Kiev ped. Institute (1951). Dr. philol. Sciences (1975), prof. (1979), head. Department of Literature of the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. The author of the research. creativity DS Samoilov \"David Samoilov: Poet and his generation\" (1986), books \"Verse. Russian Soviet poetry \"(1972),\" Through the magic crystal \": Poetics of\" Eugene Onegin \", a novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin\" (1990). With comment. B. published a collection of poems and poems by B.L. Pasternak compiled by him (together with E.B. Pasternak) in the Big Series \"Poet's Libraries\" (1990)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAGCHKA, see [[Great Bagachka."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAGASLAVISKIS, a town in the Shirvint region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Boguslavishki Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. By the beginning of the 1st world. During the war, 50 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia (including several shopkeepers, small traders, a potter, a tailor, 2 shoemakers, and several cabbies). It took place annually. fair. In 1910-20, the relig. the needs of the community were provided by the \"traveling\" rabbi Avrom Peak. During the 1st world. During the war, approx. 500 Jewish families evicted from the districts of Kovna (modern Kaunas) and Vilkomir (modern Ukmerge) and soon deported to the interior of Russia. On May 27, 1915, in an atmosphere of general spy mania, 6 Jews were taken hostage in Byelorussia (including Rabbi Benjamin Izraelit), who were sent to the police department of Vilna (present-day Vilnius). On June 25, 1915, the hostages were released. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. young Jews left for the USA. In the 1930s. The rabbi of B. was Jerahmiel Yoshpe. In 1941, ten Jewish families lived in B.. Almost all of the Jews of B. were shot by the Lithuanian police on 5 Sept. 1941 In B. Avrom-Chaim Shas, in the middle. 19th century rabbi in pl. small towns of Lithuania."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAGHDAD, see Baghdadi."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAGDADI (in 1940-90 - Mayakovsky), city (since 1981), regional center (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Baghdad Kutaisi district and lips. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1939 12 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1970 - 40, in 1979 - 22 Jews. Jews have lived in Byelorussia since the 1930s."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAGDARIN, a village in the Bauntovsky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Barguzinsky environs. Transbaikal region Between 1973 and 1990 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 15 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAGEROVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1941) in the Leninsky district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main at the end. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Feodosia district. Tauride province. nov. 1941 in an anti-tank ditch approx. B. was shot apprx. 7 thousand Jews from Kerch."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAGOTSKY Vladimir Sergeevich (b. 1920, Bern, Switzerland), electrochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1959). He graduated in 1944 chem. Faculty of Moscow un-that (in 1944-47 in graduate school). Disciple of Acad. A.N. Frumkina. In 1947-50 he was an assistant at the Department of Electrochemistry at the University. In 1950-65 in the Vses. Institute of current sources (head of laboratory, head of department). Since 1965 at the Institute of Electrochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of laboratory, head of department, since 1990 - head of scientific worker). scientific. tr. in the region. theoretical and applied electrochemistry. Investigated the mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction, electrocatalytic. phenomena during the anodic oxidation of methanol, the reduction reaction of carbon dioxide. One of the creatures. prom. silver-zinc batteries and mercury-zinc cells. He actively participated in the creation. environmentally friendly energy sources - hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. Author approx. 400 scientific. works, 5 monographs (including transl. in English). Works: Khimich. current sources, M., 1981 (with A.M. Skundin); Fundamentals of Electrochemistry, M., 1988."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAGRINOVKA, a village in the Glyboksky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Seretsky eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 2 Jews were killed in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAGRITSKY (real name Dzyubin) Eduard Georgievich (1895, Odessa - 1934, Moscow). Poet. He studied at a real school, on land surveying courses. From 1915 he was published in the Odessa almanacs. From 1925 he lived and worked in Moscow. Youthful freedom-loving poems about the sea, about birds, about smugglers in the con. 20s and early. 30s are replaced by verses about the \"three-sided frankness of the bayonet\", which demanded a blind and unconditional submission to time - the age of revolution: \"... if he says:\" Lie \"- lie, / ... if he says:\" Kill \"- kill\". The image of the commissioner of the food detachment Kogan (\"Duma about Opanas\"), who was killed by a bullet from the Makhnovist, is one of B.'s few appeals to Hebrews. realities - \"the personification of social truth\", according to the poet's own admission, who wants to die \"by the same glorious death / Like Joseph Kogan.\" There is not a single living human trait, especially a Jewish one, in this image, except perhaps this: \"Bollypavitsky conversation / The muzhiks are confused.\" Even about his origin, the poet writes with disdain: \"rusty Jews\", \"Jewish sour cream\", \"a crutch of the father and mother's cap\", etc. up to \"Leave | / Leave! / So much the better! / Don't give a damn!\" Such a position could not but affect creativity. Having broken with the world of his ancestors, the poet lost his life-giving bunks. sources, K.-L. references associated with Heb. the reality of Russia of those years, if he resorts to them, are deprived of any emotional and expressive coloring: \"I passed through the Jewish houses\", \"Saturday in a purple wig, / Walking with a candle\" (\"The Last Night\"), etc. D. B. pl. translated other poets, including P. Markish. Works: Yugo-Zapad, Moscow, 1928; Winners, M.-L., 1932; Last Night, M., 1932; Odnomnik, M., 1934; Coll. op. (under the editorship of I.P. Utkin), vol. 1, M.-L., 1938; Poems, L., 1956."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Vsevolod Eduardovich BAGRITSKY (1922, Odessa - 1942, Dubovik, Leningrad region), poet. Son of E.G. Bagritsky. While studying at school, he worked lit. consultant for Pionerskaya Pravda. In the winter of 1939–40 he entered the theater studio headed by A.N. Arbuzov and V.N. Pluchek. He took an active part in writing and staging the play \"City at Dawn\". From the first days of the war, he sought to be sent to the French, although he was removed from the military register due to severe myopia. From the end of 1941 - at the front. Died Feb. 1942. During his lifetime, his poems were almost never published. In 1958, Sat. verse of the deceased poets \"Poems remain in the ranks\", which included the production. B. In 1964, the book was published. “Diaries. Letters. Poems \", composed of manuscripts preserved by the poet's mother LG Bagritskaya, critic KL Zelinsky and other close people. In creation book E.G. Bonner, a school friend of B."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAGVA, a village in Mankovsky district of Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Umansky u. Kiev province. In the summer of 1941, 140 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, gathered from the surrounding area. points."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAK Isai Solomonovich (1902 - 1962, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1928). Graduated from Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va (1923). Conducted by scientific-ped. work. Main research subject: history of economics. teachings and history of nar. x-va of the USSR. One of the authors of “History of Rus. econom. thoughts \"(Moscow, 1926). In his work \"Stock Exchange in the West and in the USSR\" (Moscow, 1926), he first gave a detailed description of bargaining. and stock exchanges in the USSR at the early stage of the New Economic Policy (Econ. views of M.V. Lomonosov, M., 1946; Antifeudal econ. teachings in Russia in the second half of the 18th century, M., 1958."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAK Israel (Israel) (1797, Berdichev, Volyn province - 1874, Jerusalem), book publisher. From the family of a typographer. In 1815 he opened a Heb. printing house, in a cut before its closure by the authorities (1821) printed approx. 30 kn. in Hebrew. From 1831 in E.-I., settled in Safed, opened the first Hebrew city in the city. typography. He also owned land. site on Mount Meron, where he created the first in E.-I. Heb. s.-kh. settlement (farm). In 1837–38, the printing house and farm of Byelorussia were destroyed by an earthquake and ruined in the course of the Druze uprising that soon followed. B. moved to Jerusalem, in 1841 reopened a printing house (the first in the city), in which he printed 130 kn. Beginning in 1863, B. published gas. \"Ga-Khavacelet\" (soon discontinued, was renewed by his stepson ID Frumkin in 1870). B. headed the Hasidic community of Jerusalem, was one of the initiators of the construction of the famous synagogue \"Tifares Yisroel\" (destroyed in 1948 during the War of Independence). B.'s son - Nisan (1815, Berdichev - 1889, Jerusalem), after his father's death, ran a printing house , sold it in 1883 and devoted himself entirely to the affairs of the Hasidic community of Jerusalem. The initiator of the construction of the Kiryat Naeman quarter (also called Batey Nisan Bak), the Yemeni quarter, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAK Julian Borisovich (1861, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1908, Petersburg), engineer, entrepreneur, society, activist. R. in the merchant. family. Graduated from the Institute of Railway Engineers in St. Petersburg. He worked as a trainee at the Zakasp building. g. d., later led the construction of the railway. v. Perm-Kotlas, Vologda-Vyatka, Kiev-Kovel, Balashov-Kharkov. In 1904 he subsidized gas. \"Novosti\", founded gas in 1906. \"Rech\", conveyed it to the leaders of the Constitutional Democratic Party. party. B. was the first to provide material support to the Ob-vu for scientific. Heb. publications, which organized the preparation and publication in 1908-13 of \"Heb. encyclopedias \"in Russian. lang. In 1904, members. reign of Heb. community of St. Petersburg and the Choral synagogue, member. to-that Heb. colonialist. about-va. In 1908 he entered the Popechit. to-t on the organization of the Courses of Oriental Studies of Baron D.G. Gintsburg, donated funds for their maintenance, was included in the committee for the construction of a new complex of buildings on Heb. Preobrazhensky cemetery, paid great attention to the activities of the Society for the care of poor Jews in the capital and in the \"Pale of Settlement\", made large donations in its favor."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKALARZHEV, see Bakalazhev."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKALAZHEVO, a village in the Suwalki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Bakalarzhev of Suvalki u. and lips. In 1918–39, it was part of Poland. In 1844, 590 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 728 (50%), in 1827 - 525 (56%), in 1857 - 740 (80%), in 1859 - 776. in 1897 - 970 (38%), in 1921 - 141 Jews (20%). Jewish families lived in B. already at the end. 17th century From 1823 to 1862 Byelorussia was closed for free settlement of Jews. Jews earned their living from trade and crafts. From the end. 19th century B., surrounded by a beautiful forest, became the zone of the dacha construction. Jews from neighboring cities built dachas in B. and rented them out in the summer months. Serving summer residents was an important source of income.In 1827 Eliyahu Bardin was the rabbi in Byelorussia, then Shlomo-Shmaryahu Margaliot, in 1904-14 - Yehuda Hashesman (1876 -?). During the 1st peace. During the war, most of the Jews left Bulgaria for good. After the war, the Jews who remained in Byelorussia continued to earn money by small trade and crafts. armies entered B. at the end. Sep 1939. Jews were deported to the region of the Lithuanian border. Nek-rym managed to cross the border to the territory. THE USSR. The rest were sent to Suwalki, and from there, together with local Jews, to decomp. small towns in the vicinity of Lublin. All Jews of B., with the exception of several. people died during the Holocaust."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKH Alexey Nikolaevich (Abram Litmanovich) (1857, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 1946, Moscow), biochemist. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1945). In 1875–78 he studied at the Kiev University. Excluded for participation in the rev.-studio. movement Exiled to Belozersk for three years. In 1881 he joined the People's Will organization. In 1883 he went illegal. position. In 1885-1917 - in exile. In 1890 he led scientific research. work at the College de France (Paris); 1891–92 - in the USA, introduced improved. fermentation methods for distillers. z-dakh; 1894-17 - in Geneva. In 1905-18 he joined the Esser. Founder of the Sov. schools of biochemistry. Research chemistry of photosynthesis and oxidize, processes in the cell. He found that breathing is based on a number of sequential. enzymatic oxidation-reduction, reactions. 1935–46 - prev. All-Union. chem. about-va them. D.I. Mendeleev. In 1928 he organized and until 1946 headed the All-Union. association of workers of science and technology. In 1935 he founded the Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1944 bears the name of B.). In 1918, org. Center, chem. lab at the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR, trans. later in Phys.-Chem. in-t them. L.Ya. Karpova, director of which he was until 1946. He was a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee,"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKH Lazar Isaakovich (ps. Yakov Yuzhin) (1903, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province. - 1938), polit. activist. In the 1920s. - member Communist Party of Latvia, later left for South. Africa, was one of the leaders of the CP South. Africa (1930s). In 1935 he was summoned to Moscow through the Comintern and was soon arrested (1937). He died in one of the Kolyma camps of Dalstroy."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKHAROV, see Lull."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKHCHISARAY, city, regional center in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main at the end. 15th century In 1519-1736 - the capital of the Crimean Khanate. Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, in 1784 - in the Tauride region, from 1797 - in the Novorossiysk, from 1802 - the provincial town of Simferopol u. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921-45 - in the Crimean ASSR, in 1945-54 - in the Crimean region. RSFSR, in 1954-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1793, 1,162 Karaites (24.4%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1857 - 132 Jews, in 1864 - 100, in 1867 - 94 Jews and 489 Karaites, in 1889 - 207 Jews and 607 Karaites, in 1897 - 210 Jews (1.8%) and 967 Karaites (8.1%), in 1910 - 310 Jews (2%), in 1914 - 317 Jews and 216 Karaites, in 1926 - 275 Jews and 144 Karaite, in 1939 - 228 Jews. 17-18 centuries. all Jewish shopkeepers in Byelorussia lived in Chufut-Kale and Mangup. In the 1840s. the restoration of the khan's palace in Byelorussia on behalf of Nicholas I was directed by the Tauride and Odessa gakham Sima Solomonovich Babovich (“Hadji-Ata”, 1788-1855). A synagogue functioned since 1854, and a kinassa existed in 1863. In the 1870s. - 1893 Yufuda Solomonovich Uzun (1836-1893) served as B.'s senior gazan. In 1860-70 mountains. B.'s head was Babakai Ilyich Babovich (1828-1878). In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1915, Isaak Samuilovich Sapak was the gazan of Kinassa. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in B., a synagogue was built on the site of the destroyed Krymchak synagogue. In 1902 there was a Zionist circle, in 1908 a private beginning was opened. Jewish school, in the 1910s. was a Karaite amateur drama. circle. In 1914 there were Karaite ministerial husbands in Byelorussia. and wives. uch-schcha, one of the two pharmacies in B. belonged to L.M. Elson. In 1920 the Maccabi club operated. During the 2nd world. During the war in 1941, 40 Jewish families (about 90 people) remained in Byelorussia. One of the underground groups in Byelorussia in 1941–44 was led by A.M. Bolek (1896, Evpatoria - 1944, Bakhchisarai). Dec 13. 1941 90 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. On July 1-15, 1942, 1,047 Jews were killed (mostly prisoners of war), including 18 Krymchaks. In total in the Bakhchisarai region, approx. 5 thousand Jews. In Chufut-Kale there are the remains of houses in which the Karaites lived. Preserved ancient Karaite cemetery, main. in the 15-16 centuries. Some of the utensils and books from those liquidated in the 1920s. synagogues became part of the collection of the Bakhchisarai Museum-Reserve. In B. genus: S.M. Shapshal; Tobiya Simovich Levi-Babovich (1879-1956, Cairo), since 1934 gakham of the Karaite ob-va Cairo, author of works on the history of the Karaites of Crimea."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAHMACH, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in Konotop u. Chernigov province. In 1736, there was 1 Jewish family (5 people) in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 170 Jews (20.2%), in 1923 - 641, in 1926 - 612 (9.0%), in 1939 - 295 Yakov-Aron Gendelev (1857 -?) was the rabbi in Byelorussia since 1898. 1918 Haidamaks rampaged in Byelorussia; were killed. Dec. 1918 a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, perpetrated by the troops of the Directory. On Sept. The 1919 pogrom in Byelorussia was organized by units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. In B., the mikvah was closed, the persecution of the Melamed people began. N.E. Trakhtenberg."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKHMAN Lev (Leib) Isaakovich (1830, Chisinau - 1896, Peterhof), architect, representative of the eclectic direction. The first Jew to graduate from St. Petersburg. AH (1861). Heavy. the illness did not allow him to receive titles that gave the right to live in the capital, he lived in the suburbs. From 1869 he collaborated with Heb. community of St. Petersburg. Main works: a project of a monument to A.S. Pushkin for Moscow (1860, not implemented), a project of a permanent Choral synagogue in St. Petersburg (1869-71), residential buildings in the vicinity of St. Petersburg."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKHMUT, see Artemovsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAHRAKH Lev Davidovich (b. 1921, Rostov-on-Don), specialist in the region. radiophysics and radio engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1959), prof. (1962). Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1966). Graduated from Moscow State University (1941) and Military Air. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky (1945). In 1945–57 he worked at Research Institute-17, from 1957 - early. dep. N.-i. in-that instrument-making NPO \"Vega\" in Moscow. Osn. The work is related to the development of the theory and technology of antenna devices, in particular, the synthesis of antennas and the theory of mirror and multi-mirror antennas. Joint. with sotr. developed new methods of electric. swing beam in antenna systems (Pr. AN SSSR A.S. Popova, 1965), as well as antenna systems decomp. purpose. Became. pr. (1951). Linen. pr. (1961). Works: Synthesis of radiating systems: Theory and methods of calculation, Moscow, 1974 (with S.D. Kremenetsky); Holography in microwave technology, M., 1979 (with A.P. Kurochkin); Reflective scanning antennas: Theory and methods of calculation, M., 1981 (with G.K. Galimov); Problems of antenna technology, M., 1989 (in co-authorship)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKHTIN Vladimir Solomonovich (b. 1923, Novgorod), literary critic, folklorist. Graduated from Leningrad State University (1950). Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1953–62 he taught at the Karelian ped. in-those, Petrozavodsk un-those, polytechnic. in-those in Leningrad and LGPI. Since 1990 - scientific. hands. programs \"Rus. diaspora \"Intern. Foundation for the Development and Survival of Humanity. Folklore specialist S.-Z. Russia, folklore rus. ethnic groups abroad, modern, including mountains, folklore. The largest historian of literature in Leningrad. Comp. pl. folklore collection of collections, including collection of modern collections. polit. anecdotes."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKLAN, a village in the Pochep district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mglinsky u. Chernigov province. 336 Jews (21.2%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. Ichiel-Mikhl-Yehuda-Leib Zalmanov was the rabbi in B."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKLANOV (Fridman) Grigory Yakovlevich (b. 1923, Voronezh), writer, playwright. In 1941 from school he went to the front, was a platoon commander art. intelligence. In 1951 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky. He began publishing in 1950. First. manuf. - pov. \"In the Bullfinches\" (1954), stories and essays are devoted to the post-war. colchus. village. B.'s fame was brought by the military pov. \"South of the main blow\" (1958), \"A Span of the Earth\" (1959), \"The Dead Do Not Shame\" (1961), realistically depicting front-line everyday life and complex human beings. fate. Intense drama, morality. conflicts, attention to crisis situations in production. B. became thin. way of deeper research. character of a person in war. In subsequent productions. B. - pov. Karpukhin (1965), rom. Friends, pov. \"The Lesser Among Brothers\" (1982), heroes, former front-line soldiers, undergo a life test for a sense of responsibility already in peacetime. However, B. does not leave the military theme either - Pov. \"Forever - Nineteen Years\" (1979, USSR State Ave., 1982), stories. In the period. press of recent years appear. B., written in artistic-doc. genre (\"Fictional stories\"). B. own the plays \"How people live\" (1978), \"In the city of N.\" (1984) and others. In 1989-91, bunk bed. dep. THE USSR. In 1987–93 - Ch. ed. g. \"Banner\", one of the naib, interesting literary-artistic. g. liber.-demo. directions of the era of \"perestroika\". In 1980, Fav. cit. \" B. in 4 vols."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKSAN, city (since 1967), a regional center in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Russian Federation). In the 19th - early 20th centuries. - pos. Baksan Pyatigorsk env. Terek Region In 1939, 21 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Baksan, see Baksan."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKSHI Mikhail Markovich (1898-1937), military leader, division commander (1935). He graduated from 6 classes of the city. Since 1919 in Kr. Army, civil. war as a military commissar of a battalion, regiment, brigade, division. He graduated from the main (1926) and operational (1932) military departments. academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1924–32 the beginning. regiment headquarters, then pom. early headquarters Belarusian. IN. In 1932–34 - early. division headquarters, corps. In 1934-36 the beginning. auto-armored tank. troops Leningrad. IN. In 1936, com. and a military commissar. shooter. corps, in 1937 - com. and a military commissar of a heavy tank brigade. Load ord. Cr. Banner. Repressed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKSHTY, a village in the Ivye district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. 172 Jews (11.8%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. In 1882 Jews were prohibited from settling in Byelorussia, but in fact the number of the Jewish population was increasing. Since 1894 Shaya Katz (1856—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. The 1903 regulation in Bulgaria abolished the effect of the Provisional Rules of 1882."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKST (real family member Rosenberg) Lev Samoilovich (1866, Grodno - 1924, Paris), theater, artist, graphic artist, painter. In 1883–87 he was a volunteer at St. Petersburg. Academy of Arts in the class of P.P. Chistyakov and K. Venig. In 1893–96 he studied in Paris at the studio of J.L. Jerome, at the R. Julien Academy and at the Finnish artist A. Edelfelt, traveled to Europe and Africa. In 1893–1903 he was one of the organizers and leading members of the World of Art \". Influenced by the creativity of O. Beardsley and T. Steinlen, it was formed as a delicate, refined graphic. B. Drawings of the 1900s. for railway \"World of Art\", \"Golden Fleece\" and \"Apollo\" - a striking phenomenon of Europe. modern. Exhibited as a watercolorist and painter. The most famous are the portraits of A.N. Benois (1898), I.I. Levitan (1899), V.F. Nouvel (1895), V.V. Rozanov (1901), A. Bely (1906), S.P. Diaghilev (1906), and also W. Acosta (1892). B. made a significant contribution to the culture of publishing houses. deeds, in the formation of new arts, the appearance of the book. In 1905 B. collaborated in satirical poetry. g. \"Bogey\". In 1906–09 he taught at the E. N. Zvantseva School of Drawing and Painting in St. Petersburg. From 1909 Ch. arr. in Paris, designed the performances “Rus. seasons \"Diaghilev and Benoit. Especially interesting are the sketches of costumes for O. Wilde's drama \"Salome\" (1908), created in the style of Orientalism, for the ballet \"Scheherazade\" on muses. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. B. developed innovative principles of pictorial design of the performances \"Rus. seasons \". B. turned to the antique theme when designing the ballets \"Narcissus\" by NN Cherepnin, \"Daphnis and Chloe\" by M. Ravel and \"Afternoon of a Faun\" by K. Debussy (on the latter he worked with VF Nizhinsky). In 1909-14 he designed 12 performances of the Diaghilev enterprise. Returning to Petersburg in 1914, B. as a Jew received an order to leave the city, and settled in France forever. In the last years of his life he worked as a fashion designer together with the French. artists R. Dufy and S. Delone, designed performances in the \"Grand Opera\" and in the troupe of I. Rubinstein. B.'s works are in the Hermitage (Petersburg), the State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow), in the fatherland. and foreign private collections."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKST Nikolai Ignatievich (Hoax Isaakovich) (1842 or 1843, Mir Minsk province - 1904, Petersburg), physiologist, society. activist. He graduated from the rabbinical school in Zhitomir and Petersburg. un-t (1862). He improved his education with G. Helmholtz in Germany. Since 1867, assistant professor of St. Petersburg. un-that. From 1881 he taught for wives. honey. courses. scientific. tr. - in the field of general physiology and neurology. He was the first to accurately measure (with Helmholtz) the speed of propagation of excitation along the motor nerves of a person (1867). He offered a simple way to register heartbeats. Investigated the processes of perception of light irritation by the retina. The outbreak of anti-Semitism in Germany and the pogroms in Russia in 1881 aroused B.'s interest in Hebrew. question. From 1883 to 1888, he was an expert on governments, a commission set up to revise laws on Jews. Author of articles in rus. and Heb. g. about the situation of Jews in Russia. He considered it necessary to strive to improve the conditions of their existence and complete equality. Cit .: On the importance of physiology in the study of medicine, St. Petersburg, 1881; Physiology of the sense organs. Lectures delivered in St. Petersburg. un-those, in. 1., SPb., 1886."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKST Osip Ignatievich (Isaakovich) (1834, Zhitomir - 1895, Petersburg), publisher, public. activist. R. in the family of a teacher of the Zhytomyr rabbinical school, graduated from the Faculty of East. languages ​​of Petersburg. un-that. He served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. cases for the Asian Department of Dragoman. In an effort to contribute to the enlightenment of Jews in Russia, he tried to get a job at the Ministry of the Nar. education, but the appointment did not take place. Since 1860 - the owner of a printing house and publishing house. The publishing program of B. included three areas: social sciences, literature and literary studies, and natural science. In 1862–63 he published 8 issues of \"History of the XIX century from the time of the Vienna Congress\" in German. historian G. Gervinus. In 1863 - “The General History of Literature” by I. Sherr. In 1865 joint. with PI Weinberg released the series \"Classical foreign writers in Russian translation\". Until 1875, the publishing house B. published Garnier-Paget's History of the 1848 Revolution, K. Neumann's History of the American United States, J. Draper's History of the Mental Development of Europe, and Sketch of the History of Hebrews. people ”E. Hecht and others. One of the last ed. B. - pr. GV Shtoll \"The Great Roman Writers\" (1889)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАКУ, город, столица Азербайджанской Республики. Изв. с 3 в. н. э. С 12 в. — центр гос-ва Ширван, позднее — в составе Персии, с 1747 — центр Бакинского ханства, в 1806 занят рус. войсками. С 1813 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1840 — уездный город Каспийской обл., с 1846 — Шемахинской губ., в 1859—1918 — центр Бакинской губ. В 1918—20 — столица Азербайджанской Республики, в 1920—91 — АзССР.В 1897 в Б. проживал 2341 еврей (в осн. горские евреи), в 1913 — 9690 (4,5%), в 1926 — 21 995 (из них 19 583 — ашкеназы, 1985 — горские, 427 — грузинские евреи), в 1939 — 31 050, в 1959 — 29 204 (3%), в 1970 — 29 716 (2,2%), в 1979 — 26 446 (1,7%), в 1989 — 22 826 евреев-ашкеназов и 8438 горских евреев.В 1990 в ходе археологич. раскопок под рук. Р.Геюшова обнаружены остатки еврейского квартала и Шабранской синагоги 7 в. Первые письменные упоминания о евреях в Б. датируются сер. 13 в. Существование еврейской общины в Б. отмечено в 18 в. В 1814 евреи Б. бежали в Кубу, спасаясь от погрома, спровоцированного «кровавым наветом». Позднее часть из них вернулась. Общину в эти годы возглавляли бр. Аврагам и Эфраим бен Йосеф. В доме одного из братьев была синагога. С 1810 в Б. начали селиться ашкеназы. Первая ашкеназийская синагога была открыта в 1832. С 1827 в Б. селились курдские евреи, с 1870-х гг. — грузинские евреи. В 1830-х гг. в Б. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1870-х гг. открыта синагога ремесленников.С 1870-х гг. в связи с ростом нефтедобычи возросла и численность еврейского населения Б. Пионерами пром. нефтедобычи в Б. были Г.А.Поляк (основатель фирмы «Поляк и сыновья»), А.Дембо и Х.Каган (создатели компании «Дембо и Каган»), Г.О.Гинцбург, А.Фейгель и др. евреи-предприниматели. Видную роль в развитии нефтедобычи сыграли Ротшильды (осн. ими «Касп.-Черномор. компания» к кон. 19 в. занимала ведущее положение в синдикате нефтепромышленников). В 1901 в администрации нефтяных компаний и об-в работали 64 еврея. 14 возглавляемых евреями компаний в 1913 производили 44% керосина в России. Значит. вклад в совершенствование технологии переработки бакинской нефти внес химик-технолог А.Бейлин.В 1888, на время проведения ярмарки, евреи по распоряжению властей были выселены из Б. В 1897 в Б. имелось 2 еврейских кладбища, вероятно, тогда же возникла хевра кадиша. В 1893 началась деятельность еврейского благотворит. об-ва (утверждено администрацией в 1905). В 1901 открыт «ашкеназский молитв. дом с хасидской молельней», в 1910 — Большая синагога. Проживавшие в Б. грузинские и горские евреи молились в своих, не зарегистрированных властями синагогах, кроме того, в кон. 19 в. в пригороде Б. — Сабунчи имелась синагога горских евреев, а в нач. 20 в. для них сооружена синагога в центре города. С 1905 раввином горско-еврейской общины был Эфраим Рабинович. В Б. были также синагоги курдских (закрыта в 1939) и грузинских евреев. Действовали хедеры, преподавание в к-рых велось на идише, еврейско-татском и груз. яз. В 1896 открыта талмуд-тора, к-рую в 1913—20 возглавлял Ф.Л.Шапиро, в 1898 — муж., в 1901 — жен. субботние школы для взрослых (дир. последней — С.А.Бернштейн). В 1910-х гг. в Б. работали горско-еврейское отд-ние талмуд-торы (преподаватель М.Шейнерман), школа для грузинских евреев, еврейская б-ка, лит.-муз. кружок, отд-ния ОПЕ и Об-во любителей еврейского языка; до 1920 существовала еврейская гимназия. В 1890-х гг. открыт еврейский дет. сад (один из первых в России; в 1914—15 в нем работала Х.Ровина). В кон. 1900-х гг. в Б. был организован лит.-драм. кружок им. Шолом-Алейхема (реж. И.Л.Пресман). В 1900—20 раввином Б. был Лев Моисеевич Бергер, в сер. 1900-х гг. — Цви-Гирш Цайман, в 1910-х гг. — Иегошуа Рубинштейн. В 1898 в связи с ритуальным наветом произошел погром, пострадало 20 еврейских домов.С кон. 19 в. Б. — один из центров еврейского нац. движения: в 1891 образовано отд-ние «Ховевей Цион» (с 1892 его возглавлял окружной врач Бакинского у. эпидемиолог Бенцион-Зеев (Владимир) Вайншель), в 1899 Элиягу Каплан создал первую сионистскую орг-цию, позднее возникла ячейка «Поалей Цион». В 1902 четыре представителя Б. участвовали в работе 2-й Всерос. сионистской конф. в Минске. Элиягу Эйзенбет был делегатом от Б. на 6-м Всемирн. сионистском конгр. в Базеле (1903). В нач. 20 в. в Б. было основано отд-ние ОПЕ, учредителем к-рого был Адольф Аркадьевич Гухман (1870—1914), зам. управляющего Бакинским отд-нием Каспийско-Черноморских нефтепромыслов, один из лидеров еврейской общины Б. В Б. действовал ряд сионистских орг-ций. Молодеж. орг-цию «Молодая Иудея» возглавлял сын Б.-З.Вайншеля — Авраам (1893—?). Мн. бакинские евреи активно участвовали в деятельности рос. политич. партий. Среди 26 бакинских комиссаров, расстрелянных в 1918, было 6 евреев (в т. ч. М.В.Басин и Я.Д.Зевин). Евреи входили в состав пр-ва Азерб. Республики 1918—20 (среди них мин. здравоохранения Е.Я.Гиндес).В 1918—19 в Б. наблюдался приток горских евреев, беженцев из деревень. Кроме того, прибывали беженцы из Персии.В 1919—34 действовала ширванская синагога. В 1917 в Б. выходил еженед. под ред. И.Глахенхауза «Кавказер вохенблат» (на идише), в 1917—20 (с перерывами, под ред. Б.-З.Вайншеля) — еженед. «Кавказский еврейский вестник» (с прилож. «Палестина»), в 1919—20 — двухнед. «Еврейская воля» (под ред. Уриэля Фридланда и Людвига Стерлинга), в 1919 — газ. «Тобуши сабхи» (на еврейско-татском яз.), в 1919 — журн. (под ред. М.Комаровского) «Га-Мевасер га-Кавкази» (на иврите). После установления сов. власти в Азербайджане (апр. 1920) все независимые еврейские издания были закрыты. В 1922 в Б. на еврейско-татском яз. выходила газ. «Корсох» (орган Кавк. к-та Еврейской ком. партии и ее молодеж. орг-ции). В нач. 1920-х гг. сов. власти препятствовали созданию в Б. орг-ции Бунда, однако тогда же в городе были созданы клубы горско-еврейской молодежи и горско-еврейская школа, к-рые вскоре были закрыты. В 1920 в Б. действовали 2 еврейские муж. студенч. корпорации «Хасмонея» и «Маккавея» и 2 жен. — «Суламита» и «Дебора». В 1920—30-х гг. в Б. издано неск. книг на еврейско-татском яз. В 1922 в Б. прошел судебный процесс над 16 раввинами и «крупными еврейскими спекулянтами» — попечителями тайного хедера и талмуд-торы. Раввином Б. в 1920-х гг. был Савгиль Рувинов. В сер. 1920-х гг. в Э.-И. выехал раввин хасидской общины Меюхес. В 1923 была закрыта старая ашкеназийская синагога. До 1928 в Б. действовала нелег. сионистская орг-ция. В 1920—30-х гг. в Б. работали школы на идише и еврейско-татском яз. (к 1938 закрыты, лишь в школе № 23 татские классы просуществовали до 1948). В 1934—38 на еврейско-татарском яз. выходила газ. «Коммунист», работал горско-еврейский отд. Азерб. госиздата [рук. Яков Михайлович Агарунов (1907—1992) и Юно Семенов (1899—1961)]. В 1932—36 действовал Бакинский еврейский рабочий т-р (БЕРТ). В 1936—38 в здании закрытой в 1934 Большой синагоги выступал Бакинский гос. еврейский т-р (АзГОСЕТ, дир. Я.Фридман, худ. рук. В.Цейтлин).К сер. 1930-х гг. еврейская обществ. и культурная жизнь в Б. прекратилась. Ашкеназы молились в отд. комнате синагоги горских евреев. К 1940 закрыты все синагоги (в т. ч. ашкеназийская на ул. Димитрова, в нач. 1945 в этом здании открыта горская синагога). В 1939 были закрыты синагога крымчаков и кинасса, располагавшиеся в одном здании. В 1937—38 власти выслали из Б. курдских евреев, имевших иранское подданство (ок. 400 семей), оставшиеся — депортированы в 1951 в Казахстан. В 1952 была закрыта синагога курдских евреев (в наст. время в здании синагоги размещен дет. сад). Численность евреев Б. резко возросла в 1941—42 за счет эвакуированных из зап. областей СССР и др. городов. В 1940-х гг. раввином в Б. был Лейб-Арье Ленглебен. В 1945 в Б. открыта синагога (в обычные дни ее посещали 30—40 чел., в праздники — 400—450), раввин Самано Агаруевич Самамдуев (1893—?) выполнял также обязанности моэла и шохета. В 1947 в Б. были открыты грузинская и ашкеназийская синагоги, расположенные в одном здании.С 1969 в ашкеназийской синагоге на ул. Карганова стали выпекать мацу (ранее ее пекли в гос. пекарне). В 1966 в Б. умер раввин горских евреев раби Иегуда. В 1970 раввином синагоги горских евреев стал Г.И.Мизрахи, зам. пред. правления синагоги — Самуил Фридман (с 1971). В 1973 открыто новое еврейское кладбище в р-не Волчьих ворот (общее для горских, грузинских и ашкеназийских евреев). В нач. 1970-х гг. мука для выпечки мацы продавалась в гос. магазине, дир. к-рого был М.Д.Шахнович. В 1975 власти закрыли выпечку мацы ашкеназийскими евреями в Армянском квартале. В 1976 раввином горских евреев был раби Беньямин, к-рый одноврем. исполнял обязанности шохета и моэла. Раввинами были также раби Шилат и раби Било (р. 1914, потомств. раввин, занимался делами хевры кадиши, до кончины отца — раби Иегуды — работал почтальоном).В 1987 в Б. были открыты легальные курсы иврита (офиц. рук. Владимир (Зеев) Фарбер, с 1989 — в Израиле), в 1989 — клуб еврейской культуры «Алеф», начато издание малотиражного информац. бюллетеня «Шалом-Шолем-Шолуми». В 1990 учреждено Об-во дружбы и культурных связей «Азербайджан — Израиль» (с 1992 печ. орган — газ. «Азиз»). С 1991 в Б. открыты представительство Еврейского Агентства и посольство Гос-ва Израиль; учреждены жен. и молодеж. еврейские орг-ции, К-т евреев — ветеранов 2-й мир. войны, Ассоциация иудаики и еврейской культуры. Активное участие в жизни общины принимал педагог П.А.Калик (1923—1995).В 1990-х гг. в Б. начали действовать ашкеназийская и сефардская синагоги, в 1994 открыта иешива. В сер. 1990-х гг. иврит преподавался в ун-те и двух ср. школах, работали также курсы по изучению иврита.В 1994 в Б., по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, проживало ок. 26 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: М.В.Абрамович, Ш.Авицур, М.Блэк, Л.М.Вайсенберг, Э.Г.Виторган, В.Я.Вульф, А.В.Гальперин, А.Л.Гальперин, М.А.Гейман, М.М.Гухман, М.А.Далин, Л.Г.Зорин, Т.С.Израилов, Б.З.Карпилова, Г.К.Каспаров, А.М.Кац, В.С.Клупт, В.Д.Конен, Л.Д.Ландау, С.С.Левин, И.Л.Лиснянская, Д.К.Мотольская, А.М.Некрич, О.И.Непорент, Б.В.Рабинович, В.А.Рохлин, А.И.Сальман, Б.М.Таль, Е.Л.Фейнберг, С.М.Фейнберг, Б.К.Финкельштейн, В.Е.Хаин, И.П.Цукерваник, Д.А.Черномордиков, Л.К.Шифрин, Г.Б.Эйдинов; Михаил Яковлевич Агарунов (р. 1936), ученый-нефтяник, проф. (1998), обществ. деятель, публицист, автор кн. по истории горских евреев, составитель татско-рус. словаря, сын Я.М.Агарунова; Маргарита Александровна Барская-Чардынина (1903—1939, Москва), актриса, кинорежиссер; Макс Блэк (р. 1909), амер. философ, с 1958 пред. Амер. филос. ассоциации; Евгений Львович Войскунский (р. 1922), писатель, автор повестей и романа, посв. морской тематике; Рахиль Соломоновна Гинзбург (р. 1920), актриса, засл. арт. АзССР (1964); Иосиф Евгеньевич Гриль (р. 1945), юрист, предприниматель, през. фонда «Эпос», пред. Попечительского совета Российской Еврейской Энциклопедии; Лев Лазаревич Грубер (р. 1923), актер, нар. арт. АзССР (1987), с 1989 — в Израиле; Григорий Ефимович Гурвич (1957—1999, Израиль), режиссер, основатель (в 1989) т-ра-кабаре «Летучая мышь», автор и ведущий передачи на телевидении «Старая квартира»; Александр Адольфович Гухман (1897—1991, Москва), теплофизик, проф. (1934), д-р матем. наук (1941), автор работ по теории подобия, сын А.А.Гухмана; Александр Валентинович Дадиани (р. 1958), предприниматель, чл. Попечительского совета Российской Еврейской Энциклопедии; Ефим Ильич Левит (1909—1991, Москва), педагог, полковник, в 1936—41 воен. рук. 2-й Артиллерийской школы Москвы, среди выпускников к-рой были В.Л.Говоров, С.А.Микоян, В.И.Сталин; Гасан Борисович Мирзоев (р. 1947), юрист, д-р юрид. наук, проф., през. Гильдии рос. адвокатов, зав. кафедрой адвокатуры Моск. междунар. юрид. ин-та Минюста РФ, с 1999 — деп. Гос. Думы Федерального Собрания РФ, чл. фракции Союза правых сил.; Натан Львович Фишман (1909—1987, Москва), музыковед, д-р иск-ведения (1968), автор работ о творчестве Л.Бетховена; Наум Шакбасов (р. 1899), амер. художник., pronunciation=БАКУ, город, столица Азербайджанской Республики. Изв. с 3 в. н. э. С 12 в. — центр гос-ва Ширван, позднее — в составе Персии, с 1747 — центр Бакинского ханства, в 1806 занят рус. войсками. С 1813 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1840 — уездный город Каспийской обл., с 1846 — Шемахинской губ., в 1859—1918 — центр Бакинской губ. В 1918—20 — столица Азербайджанской Республики, в 1920—91 — АзССР.В 1897 в Б. проживал 2341 еврей (в осн. горские евреи), в 1913 — 9690 (4,5%), в 1926 — 21 995 (из них 19 583 — ашкеназы, 1985 — горские, 427 — грузинские евреи), в 1939 — 31 050, в 1959 — 29 204 (3%), в 1970 — 29 716 (2,2%), в 1979 — 26 446 (1,7%), в 1989 — 22 826 евреев-ашкеназов и 8438 горских евреев.В 1990 в ходе археологич. раскопок под рук. Р.Геюшова обнаружены остатки еврейского квартала и Шабранской синагоги 7 в. Первые письменные упоминания о евреях в Б. датируются сер. 13 в. Существование еврейской общины в Б. отмечено в 18 в. В 1814 евреи Б. бежали в Кубу, спасаясь от погрома, спровоцированного «кровавым наветом». Позднее часть из них вернулась. Общину в эти годы возглавляли бр. Аврагам и Эфраим бен Йосеф. В доме одного из братьев была синагога. С 1810 в Б. начали селиться ашкеназы. Первая ашкеназийская синагога была открыта в 1832. С 1827 в Б. селились курдские евреи, с 1870-х гг. — грузинские евреи. В 1830-х гг. в Б. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1870-х гг. открыта синагога ремесленников.С 1870-х гг. в связи с ростом нефтедобычи возросла и численность еврейского населения Б. Пионерами пром. нефтедобычи в Б. были Г.А.Поляк (основатель фирмы «Поляк и сыновья»), А.Дембо и Х.Каган (создатели компании «Дембо и Каган»), Г.О.Гинцбург, А.Фейгель и др. евреи-предприниматели. Видную роль в развитии нефтедобычи сыграли Ротшильды (осн. ими «Касп.-Черномор. компания» к кон. 19 в. занимала ведущее положение в синдикате нефтепромышленников). В 1901 в администрации нефтяных компаний и об-в работали 64 еврея. 14 возглавляемых евреями компаний в 1913 производили 44% керосина в России. Значит. вклад в совершенствование технологии переработки бакинской нефти внес химик-технолог А.Бейлин.В 1888, на время проведения ярмарки, евреи по распоряжению властей были выселены из Б. В 1897 в Б. имелось 2 еврейских кладбища, вероятно, тогда же возникла хевра кадиша. В 1893 началась деятельность еврейского благотворит. об-ва (утверждено администрацией в 1905). В 1901 открыт «ашкеназский молитв. дом с хасидской молельней», в 1910 — Большая синагога. Проживавшие в Б. грузинские и горские евреи молились в своих, не зарегистрированных властями синагогах, кроме того, в кон. 19 в. в пригороде Б. — Сабунчи имелась синагога горских евреев, а в нач. 20 в. для них сооружена синагога в центре города. С 1905 раввином горско-еврейской общины был Эфраим Рабинович. В Б. были также синагоги курдских (закрыта в 1939) и грузинских евреев. Действовали хедеры, преподавание в к-рых велось на идише, еврейско-татском и груз. яз. В 1896 открыта талмуд-тора, к-рую в 1913—20 возглавлял Ф.Л.Шапиро, в 1898 — муж., в 1901 — жен. субботние школы для взрослых (дир. последней — С.А.Бернштейн). В 1910-х гг. в Б. работали горско-еврейское отд-ние талмуд-торы (преподаватель М.Шейнерман), школа для грузинских евреев, еврейская б-ка, лит.-муз. кружок, отд-ния ОПЕ и Об-во любителей еврейского языка; до 1920 существовала еврейская гимназия. В 1890-х гг. открыт еврейский дет. сад (один из первых в России; в 1914—15 в нем работала Х.Ровина). В кон. 1900-х гг. в Б. был организован лит.-драм. кружок им. Шолом-Алейхема (реж. И.Л.Пресман). В 1900—20 раввином Б. был Лев Моисеевич Бергер, в сер. 1900-х гг. — Цви-Гирш Цайман, в 1910-х гг. — Иегошуа Рубинштейн. В 1898 в связи с ритуальным наветом произошел погром, пострадало 20 еврейских домов.С кон. 19 в. Б. — один из центров еврейского нац. движения: в 1891 образовано отд-ние «Ховевей Цион» (с 1892 его возглавлял окружной врач Бакинского у. эпидемиолог Бенцион-Зеев (Владимир) Вайншель), в 1899 Элиягу Каплан создал первую сионистскую орг-цию, позднее возникла ячейка «Поалей Цион». В 1902 четыре представителя Б. участвовали в работе 2-й Всерос. сионистской конф. в Минске. Элиягу Эйзенбет был делегатом от Б. на 6-м Всемирн. сионистском конгр. в Базеле (1903). В нач. 20 в. в Б. было основано отд-ние ОПЕ, учредителем к-рого был Адольф Аркадьевич Гухман (1870—1914), зам. управляющего Бакинским отд-нием Каспийско-Черноморских нефтепромыслов, один из лидеров еврейской общины Б. В Б. действовал ряд сионистских орг-ций. Молодеж. орг-цию «Молодая Иудея» возглавлял сын Б.-З.Вайншеля — Авраам (1893—?). Мн. бакинские евреи активно участвовали в деятельности рос. политич. партий. Среди 26 бакинских комиссаров, расстрелянных в 1918, было 6 евреев (в т. ч. М.В.Басин и Я.Д.Зевин). Евреи входили в состав пр-ва Азерб. Республики 1918—20 (среди них мин. здравоохранения Е.Я.Гиндес).В 1918—19 в Б. наблюдался приток горских евреев, беженцев из деревень. Кроме того, прибывали беженцы из Персии.В 1919—34 действовала ширванская синагога. В 1917 в Б. выходил еженед. под ред. И.Глахенхауза «Кавказер вохенблат» (на идише), в 1917—20 (с перерывами, под ред. Б.-З.Вайншеля) — еженед. «Кавказский еврейский вестник» (с прилож. «Палестина»), в 1919—20 — двухнед. «Еврейская воля» (под ред. Уриэля Фридланда и Людвига Стерлинга), в 1919 — газ. «Тобуши сабхи» (на еврейско-татском яз.), в 1919 — журн. (под ред. М.Комаровского) «Га-Мевасер га-Кавкази» (на иврите). После установления сов. власти в Азербайджане (апр. 1920) все независимые еврейские издания были закрыты. В 1922 в Б. на еврейско-татском яз. выходила газ. «Корсох» (орган Кавк. к-та Еврейской ком. партии и ее молодеж. орг-ции). В нач. 1920-х гг. сов. власти препятствовали созданию в Б. орг-ции Бунда, однако тогда же в городе были созданы клубы горско-еврейской молодежи и горско-еврейская школа, к-рые вскоре были закрыты. В 1920 в Б. действовали 2 еврейские муж. студенч. корпорации «Хасмонея» и «Маккавея» и 2 жен. — «Суламита» и «Дебора». В 1920—30-х гг. в Б. издано неск. книг на еврейско-татском яз. В 1922 в Б. прошел судебный процесс над 16 раввинами и «крупными еврейскими спекулянтами» — попечителями тайного хедера и талмуд-торы. Раввином Б. в 1920-х гг. был Савгиль Рувинов. В сер. 1920-х гг. в Э.-И. выехал раввин хасидской общины Меюхес. В 1923 была закрыта старая ашкеназийская синагога. До 1928 в Б. действовала нелег. сионистская орг-ция. В 1920—30-х гг. в Б. работали школы на идише и еврейско-татском яз. (к 1938 закрыты, лишь в школе № 23 татские классы просуществовали до 1948). В 1934—38 на еврейско-татарском яз. выходила газ. «Коммунист», работал горско-еврейский отд. Азерб. госиздата [рук. Яков Михайлович Агарунов (1907—1992) и Юно Семенов (1899—1961)]. В 1932—36 действовал Бакинский еврейский рабочий т-р (БЕРТ). В 1936—38 в здании закрытой в 1934 Большой синагоги выступал Бакинский гос. еврейский т-р (АзГОСЕТ, дир. Я.Фридман, худ. рук. В.Цейтлин).К сер. 1930-х гг. еврейская обществ. и культурная жизнь в Б. прекратилась. Ашкеназы молились в отд. комнате синагоги горских евреев. К 1940 закрыты все синагоги (в т. ч. ашкеназийская на ул. Димитрова, в нач. 1945 в этом здании открыта горская синагога). В 1939 были закрыты синагога крымчаков и кинасса, располагавшиеся в одном здании. В 1937—38 власти выслали из Б. курдских евреев, имевших иранское подданство (ок. 400 семей), оставшиеся — депортированы в 1951 в Казахстан. В 1952 была закрыта синагога курдских евреев (в наст. время в здании синагоги размещен дет. сад). Численность евреев Б. резко возросла в 1941—42 за счет эвакуированных из зап. областей СССР и др. городов. В 1940-х гг. раввином в Б. был Лейб-Арье Ленглебен. В 1945 в Б. открыта синагога (в обычные дни ее посещали 30—40 чел., в праздники — 400—450), раввин Самано Агаруевич Самамдуев (1893—?) выполнял также обязанности моэла и шохета. В 1947 в Б. были открыты грузинская и ашкеназийская синагоги, расположенные в одном здании.С 1969 в ашкеназийской синагоге на ул. Карганова стали выпекать мацу (ранее ее пекли в гос. пекарне). В 1966 в Б. умер раввин горских евреев раби Иегуда. В 1970 раввином синагоги горских евреев стал Г.И.Мизрахи, зам. пред. правления синагоги — Самуил Фридман (с 1971). В 1973 открыто новое еврейское кладбище в р-не Волчьих ворот (общее для горских, грузинских и ашкеназийских евреев). В нач. 1970-х гг. мука для выпечки мацы продавалась в гос. магазине, дир. к-рого был М.Д.Шахнович. В 1975 власти закрыли выпечку мацы ашкеназийскими евреями в Армянском квартале. В 1976 раввином горских евреев был раби Беньямин, к-рый одноврем. исполнял обязанности шохета и моэла. Раввинами были также раби Шилат и раби Било (р. 1914, потомств. раввин, занимался делами хевры кадиши, до кончины отца — раби Иегуды — работал почтальоном).В 1987 в Б. были открыты легальные курсы иврита (офиц. рук. Владимир (Зеев) Фарбер, с 1989 — в Израиле), в 1989 — клуб еврейской культуры «Алеф», начато издание малотиражного информац. бюллетеня «Шалом-Шолем-Шолуми». В 1990 учреждено Об-во дружбы и культурных связей «Азербайджан — Израиль» (с 1992 печ. орган — газ. «Азиз»). С 1991 в Б. открыты представительство Еврейского Агентства и посольство Гос-ва Израиль; учреждены жен. и молодеж. еврейские орг-ции, К-т евреев — ветеранов 2-й мир. войны, Ассоциация иудаики и еврейской культуры. Активное участие в жизни общины принимал педагог П.А.Калик (1923—1995).В 1990-х гг. в Б. начали действовать ашкеназийская и сефардская синагоги, в 1994 открыта иешива. В сер. 1990-х гг. иврит преподавался в ун-те и двух ср. школах, работали также курсы по изучению иврита.В 1994 в Б., по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, проживало ок. 26 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: М.В.Абрамович, Ш.Авицур, М.Блэк, Л.М.Вайсенберг, Э.Г.Виторган, В.Я.Вульф, А.В.Гальперин, А.Л.Гальперин, М.А.Гейман, М.М.Гухман, М.А.Далин, Л.Г.Зорин, Т.С.Израилов, Б.З.Карпилова, Г.К.Каспаров, А.М.Кац, В.С.Клупт, В.Д.Конен, Л.Д.Ландау, С.С.Левин, И.Л.Лиснянская, Д.К.Мотольская, А.М.Некрич, О.И.Непорент, Б.В.Рабинович, В.А.Рохлин, А.И.Сальман, Б.М.Таль, Е.Л.Фейнберг, С.М.Фейнберг, Б.К.Финкельштейн, В.Е.Хаин, И.П.Цукерваник, Д.А.Черномордиков, Л.К.Шифрин, Г.Б.Эйдинов; Михаил Яковлевич Агарунов (р. 1936), ученый-нефтяник, проф. (1998), обществ. деятель, публицист, автор кн. по истории горских евреев, составитель татско-рус. словаря, сын Я.М.Агарунова; Маргарита Александровна Барская-Чардынина (1903—1939, Москва), актриса, кинорежиссер; Макс Блэк (р. 1909), амер. философ, с 1958 пред. Амер. филос. ассоциации; Евгений Львович Войскунский (р. 1922), писатель, автор повестей и романа, посв. морской тематике; Рахиль Соломоновна Гинзбург (р. 1920), актриса, засл. арт. АзССР (1964); Иосиф Евгеньевич Гриль (р. 1945), юрист, предприниматель, през. фонда «Эпос», пред. Попечительского совета Российской Еврейской Энциклопедии; Лев Лазаревич Грубер (р. 1923), актер, нар. арт. АзССР (1987), с 1989 — в Израиле; Григорий Ефимович Гурвич (1957—1999, Израиль), режиссер, основатель (в 1989) т-ра-кабаре «Летучая мышь», автор и ведущий передачи на телевидении «Старая квартира»; Александр Адольфович Гухман (1897—1991, Москва), теплофизик, проф. (1934), д-р матем. наук (1941), автор работ по теории подобия, сын А.А.Гухмана; Александр Валентинович Дадиани (р. 1958), предприниматель, чл. Попечительского совета Российской Еврейской Энциклопедии; Ефим Ильич Левит (1909—1991, Москва), педагог, полковник, в 1936—41 воен. рук. 2-й Артиллерийской школы Москвы, среди выпускников к-рой были В.Л.Говоров, С.А.Микоян, В.И.Сталин; Гасан Борисович Мирзоев (р. 1947), юрист, д-р юрид. наук, проф., през. Гильдии рос. адвокатов, зав. кафедрой адвокатуры Моск. междунар. юрид. ин-та Минюста РФ, с 1999 — деп. Гос. Думы Федерального Собрания РФ, чл. фракции Союза правых сил.; Натан Львович Фишман (1909—1987, Москва), музыковед, д-р иск-ведения (1968), автор работ о творчестве Л.Бетховена; Наум Шакбасов (р. 1899), амер. художник., extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAKURIANI, an urban-type settlement (since 1926) in the Borjomi region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1970 19 Jews lived in Byelorussia. Jews settled in Byelorussia in the 1960s."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAL-Makhshoves (real name and family name. Isidor-Israel Elyashev) (1893, Kovna - 1924, ibid.), Literary critic, translator. He graduated from a real school in Switzerland, studied at honey. f-takh high fur boots in Heidelberg and Berlin. In 1905 he passed the state. exam for the right to practice in Russia, worked as a doctor. During the 1st world. war was mobilized as a doctor in Russian. army. In 1921 he returned to Kovno. I started writing on it. and Russian. lang. He made his debut in Yiddish in 1897. He was published in Hebrew. weekly \"Der Yud\" and other periodicals. ed. B. is one of the first Hebrews. prof. lit. critics. In their lit.-Crete. research gave an assessment of the creativity of all iz. writers of their time. B. is the author of a number of Art. about rus. writers: A.P. Chekhove, L.N. Tolstom, V.G.Korolenko, L.N. Andreev and others. Lit. B.'s legacy as a critic and translator is enormous. First. collection his op. in 5 volumes. published in 1910 in Vilna. In 1922 his book was published in Berlin. “Southern Jewry and Heb. liter in the XIX century \", in 1927 collection of works. publicistic. manuf. \"Unther Rod\" (\"Under the Wheel\")."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Balabanovka, does not exist since 1967. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Verkhnedneprovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1950s and 60s. - a farm in Malchevsky, then Millerovsky district of Rostov region. On July 31, 1942, 101 Jews evacuated to B. were killed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALABINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Zaporozhye district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Petrovskoe (other name. Petrovka) Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939, 21 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALABOVSCHINY, see [[Old Bolobovshchina."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALAEV, see Petrovka, Odessa region."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALAGANSK, urban-type settlement (since 1962), a regional center in the Irkutsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1654 as Bratsk Bulagat prison. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Nizhneudinsky u. Irkutsk lips. Since the 1920s. - rural settlement. In 1964, in connection with the construction of the Bratsk Reservoir. In 1863, 166 Jews and \"Jews\" lived in Byelorussia, in 1878 - 419 (17.8%), in 1897 - 1002 (13.3%), in 1910 - 38 Jews (2.0% ), in 1926 - 29 (2.5%), in 1939 - 19 Jews. 19th century B. is one of the centers of concentration of \"Judaizers\" in the province. Main occupation of Jews B. in the late. 19th century - trade, distilling, etc. One of the largest distilleries B. belonged to the br. Leibovich. In B. genus. A. Zayd."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALAKHNA, city (from 1536), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1474. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1910 there were 8 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1913 - one Jewish family, in 1926 - 6 Jews, in 1939 - 58 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. By oct. 1915, approx. 100 Jewish refugees."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALAKLAV Leonid Fedorovich (b. 1956, Balti), painter. He studied at the Kiev art. school (1972–73). In 1974 he graduated from Odessa Art. in-t. Since 1987 he worked at the scientific studio. f. in Kiev. Since 1990 - in Israel. Ch. arr. in the genre of portrait (ser. painting and graphic. self-portraits, \"Portrait of Nurit\", \"Portrait of a Man\", etc.) and lyric. landscape (\"Jerusalem\", \"Jerusalem: Talpiot Mizrah\", \"Tel Aviv\", etc.). Participant pl. Israeli and zarub. exhibitions. B.'s works are in museums and part, collection. Israel, USA, ex. THE USSR."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALAKLAVA, a region within (since 1957) the city of Sevastopol in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, from 1784 - the district town of the Tauride region, in 1794-1802 - the Novorossiysk province, in 1802-1921 - the Tauride province, in 1921-45 - the regional center of the Crimean ASSR, in 1945-54 - the Crimean region. RSFSR, since 1954 - Crimean region. In 1897, 20 Jews (1.7%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1904 - 90 (4%), in 1926 - 70 (3%), in 1939 - 104, in the Balaklava region - 142 Jews (0 , 6%) About the presence of Jews in Bulgaria in the 10th century. mention in sources on the history of the Khazars. Burma is an old Genoese colony that promoted the development of trade and the attraction of Jewish immigrants from the countries of the East and West. According to the testimony of Martin Bronevsky, who traveled around the Crimea in 1578, Jews in Byelorussia were engaged in handicrafts and trade, and owned orchards and vineyards. In 1867, a Karaite community existed in Byelorussia, headed by a ghazan. 1919 a meeting of Zionist organizations of the south of Russia was held in Byelorussia with the participation of M.Ya.Dizengoff. In 1941–42, 75 Jews were exterminated in the Balaklava region."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALAKLEYA, a village in the Smelyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. In the 1920s. It was a regional center. In 1926, 150 Jews did not live in the Balakley region. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia. In the summer of 1941, most of the Jews of Byelorussia were evacuated to the east. The rest were killed in 1942."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALAKOVO, a city (since 1913), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1762. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nikolaevsky u. Samara Gubernia. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 13 in 1926, 17 in 1939, 140 (0.1%) in 1970, and more than 100 Jews in 1999. Mikhail Aronovich Gertsman (1888-1938, Moscow), state. and polit. activist, member. RSDLP from 1904, in 1920 before. Chelyabinsk Provincial Executive Committee, Resp. worker of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALANOVKA, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1939, 35 Jews lived in Byelorussia. During the occupation of Byelorussia, a ghetto was created. On Sept. - Dec. 1943 in B. remained alive several. hundreds of Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALASHIKHA, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1926, 9 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 259 (0.9%), in 1959 - 516, in 1970 - 843 (0.9%), in 1989 - 764 Jews (0.6 %)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALASHOV (until 1780 - Balashovo), a city (from 1780), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the end. 18th century Until 1780 - a palace village, then the county town of Saratov province. From 1954 to 1957 it was the center of the Balashov Region. In 1910, 176 Jews lived in Byelorussia, and in 1939 - 142 Jews. In 1910, Byelorussia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1916 there were 2 heders in operation. In July 1919, a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Volunteer Army, in August. 1919 another pogrom was carried out; died approx. 35 Jews, many Jews left B.V.B. genus: G.A. Meerson, G. S. Pollyak; Joseph Grigorievich Bergelson (b. 1912), dv. D.R.Bergelson's grand-nephew, radio engineer, engineer-regiment. (1949), a leading developer of certain types of radio equipment, Len. etc. (1966)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Balashov, see Balashov."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALATINA (until 1991 - Bolotino), a village in the Glodensky region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yassky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 131 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In June 1941, most of the Jews of Byelorussia were evacuated; the rest in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALATSKOE, see Khristoforovka."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALAYCHUK, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1920s. OZET as a Jewish settlement. On March 14, 1942, apprx. 1300 Jews from Odessa."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALEI (up to 1938 - Novotroitsk Industrial), a city (from 1938), a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. on the site of the mine settlement. Novotroitsk. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nerchinsky env. Transbaikal Region. In 1939, 41 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALEZINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Glazovsky u. Vyatka Gubernia. In 1939, 26 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALIN, a village in the Dunaevetsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamyanets-Podolsk Podolsk province. In 1897, 357 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 19th century there was a synagogue in B. From 1865 Israel-Avrum Lerner (1840—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia; in 1896, Israel-Yehuda Gen (1867—?) Became the head of the rabbinical court. In the 19th century. main the occupation of the Jewish population of Byelorussia is handicraft. By the beginning. 20th century from B. exported ropes and ropes for 10 thousand rubles. In 1941, the Jews of Byelorussia were gathered in the Dunaevtsev ghetto, where they were subsequently exterminated. On Sept. 1942 in B., apprx. 250 Jews artisans - moved to Kamyanets-Podolsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALINKI Alexander (b. 1919, Odessa), economist. In the USA since 1929. Bachelor of Arts (Californian University, 1940); Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy (Harvard University, 1947). From 1947 he lectured on economics; from 1952 dir. and the owner of the radio program Communism under the Microscope. Prev programs grew. region (Rutgers University). The author of the book. Albert Gamatin: Financial Theories and Politics (1958), p. in acad. g."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALINTSY, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 12 Jews were resettled to Kolomyia, where they were subsequently exterminated."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALBERISHKIS, a village in the Prienai region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1837 - the town of Balverzhishki in Mariampolsky u. Augustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1861, 1,167 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 925 (45.3%), in 1921 - 560, at the end. 1930s - OK. 350 Jews. The Jewish settlement in Byelorussia was one of the first in Lithuania. In B. there were 2 Jewish cemeteries: an old one and a new one, opened in the beginning. 19th century In the end. 19th century B. became an important bargaining-prom. center. Trade was concentrated in the hands of the Jews; Tsirkovich owned a pharmacy in B. In 1907 in Byelorussia there was a private school of the third grade. (director L. Frenkel). In the end. Apr 1915 the Jewish population was evicted from B. With the end. 1920s economy began. recession, to-ry was the reason for the departure of Jews from B. In the 1920s. in B. there were 2 synagogues, a school of the \"Tarbut\" network for 100 students (director Aron-Itskhok Tesharni), a Jewish library, branches of various. Zionist parties. In 1929 the Jewish People's Bank operated in B. The rabbis in B. were: Tzvi-Girsh Kahane, Efraim Gabbai, Shmuel-Meir Esh (1819-1884), until 1894 - Moishe-Shmuel Gorwitz, up to the middle. 1890s - Abram Leiserson, with ser. 1890s - Boruch-Mendel Vdovinsky, Chaim-Yermiyahu Plansberg, Eliezer-Itskhok Algazi, Baruch Grosbard, Eliyahu Fink, Chaim Lev (1889-1941). 22 Aug. 1942 in B., St. 100 Jews. The rest were deported to the Marijampole ghetto and shot on 1 Sept. 1942."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALNINKAI, a place in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the borough of Bolniki Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 255 Jews (44%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1923 - 237 (39%), in 1933 - 142 (23%), in 1941 - 230 Jews. Jews settled in B. from the end. 18th century A synagogue was built in 1873. Since 1896 Chaim Rudne (1867—?) Was the rabbi of B. Main Jewish occupations - small trade, innkeeping, fishing, women knitted socks for sale. There was a shohet in B. there was no mikvah. Wealthy women traveled to the neighboring town to perform ritual ablution, women from poor families took bath in the lake (even in winter). In 1931 the Jews owned a fabric store, a kerosene shop, wool-beating and a bakery; in 1937 there were 4 butchers, 2 stove-makers, a baker, a tailor, a frame-worker, a tinsmith and a shoemaker. The children studied at the cheder, as well as at the Jewish schools in Ukmerge. In the 1930s. Rabbi B. was Peisakh Goldman. 1940 recorded cases of attacks on Jews. In the end. June 1941 several. the Jews of B. were killed by the Lithuanians. 5 Sep 1941 all Jews of Byelorussia were shot by Lithuanians in the forest near Ukmerge."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALSIAI, a village in the Shilal region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bolshoy Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. in B. there was a significant Jewish community. The old Jewish cemetery has been preserved."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTSAN Iosif Lvovich (1932, Chisinau - 1975, ibid.), Poet, essayist, translator. Father - et al. a Hebrew-Yiddish-Romanian dictionary published in the 1930s. in Chisinau, Uncle Benzion is a writer. Graduated from the room. g-ziyu. After the war he returned to Chisinau. Graduated. Higher. lit. courses at the USSR SP (1956) and Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky (1958). He worked in the apparatus of the joint venture of Moldova, was deputy. ch. ed. g. Nistru, weekly \"Culture of Moldovei\". First. Sat. poems \"La Guarda Vecius\" (\"Protecting Life\") was published in 1949. The author of the book: \"Trains\" (\"Poems\", 1952), \"Din yureshul anilor\" (\"Storm years\", 1959), \"Patru soute de privigetor \"(\" Four hundred nightingales \", 1963),\" Nopts de vege \"(\" Night of the vigils \", 1971) and others. B. belong to the publicist. manuf. and essays. He translated Russian, Lithuanian, Polish and other poets. His best poetry. per. collected on Sat. Cher shiglie (Heaven and Earth, 1977). I also translated to the room. lang. rus, western europe. and Amer. prose."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTSAN Chaim (b. 1910, Chisinau), lexicographer, journalist. From 1935 in E.-I. Studied at Bucharest and Heb. un-takh (Jerusalem); bachelor of law. Co-founder and Ch. ed. dep. news \"Ga-Boker\" (1935–42), corr. gas. \"Ha-Aretz\" in Turkey, Vost. and Center. Europe. He served at the US Embassy (1942–43) and the British Embassy in Istanbul (1943–44). Deer. HIAS in Turkey (1944–45) and Czechoslovakia (1946–48). He took part in the salvation of the Jews of Europe during the years of the 2nd world. war. Head of the Public Relations Department of the Ministry of Defense (1949). He founded and headed the Faculty of Journalism at Tel Aviv Unt (1970-73). B. - will perform, director. and post. ch. ed. Israeli News Agency, Vice Pre. Tel Aviv Association of Journalists (1987–89). B. - co-founder of the \"Movement for the Uniform Spelling in Hebrew\" (1974–79); author of \"Proposals for the Reform of the Hebrew Spelling\"; Hebrew-English, and English-Hebrew. dictionaries (1989), Hebrew-Russian. dictionary (1991)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALVERZHIKS, see Balberiskis."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALKI, a village in the Vasilievsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s. - a regional center. In 1926 66 Jews did not live in the Balkovsky district. 25 Oct. 1941 in Byelorussia one Jew was shot."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАЛТА, город, районный центр в Одесской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 16 в. С 1792 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1797 — уездный город Подольской губ. В 1921—24 — в Одесской губ. В 1924—40 — в составе Молдавской АССР, с 1940 — в Одесской обл.В 1856 в Б. проживало 7364 еврея, в 1860 — 7996, в 1862 — 8413, в 1897 — 13 235 (56,7%), в 1910 — 14 924 (54,3%), в 1920 — 8504, в 1923 — 8043, в 1926 — 9116 (39,5%), в 1939 — 4711, в 1959 — ок. 2000 (11,2%), в 1970 — ок. 1400 (6,9%), в 1979 — ок. 800 евреев (3,7%).Еврейское население имелось в Б. уже в нач. 16 в. В 1768 мн. евреи Б. и окрестностей погибли во время гайдамацких погромов. В 1855—56 в Б. было 13 синагог. С 1879 раввином в Б. после смерти Цви Даина стал его сын Ихиель Даин (1854—?), с 1886 — Сруль Земельман (1845—?), с 1894, после смерти Песаха Бурихсона, — его сын Пинхос Бурихсон (1869—?), с 1902 — Хаим-Шмуэль Фишман (1877—?). В 1901—06 казенным раввином в Б. был Менахем Шенкин.В кон. марта 1882 в Б. произошел погром. Попытка организации самообороны встретила противодействие со стороны полиции. Участие в грабежах приняли крестьяне из окрестных сел; пострадала богатая часть города, почти полностью разгромленная и опустошенная. Был убит 1 еврей, ранено ок. 40 чел., 125 еврейских домов и магазинов разрушено.Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 19 в. в Б. — оптовая и розничная торговля зерном и табаком, мыловарение, дубление кож, мукомольное дело, винокурение, изготовление одежды. В 1887 в Б. имелось 17 синагог. В 1904 действовал кружок Бунда. Б. становилась одним из центров сионистского движения Юга России. В 1905 вновь произошел погром. В 1910 в Б. имелись 22 синагоги, 2 кладбища, Балтское об-во вспомоществования бедным роженицам еврейского вероисповедания, жен. еврейское уч-ще Т.Э.Липецкер, казенное одноклассное нач. муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, обществ. муж. уч-ще, 3 частных муж. уч-ща, 2 смешанных уч-ща, талмуд-тора, в 1912 — еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1916 возникла орг-ция «Гехавер», членами к-рой были учителя Балтского еврейского уч-ща.В 1915 евреи Б. были обвинены в шпионаже. Еврейская община серьезно пострадала во время Гражд. войны. В февр. 1919 войска Директории устроили погром, продолжавшийся 9 дней. В апр. 1919 погром повторился. В 1921 в Б. было создано отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920-х гг. П.Бурихсон предпринимал попытки построить новую микву вместо 2 закрытых.5 авг. 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска. 8 авг. 1941 в Б. было убито ок. 200 евреев (ок. 60 местных, остальные — беженцы из Бессарабии). В сент. 1941 у с. Козацкое было расстреляно 80 евреев из Б. В дек. 1941 в Б. было создано гетто, в к-ром находилось 3700—3800 чел., в т. ч. ок. 1500 местных евреев, ок. 1 тыс. евреев-беженцев и ок. 1500 евреев, переправленных из Бессарабии; в июле 1942 прибыло еще 200 чел. Из числа бессарабских евреев на 1 сент. 1943 в живых оставалось 866 чел., остальные умерли в гетто от голода и болезней. Ок. 1500 евреев в кон. 1941 были депортированы в Винницкую обл., ок. 500 из них вернулись, ок. 1 тыс. погибли в лагерях Ободовского и Тростянецкого р-нов. Неск. сотен евреев из Б. с дек. 1941 до авг. 1942 строили аэродром в с. Перелеты (ок. 70 чел. погибло). Весной 1943 работоспособных евреев из Б. отправили в р-н Николаева в распоряжение орг-ции «Тодт» (по дороге ок. 100 чел. погибло). В кон. 1943 выживших вернули в Б. В дек. 1943 в гетто было расстреляно 83 еврея, в марте 1944, во время герм. отступления, — 300 евреев; ок. 60 евреев было сожжено.В 1945 по просьбе верующих была открыта синагога, к-рую в обычные дни посещало 10—12 чел., в праздники — ок. 100 чел. Раввин —Лейба Яковлевич Охштандт (1861—?), кантор — Борух Цыкович Канрок (1873—?).В Б. род.: Л.И.Айхенвальд, Ю.И.Айхенвальд, А.Альтман, Г.А.Баткис, Э.Бен-Горин, Я.Н.Бранденбургский, А.М.Веприк, Г.И.Дембо, И.Недава, А.С.Приблуда, И.Сосис, Ш.Шварц, И.С.Школьник; Моисей Самойлович Шварцман (1880—?), публицист, печатался в разл. еврейских изданиях на рус. яз.; Яков Штрайхер (1885—1957, Буэнос-Айрес), поэт (на идише).П.С.Вагнер, pronunciation=БАЛТА, город, районный центр в Одесской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 16 в. С 1792 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1797 — уездный город Подольской губ. В 1921—24 — в Одесской губ. В 1924—40 — в составе Молдавской АССР, с 1940 — в Одесской обл.В 1856 в Б. проживало 7364 еврея, в 1860 — 7996, в 1862 — 8413, в 1897 — 13 235 (56,7%), в 1910 — 14 924 (54,3%), в 1920 — 8504, в 1923 — 8043, в 1926 — 9116 (39,5%), в 1939 — 4711, в 1959 — ок. 2000 (11,2%), в 1970 — ок. 1400 (6,9%), в 1979 — ок. 800 евреев (3,7%).Еврейское население имелось в Б. уже в нач. 16 в. В 1768 мн. евреи Б. и окрестностей погибли во время гайдамацких погромов. В 1855—56 в Б. было 13 синагог. С 1879 раввином в Б. после смерти Цви Даина стал его сын Ихиель Даин (1854—?), с 1886 — Сруль Земельман (1845—?), с 1894, после смерти Песаха Бурихсона, — его сын Пинхос Бурихсон (1869—?), с 1902 — Хаим-Шмуэль Фишман (1877—?). В 1901—06 казенным раввином в Б. был Менахем Шенкин.В кон. марта 1882 в Б. произошел погром. Попытка организации самообороны встретила противодействие со стороны полиции. Участие в грабежах приняли крестьяне из окрестных сел; пострадала богатая часть города, почти полностью разгромленная и опустошенная. Был убит 1 еврей, ранено ок. 40 чел., 125 еврейских домов и магазинов разрушено.Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 19 в. в Б. — оптовая и розничная торговля зерном и табаком, мыловарение, дубление кож, мукомольное дело, винокурение, изготовление одежды. В 1887 в Б. имелось 17 синагог. В 1904 действовал кружок Бунда. Б. становилась одним из центров сионистского движения Юга России. В 1905 вновь произошел погром. В 1910 в Б. имелись 22 синагоги, 2 кладбища, Балтское об-во вспомоществования бедным роженицам еврейского вероисповедания, жен. еврейское уч-ще Т.Э.Липецкер, казенное одноклассное нач. муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, обществ. муж. уч-ще, 3 частных муж. уч-ща, 2 смешанных уч-ща, талмуд-тора, в 1912 — еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1916 возникла орг-ция «Гехавер», членами к-рой были учителя Балтского еврейского уч-ща.В 1915 евреи Б. были обвинены в шпионаже. Еврейская община серьезно пострадала во время Гражд. войны. В февр. 1919 войска Директории устроили погром, продолжавшийся 9 дней. В апр. 1919 погром повторился. В 1921 в Б. было создано отд-ние Евсекции. В 1920-х гг. П.Бурихсон предпринимал попытки построить новую микву вместо 2 закрытых.5 авг. 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска. 8 авг. 1941 в Б. было убито ок. 200 евреев (ок. 60 местных, остальные — беженцы из Бессарабии). В сент. 1941 у с. Козацкое было расстреляно 80 евреев из Б. В дек. 1941 в Б. было создано гетто, в к-ром находилось 3700—3800 чел., в т. ч. ок. 1500 местных евреев, ок. 1 тыс. евреев-беженцев и ок. 1500 евреев, переправленных из Бессарабии; в июле 1942 прибыло еще 200 чел. Из числа бессарабских евреев на 1 сент. 1943 в живых оставалось 866 чел., остальные умерли в гетто от голода и болезней. Ок. 1500 евреев в кон. 1941 были депортированы в Винницкую обл., ок. 500 из них вернулись, ок. 1 тыс. погибли в лагерях Ободовского и Тростянецкого р-нов. Неск. сотен евреев из Б. с дек. 1941 до авг. 1942 строили аэродром в с. Перелеты (ок. 70 чел. погибло). Весной 1943 работоспособных евреев из Б. отправили в р-н Николаева в распоряжение орг-ции «Тодт» (по дороге ок. 100 чел. погибло). В кон. 1943 выживших вернули в Б. В дек. 1943 в гетто было расстреляно 83 еврея, в марте 1944, во время герм. отступления, — 300 евреев; ок. 60 евреев было сожжено.В 1945 по просьбе верующих была открыта синагога, к-рую в обычные дни посещало 10—12 чел., в праздники — ок. 100 чел. Раввин —Лейба Яковлевич Охштандт (1861—?), кантор — Борух Цыкович Канрок (1873—?).В Б. род.: Л.И.Айхенвальд, Ю.И.Айхенвальд, А.Альтман, Г.А.Баткис, Э.Бен-Горин, Я.Н.Бранденбургский, А.М.Веприк, Г.И.Дембо, И.Недава, А.С.Приблуда, И.Сосис, Ш.Шварц, И.С.Школьник; Моисей Самойлович Шварцман (1880—?), публицист, печатался в разл. еврейских изданиях на рус. яз.; Яков Штрайхер (1885—1957, Буэнос-Айрес), поэт (на идише).П.С.Вагнер, extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTASHISHKE, a village in Lazdija district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Baltoshishki Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. Before the 1st World. During the war in B. lived several. Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTER Alla Davidovna (b. 1939, Kiev), actress. Graduated from the Kiev Theater. uch-shche at T-re im. I. Franko and joined the Leningrad troupe. t-ra them. Linen. Komsomol. She gained fame by playing the roles of Zina Meshcherskaya (“I ask for words” by V.K.Ketlinskaya), Knipper (“My mocking happiness” by L.A. Malyugin), Anita (“West Side Story” by L. Bernstein). In 1971 she began to work in Moscow. dram, t-re im. K.S. Stanislavsky; the images created on his stage became a theater event. life of Moscow. These were: Anna (The first version of \"Vassa Zheleznova\" by M. Gorky), Roxanne (\"Cyrano de Bergerac\" by E. Rostan). Since 1984 - in the troupe of Moscow. t-ra them. Vladimir Mayakovsky. She was introduced to the roles of Mag and Mary in the plays \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\" by T. Williams and \"Long Live the Queen, Vivat!\" R. Bolt. Then she played Cleopatra (\"The Play of Shadows\" by Y. F. Edlis), the Baroness (\"The Hunchback\" by S. Mrozhek) brightly and energetically. Honored. art. RSFSR (1990)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTER Boris Isaakovich (1919, Samarkand - 1974, Moscow), prose writer. B.'s father was a Knight of St. George. Children. and adolescent years of the writer passed in Samarkand and Evpatoria. He studied in the military. school, participant in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-40 and the War of 1941-45. In 1953 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M.Gorky (seminar of K.G. Paustovsky). Began to publish in 1953. In 1961 in the alm. \"Tarusa Pages\" publ. first part of ch. manuf. writer - pov. \"Goodbye boys!\" about the pre-war generation of youth. All pov. appeared in f. \"Youth\" in 1962, was staged, became the basis for the same name. c / f. Peru B. also owns fragments of an unfinished auto-biogr. pov. \"Samarkand\", stories and art., Play \"And in our yard ...\" (1966). These products. for the first time publ. in the book. B. “Goodbye, boys!” In 1968 B. signed a collective letter against the trial of AI Ginzburg and Yu. T. Galanskov, and was expelled from the CPSU."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTINAVA, rural settlement in Balvi region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Boltinovo, Lyutsinsky district Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91, it was the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 212 Jews (56%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1930 - 207 (43%), in 1935 - 164 Jews (34%). in B. existed from the end. 19th century (the main occupation of the inhabitants is trade). During the 1st world. war ca. half of the Jewish houses of B. were damaged by the fighting. In 1918, some of the Jews of Byelorussia were mobilized into the Latvian Liberation Army. In the beginning. 1920s a 6-member community council was elected, houses were repaired with the help of the Joint, and a mutual assistance fund was created. Jews owned two-thirds of the shops, almost every family had a house, an auxiliary farm and a vegetable garden; in the 1920s. For some time there was a Jewish 6-grade school, there was a Jewish cultural center and a library attached to it, the cells of Beitar and \"Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair\", an organization of socialist revisionists, worked. There was a synagogue and a shohet. After the German attack on the USSR, only four Jewish families were able to evacuate from B. In the beginning. July 1941 B. was occupied by Germans. troops; 20 Jews who collaborated with the Sov. authorities, shot by members of the Latvian paramilitary organization \"Aizsargs\" in the forest near Tilzha, later another 40 people. killed at the cemetery, the rest of the Jews of B., as well as Jews from the surrounding villages were destroyed on 11 August. 1941 in a forest 24 km from B."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTMISHKI, see Baltmiskis."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTMISKIS, a village in the Kelme region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Baltmishki Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 45 Jews (about 50%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. Jewish agriculturalist colony (137 dec.). During the 1st world. Jews left B."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTOSHISHKI, see Baltashishka."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTOJI-VOKE, a town in the Shalchininki district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. White Vaka Vilensky and lips. In 1920-39 - a part of Poland, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in B.-V. occupation in B.-V. a ghetto was created. In the end. June - early. July 1941, part of the prisoners fled to the partisans, after the escape, most of the remaining Jews were killed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTUSHAVA, a village in Anyksciai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Baltysh Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovno province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. The farm belonged to Itskhok Baltushover, the owner of a wool cleaning workshop that served the neighboring peasants. With the money donated by Baltushover, a synagogue was built in Skemonis."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALTYSHA, see Baltushava."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALVI, city (since 1928), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Vozn. in the beginning. 20th century as with. Bolovsk, as a result of the merger of the villages of Verpelovo and Varkliany (present-day Varaklyany), was part of the Lyutsinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1897, approx. 500 Jews, in 1920 - 441 (54%), in 1925 - 487 (49%), in 1930 - 386 (24%), in 1935 - 379 Jews (19%). where they settled, probably from the 18th century. In 1903 Bulgaria was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. After 1903, 15 Jewish families settled in neighboring Varklians. There was a synagogue in Byelorussia, since 1906 Dovid-Noah Kovnat (? —1941) was the rabbi. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jewish community of Byelorussia suffered greatly. Representative B. Yosef-Leib Gollandskiy was a delegate of the All-Russia. Zionist Congress 1917 (Petrograd). In 1919 B. months was under the rule of the Bolsheviks; Jewish youth fought against them as part of the Latvian partisans. detachment. After the Bolsheviks left, the Jews of Byelorussia made donations to the Latvian Liberation Army. 26 Jewish youths joined the detachment of Latgalian riflemen (Yakov Zilberband was awarded an officer rank). One of the Jews - residents of B. provided his house for a hospital; Jewish girls looked after the wounded. In the beginning. 1920s with the help of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was created, 40 houses of Jews were repaired. In 1926, out of 12 members of the municipality, 5 were Jews, several. years deputy. Mayor B. was a Jew Yakov Impudent. Mn. the Jews of Byelorussia were wholesalers of timber and flax; in 1935, half of the city's shops and workshops belonged to Jews. One of the two doctors in B. was Jewish. In the beginning. 1920s a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened (one of the best in Latvia), a Jewish library worked, a branch of the youth Zionist organization \"Thia\" was operating, at the end. 1920s branches of Beitar, \"Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair\" and others were opened (several dozen of their members left for EI in the 1930s.) After the German attack on the USSR, many others. B. Jewish youths were enrolled in the extermination. detachment. 4 July 1941 germ. troops entered the city, all Jews and refugees were gathered in the ghetto in the \"gypsy quarter\" and shot on 9 August. in a forest 6 km from B. (only one Jew survived, to-rogo hid by a local priest). Several dozens of Jews in Byelorussia fought in the Latvian corps of the Red Army. In 1946, 2 Jewish families returned from evacuation in Bashkortostan, and in the same year a monument was erected at the mass grave of the Jews of Bashkortostan (a memorial meeting is held annually on Aug. 9, around the memorial)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BALYASNAYA Riva Naumovna (1910, Radomysl, Kiev province - 1980, Kiev), poet. She was brought up in an orphanage. She graduated from a factory school in Kiev, from the age of 15 she worked at a shoe factory. She made her debut in literature in 1928. She published poetry in Hebrew. periodic. ed. Ukraine, Moscow, Minsk. B.'s love and landscape lyrics are colored with Ukrainian flavor. nature, at the same time in her work are clearly expressed nat. motives. She actively collaborated in the railway station. \"Sovetish Gameland\", where, in addition to poetry, published a fragment. unfinished. pov. \"For the Firebird\". The author of the book. In Iberuf (Roll Call), 1934; \"Likhtike stitches\" (\"Light paths\"), 1940; Goldener Bleterfall (Golden Leaf Fall), 1978."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAMBERGER David Levy (| - |), factor (supplier) and \"protected Jew\" in Riga. During the Seven Years War of 1756-63 he was a factor of General-Field Marshal SF Apraksin, in the 1760s. the factor was growing. buildings in Courland. In 1764 he was secretly summoned among the three Mitava Jews to Petersburg to discuss the government. a project on organizing the resettlement of Jews to Novorossiya. In the same year he received the right of residence and trade in Riga outside the Hebrews. courtyards. He traded in old and new dresses, and enjoyed exclusive power in the local Hebrews. community. Sons B. - Moses (| - |), from 1788 - the headman, supervising the Jews who arrived in Riga, and Ezekiel (| - |), in 1797-1802 censor Heb. book at the Riga censorship committee."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANCHIK Olga (1912, Chisinau - 1944, Stuttgart), a member of the resistance movement in France. From the age of 11, a student in a blanket sewing workshop. Since 1926 - a member of the labor movement in Chisinau and Bucharest. Member CP of Romania since 1932. For the rev. activities have been repeatedly arrested. She served her sentence in the Mislya women's prison. Since 1937 in France, she participated in the movement to help the rep. Spain. After the occupation of France, German. troops (1940) participated in the resistance movement, was a messenger in gr. M.Manushyan, was engaged in the manufacture of grenades and bombs. Arrested by the Nazis, in prison she showed courage and fortitude, reflected in a singing, a letter to her daughter. Sentenced to death, 05/10/1944 guillotined."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANDMAN Mark Konstantinovich (b. 1924, Novosibirsk), economist and geographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1982), prof. (1985). Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1949). Sci. sotr. Institute of Economics and Organization of Prom. production of SB RAS, prof. Novosib. un-that. Research problems of ter.-production. complexes, districts of new households. development in Siberia, regional policy. Works: Territorial production. complexes: Theory and practice of preplanned research, 1980; Interregional intersectoral complexes, 1983 (ed. Et al.)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANDYSHEVKA, see Bandyshovka."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANDYSHOVKA, a village in Mogilev-Podolsk district of Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bandyshevka Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1941–44 a camp for Jews from Bukovina was located in Byelorussia. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 43 Jews in the camp."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANDZA, a village in Martvilsky district (Georgia). Izv. from the 17th century, was a part of the Mingrelian Prince. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Senak u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1874 there were 88 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1886 - 135, in 1897 - 305 (11%), in 1905 - 205, in 1911 - 280 In 1939 - 648, in 1970 - 248, in 1979 - 20 Jews. Jews settled in Byelorussia from the 18th century. (immigrants from Lailashi), some of them to the end. 18th century moved to Sujuna. A Jewish quarter with a bazaar (called Uriakari - Jewish Gate) was formed in Byelorussia. Before the peasant reform of 1864 in Georgia, Jews were serfs of the princes of Pagava. To the end. 19th century in B. there were 2 synagogues (one called the synagogue of the Adzhiashvilevs, the second - the synagogue of the Sepiashvilevs - each of the 2 most common surnames in the village). In the 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jews of B. - production and trade, Ch. arr., raw silk and other agricultural products. products; the village has become. bargain. center Zap. Georgia, in the 1870s. Jews owned approx. 30 shops. 1870s. noted several. cases of robbery of synagogues and desecration of Torah scrolls, houses and dukhans belonging to Jews were plundered. Since 1879 Mordechai Dganashvili was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the beginning. 20th century a cheder is open in the village. In the 1910s. Zionist ideas spread among local Jews, facilitated by Rabbi David Ajiashvili. In the beginning. 1918 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, in the course of which shops belonging to Jews were plundered. In 1919, a Zionist organization was created in the village, a representative of a cut participated in the work of the Zionist Conf. Georgia (Aug 1919). In 1921, in connection with the approach of Kr. The armies of the wealthy Jews of B. left Georgia. In 1924, Rabbi David Adzhiashvili was arrested. In 1926, local Jews appealed to the Council of People's Commissars of the GSSR with a complaint about their plight. In 1929 a department was created in Byelorussia. Evcombed, in 1930 with the help of OZET a Jewish collective farm was formed (liquidated in 1938). In 1945 a synagogue was opened in Byelorussia [rabbi - Daniel Shebetovich Adzhiashvili (1907–?), Shohet and moel - Israel Abulovich Nekhamkin (1897–1990)]; on ordinary days up to 80 people gathered for service, on holidays - up to 100 people. In 1947 a second synagogue functioned, where Joseph Tilkhazovich Shaleashvili (1881—?) Was the rabbi; on ordinary days, up to 40 people gathered for service, on holidays - up to 100 people. In the 1920s and 40s. Itzhak Itskhakovich Mardakhashvili (1882-1949) was the rabbi in Byelorussia; in the 1940's and 1960's. - Beniamin Meirovich Dzhanashvili (1891-1966). In the 1970s. the departure of the Jews of B. led to a reduction in their number from 80 families (1972) to 5-7 families (1981). In 1998 two Jewish families lived in B. Mikhail Aronovich Sepiashvili (1903-1967, Tbilisi), pediatrician, honored. Doctor of the Georgian SSR.D.M. Khananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANEVUR (Bonivur) Vitaly Borisovich (1902-1922), participant of civil. wars in the Far East. R. in a family of politically motivated exiles (father - Boris Zalmanovich B., Social-Democratic, arrested in 1898 in Vilna and exiled to Eastern Siberia, where his wife followed him). In the years of civil. During the war the B. family ended up in Vladivostok. In 1921 B. was elected secretary. Vladivostok mountains. org-tion RKSM and Ph.D. in part. Primorsky Regional Committee of the RKSM. Affairs. 4th All-Russia. Congress of the RKSM. During the occupation of Vladivostok, the Japanese. troops engaged in the selection of youth for underground work and partisan detachments. In 1922 he was sent to a partisan base in the village. Kondratenkovo. 09/17/1922 in battle covered the retreat of comrades and was captured; delivered to the village. Half (now the village of Banevurovo, Ussuriysk district) and was tortured. There is a monument at the place of B.'s death. B. - the prototype of the hero of the novel by DD Nagishkin \"Heart of Bonivur\" (1947)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANILA-ON-GRAY, see [[Banilov Podgorny."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANILA MOLDAVSKA, see [[Banilov Podgorny."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANILA RUSKA, see Banilov."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANILOV, a village in the Vyzhnytskyi district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Banila Ruska in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1887, 818 Jews (19.3%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - approx. 1200, in 1930 - 517 Jews. Jews settled in B. in the second half. 19th century Main occupations - agriculture and animal husbandry. Most of the Jews of Byelorussia were Vizhnitsa Hasidim. in B. acted different. Jewish organizations. In June 1940, some of the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Siberia. In July 1941, 263 Jews were shot in Byelorussia (they were buried in 2 mass graves). The rest of the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria in the fall of 1941, where they perished. Among the dead are Rabbi B. Beirish Reiman and his family."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANILOV PODGORNY, a village in the Storozhynetsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Banila Moldavska Storozhinetsky head of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - Banila-na-Seret as part of Romania, in 1940-91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 688 Jews lived in BP. In July 1941, 20 Jews were killed in BP, the rest were deported to Transnistria."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANK Emmanuil Borisovich (1840, Rossieny, Kovno province - 1891), lawyer, public. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. From 1864 he served in the Ministry of Justice, then in the 4th department. Senate, introduced the practice of oral reports on pending cases. Since 1868 chief secretary, in this rank he twice served as comrade (deputy) before. Petersburg. commercial court. In 1870 he joined the estate of attorneys at law, was engaged in advocacy. Several years was a vowel of St. Petersburg. mountains. Duma, was twice elected for the presence in St. Petersburg. lips. zemstvo meeting. Several for decades was a member. to-ta Ob-va for the spread of education between the Jews of Russia and Vrem. to-that crafts. and agricultural. fund. In 1881, members. Heb. deputation, represented by the imp. Alexander III after his accession to the throne."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANNOVSKY, see Slavyanogorsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BANU Cecilia Bentsianovna (b. 1911, Kiev), translator. Per. from Farsi pl. manuf. A. Lakhuti, as well as the poem \"Shahnameh\" Persian, and Taj. poet con. 10 - early. 11th century A. Firdousi (1957–83). Publ. 3 collection of anti-war. verse. (1942–44). Member Union of Writers of the USSR since its foundation. Honored. cultural worker of the Tajik SSR."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAR (until 1537 - Moat), city (from 1938), regional center in Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1452. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, in 1793-96 - the district town of the Podolsk governorship, then - the provincial town of Mogilev u. Podolsk province. In 1847 there were 4,442 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1856 - 2894, in 1860 - 4029, in 1897 - 5773 (58%), in 1910 - 10,450 (46%), in 1923 - 5054, in 1926 - 5720 (55%), in 1939 - 3869, in 1989 - 357, in 1993 - 199 Jews. about Jews in Byelorussia belongs to 1542, in the 16th century. in B. there was a Jewish street. In 1648 the community of Byelorussia consisted of 600 families. In 1648 more than 2 thousand Jews were killed in Byelorussia by the Cossacks under the leadership of an associate of BM Khmelnitsky ataman M. Krivonos. In 1651, Cossacks and Tatars burned and destroyed Bulgaria, staging Jewish and Polish pogroms. In 1661 there were 20 Jewish houses in Byelorussia. In the 18th century. the rabbi in B. was Avrum ben Boruch from Zamoć. In B. lived a disciple of I. Baal-Shem-Tov, Rabbi Menachem-Mendel (? —1765) and a disciple of Doiv-Ber from Mezhirich, Rabbi Zelig. Between 1856 and 1860, 6 synagogues and 3 Jewish schools operated in Byelorussia. From 1881 Sholem Muterperil was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1910 there were 12 synagogues in Byelorussia and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jewish wives were opened. uch-shche. In the end. 19th century main Jewish occupations - crafts, tobacco growing. Three honey brewing plants belonged to Leizer Eisenberg, Levitov, Weinberg. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by the troops of the Directory, 20 Jews were killed. In 1921, a branch of the Evsektsiya was created in Byelorussia. In the 1920s and 30s. Zeidman was the rabbi in B. At the same time, the mikvah was closed. In 1926, immigrants from Byelorussia were founded. in the Kherson env. agriculturalist. colony \"Glachgait\" (10 families). In 1941, after the occupation of Germany. and room. troops, B. became part of Transnistria. In B., which was under the control of the Germans. administration, the Jews expelled from Romania were exiled. Dec 20. 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated on 19 August. 1942. In August. 1942 St. 3 thousand Jews, in Oct. 1942 - c. 2 thousand Jews. After the war, a monument was erected in Byelorussia at the expense of relatives. In 1947, the authorities rejected a request by Jews to open a synagogue. In B. clan: A. Baron, A. Chemerissky; Dmitry Afanasyevich Magazinnik (1896-1948), author and comp. Russian-tour. dictionaries, dictionary tour. neologisms.P.S. Wagner"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAR-JEHUDA (Idelson) Israel (1895, Yekaterinoslav - 1965, Yagur, Israel), polit. activist, one of the leaders of the workers' and kibbutz movement. I did not receive a Hebrew as a child. education, however, in his youth he became close to Tseirei Zion and after the revolution in Russia he became one of the activists of the movement. For his Zionist activities he was exiled to Siberia. After his release in 1922 he left the USSR. He lived in Berlin and worked in the center, the organs of the Zionist Socialist Party. Since 1926 - in E.-I. There was a secret. of the Petach Tikva work council. Arrested as the organizer of workers' protests for “Heb. work\". Since 1930 - a member of the kibbutz Yagur. An active member of the Mapai party and ha-Kibbutz ha-Meuhad. Dep. The Knesset from the first convocation to the end of life. Min. int. cases (1955-59), min. transport (1962–65). Author of a large number of works and articles, dedicated. history of the Zionist movement."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAR-ILAN (Berlin) Meer (1881, Volozhin of Shshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1949, Jerusalem), rabbi and polit. activist. Son of N.-Ts. -I. Berlin, brother of H. Berlin. He studied at the yeshivas of Volozhin, Brest-Litovsk and Novogrudok, then attended un-t in Berlin. In 1902 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1908-12 - ed. \"Ga-ivri\", weekly. Berlin ed. in Hebrew. In 1914–26 - in the USA. He led the Mizrahi movement in the United States. In 1916–20 - ed. amer. ed. \"Ga-Ivri\". During the 1st world. War - Vice President Amer. center, to-that assistance to the Jews of Europe, before. cultural commission of this organization, member. united distribution kit. Since 1926 - in E.-I. Member of the Board of Directors of Bank Mizrahi. In 1938–49 - Ch. ed. daily gas. \"Ha-Tsofe\". Organizer of the united front of relig. parties during the first elections to the Knesset. B.'s name is un-t in the city of Ramat Gan."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARABASH, a village in the Khasansky district of the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vladivostok env. Primorsk Region. In 1939, 28 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARABEYCHIK Leonid Alexandrovich (1889, Nizhny Novgorod - 1975, Moscow), pianist. Brother of I.A. Dobrovein. Graduated. Moscow cons. by class fp. K.N. Igumnov, then studied with L. Godovsky at the School of Higher Skills at the Academy of Music and stage performance. art-va in Vienna. He began his creative career as a soloist and ensemble player. In 1917–20 prof. cons. in Rostov-on-Don, in 1921–24 - Musical-drama. uch-schA Mosk. philharmonic. Society. From 1921 to 1960 he was a soloist orc. Big T-ra in Moscow."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARABINSK, city (since 1917), regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 19th century as the village of Kainsky u. Tomsk Gubernia. In 1926, 454 Jews (4.6%) lived in Byelorussia, and in the Barabinsk environs. - 2227, in 1939 in B. - 112 Jews. V. I. Alshits."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARALETI, a village in Akhalkalaki region (Georgia). From the 15th century. - as part of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti region, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province, from 1867 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Tiflis province. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), Georgians (Meskhi), Armenians, and Jewish merchants, who had their own synagogue, lived in Byelorussia. In the 18th and 19th centuries. the number of the Jewish population of the post. shrank. To the end. 19th century Jewish community ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARAM Moshe (b. 1911, Zdolbunovo, Ostrog u. Volyn province.), Polit. activist. One of the leaders of the labor movement in Jerusalem. One of the active members of the youth movement \"Dror\". From 1931 - in E.-I., in 1943–49 - secretary. Jerusalem branch of the Mapai party. An active figure in the Histadrut. In 1948-60 - secretary. Workers' Council of Jerusalem, member. working committee Histadrut, member. center, organs Mapai. In 1959–74 - dep. Knesset, before. Knesset Labor Commission, pre. coalition. 1974–77 - min. labor. Son - Uzi, Israeli polit. activist. Dep. Knesset, min."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARAN, a city (since 1972) in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orshansky u. Mogilev province. In 1935-72 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1926, 43 Jews (5%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1939 there were 81 Jews. 1942 in B., St. 50 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARANOV-ROSSINE Vladimir Davidovich (1888, Kherson - 1942, France), avant-garde painter, theorist of color-visual art. Studied in Odessa (1902–03), Petersburg. AH (1903–07). Participant of the exhibitions \"Wreath\" (1908, Moscow), \"Link\" (1908, Kiev). From 1910 in Paris, where he took a ps. \"Daniel Rossinet\" and, having returned to Russia, signed with a double surname. Exhibited at the \"Salon of the Independent\" in Paris. In 1915-17 in Norway, where in 1916 a personal exhibition took place. After Feb. 1917 returned to Russia. He worked in Hood. Bureau N.E. Dobychina, directed the studio in Svobodnykh hud. workshops in Petrograd. Participated in the exhibitions \"The World of Art\" (1918, Moscow and Petrograd), in the First State. free exhibition of manuf. art (1919, Petrograd), in the First Rus. thin exhibition (1922, Berlin). In 1923 he gave concerts of color music at the Bolshoi Theater and at the Meyerhold Theater. Died in it. concentration camp."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАРАНОВИЧИ, город (с 1919), районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1706. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, с. Барановичи-Полесские (др. назв. Новые Барановичи) Новогрудского у. Гродненской, с 1842 — Минской губ. В 1920—39 — в Новогрудском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР.В 1939 в Б. проживало ок. 12 тыс. евреев, в 1970 — 841 (0,8%), в 1989 — 575 евреев (0,3%).Евреи жили в Б. с кон. 19 в. Со 2-й пол. 1890-х гг. в Б. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1903 был отменен запрет на поселение евреев в Б. В 1912 в Б. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1920 дел. от Б. участвовал в 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве. После 1917 в Б. переселился духовный лидер слонимских хасидов Авром Вейнберг (1884—1933), к-рый в 1918 организовал в Б. иешиву «Торас Хесэд». После смерти А.Вейнберга слонимскую династию возглавил его сын Шлойме-Довид-Иегошуа (1913—1943). В 1921 Б. стали центром койдановских хасидов. Проживая в Б., духовный лидер койдановских хасидов Нехемия Перлов (?—1927) поддерживал тесную связь с хасидами в СССР. В 1927 место умершего отца занял Шойлом-Алтер (1904—1941, Вильнюс). В 1921—39 раввином в Б. был Э.Б.Вассерман.Летом 1940 сконцентрированные в Б. беженцы из Польши были вывезены в вост. р-ны СССР. 27 июня 1941 в Б. вошли герм. войска. Были созданы гетто и юденрат во главе с адвокатом Овсеем Гиршевичем Изыксоном. В гетто содержалось ок. 15 тыс. евреев из Б. и окрестных местечек. В нач. июля 1941 расстреляно 73 еврея, в кон. июля — 350. В авг. 1941 ок. 700 евреев, в т. ч. Ш.-Д.-И.Вейнберг, были отправлены в концлагерь Колдычева. 3 марта 1942 расстреляно ок. 2300 евреев. Пытавшийся предотвратить массовые казни Изыксон был также расстрелян. Во главе юденрата был поставлен Шмуэль Янкелевич. После 3 марта 1942 в Б. были доставлены евреи из Ляхович, Клецка, Столбцов, Городища. Весной в гетто было организовано 3 подпольных группы во главе с Элиэзером Лидовским, Мойше Копелевичем и Зарицкевичем. В группе Лидовского состояли члены еврейской полиции. Вскоре группы объединились (200 чел. в возрасте 16—30 лет). Под рук. Абрама Яковлевича Абрамского была создана боевая дружина. 19 июня 1942 ок. 700 чел. были угнаны в Молодечно. 21 сент. 1942, накануне начала уничтожения гетто, группой еврейских партизан и членов боевой дружины было предпринято нападение на здание гебитскомиссариата. С 22 сент. по 2 окт. 1942 было расстреляно ок. 3 тыс. евреев, 17 дек. 1942 расстреляно еще ок. 3 тыс. евреев. Гетто было ликвидировано. Ок. 700 евреев было отправлено на тяж. работы. При ликвидации гетто не менее 450 евреев бежали в леса. За период оккупации было уничтожено св. 35 тыс. евреев Б. и окрестных местечек. В освобождении Б. в июле 1944 принимал участие 129-й отд. полк связи под ком. подполк. Леонида Моисеевича Радовского. После освобождения в Б. из лесов вернулось ок. 150 евреев.В 1945 на месте расстрела евреев был установлен памятник, впоследствии разрушенный. На месте памятника построен обществ. туалет. В 1940—60 в Б. действовал нелег. миньян, к-рый собирался по праздникам. В 1959 здание бывш. Большой синагоги было занято КГБ; запрещен ритуал. убой скота.С 1990 начало действовать отд-ние «Хесэд Эзра». В 1992 создан клуб еврейской культуры «Шалом», открылась воскресная школа. Летом 1994 в Б. был установлен памятник евреям, погибшим в гетто. С 1996 в Б. существует религ. община.В 1994 в Открытом ун-те в Иерусалиме заочно учились 56 евреев Б. Израильский культурно-информац. центр в Минске открыл в Б. библиотеку.В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в Б. проживало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: И.Е.Прусс, И.[[Фуксман, Ш.Фуксман; Лейб Талалай (1906—1943, фронт), поэт (на идише)., pronunciation=БАРАНОВИЧИ, город (с 1919), районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1706. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, с. Барановичи-Полесские (др. назв. Новые Барановичи) Новогрудского у. Гродненской, с 1842 — Минской губ. В 1920—39 — в Новогрудском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР.В 1939 в Б. проживало ок. 12 тыс. евреев, в 1970 — 841 (0,8%), в 1989 — 575 евреев (0,3%).Евреи жили в Б. с кон. 19 в. Со 2-й пол. 1890-х гг. в Б. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1903 был отменен запрет на поселение евреев в Б. В 1912 в Б. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1920 дел. от Б. участвовал в 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве. После 1917 в Б. переселился духовный лидер слонимских хасидов Авром Вейнберг (1884—1933), к-рый в 1918 организовал в Б. иешиву «Торас Хесэд». После смерти А.Вейнберга слонимскую династию возглавил его сын Шлойме-Довид-Иегошуа (1913—1943). В 1921 Б. стали центром койдановских хасидов. Проживая в Б., духовный лидер койдановских хасидов Нехемия Перлов (?—1927) поддерживал тесную связь с хасидами в СССР. В 1927 место умершего отца занял Шойлом-Алтер (1904—1941, Вильнюс). В 1921—39 раввином в Б. был Э.Б.Вассерман.Летом 1940 сконцентрированные в Б. беженцы из Польши были вывезены в вост. р-ны СССР. 27 июня 1941 в Б. вошли герм. войска. Были созданы гетто и юденрат во главе с адвокатом Овсеем Гиршевичем Изыксоном. В гетто содержалось ок. 15 тыс. евреев из Б. и окрестных местечек. В нач. июля 1941 расстреляно 73 еврея, в кон. июля — 350. В авг. 1941 ок. 700 евреев, в т. ч. Ш.-Д.-И.Вейнберг, были отправлены в концлагерь Колдычева. 3 марта 1942 расстреляно ок. 2300 евреев. Пытавшийся предотвратить массовые казни Изыксон был также расстрелян. Во главе юденрата был поставлен Шмуэль Янкелевич. После 3 марта 1942 в Б. были доставлены евреи из Ляхович, Клецка, Столбцов, Городища. Весной в гетто было организовано 3 подпольных группы во главе с Элиэзером Лидовским, Мойше Копелевичем и Зарицкевичем. В группе Лидовского состояли члены еврейской полиции. Вскоре группы объединились (200 чел. в возрасте 16—30 лет). Под рук. Абрама Яковлевича Абрамского была создана боевая дружина. 19 июня 1942 ок. 700 чел. были угнаны в Молодечно. 21 сент. 1942, накануне начала уничтожения гетто, группой еврейских партизан и членов боевой дружины было предпринято нападение на здание гебитскомиссариата. С 22 сент. по 2 окт. 1942 было расстреляно ок. 3 тыс. евреев, 17 дек. 1942 расстреляно еще ок. 3 тыс. евреев. Гетто было ликвидировано. Ок. 700 евреев было отправлено на тяж. работы. При ликвидации гетто не менее 450 евреев бежали в леса. За период оккупации было уничтожено св. 35 тыс. евреев Б. и окрестных местечек. В освобождении Б. в июле 1944 принимал участие 129-й отд. полк связи под ком. подполк. Леонида Моисеевича Радовского. После освобождения в Б. из лесов вернулось ок. 150 евреев.В 1945 на месте расстрела евреев был установлен памятник, впоследствии разрушенный. На месте памятника построен обществ. туалет. В 1940—60 в Б. действовал нелег. миньян, к-рый собирался по праздникам. В 1959 здание бывш. Большой синагоги было занято КГБ; запрещен ритуал. убой скота.С 1990 начало действовать отд-ние «Хесэд Эзра». В 1992 создан клуб еврейской культуры «Шалом», открылась воскресная школа. Летом 1994 в Б. был установлен памятник евреям, погибшим в гетто. С 1996 в Б. существует религ. община.В 1994 в Открытом ун-те в Иерусалиме заочно учились 56 евреев Б. Израильский культурно-информац. центр в Минске открыл в Б. библиотеку.В 1994, по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, в Б. проживало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В Б. род.: И.Е.Прусс, И.[[Фуксман, Ш.Фуксман; Лейб Талалай (1906—1943, фронт), поэт (на идише)., extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARANOVICHI-POLESSKIE, see Baranovichi."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARANOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1565. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - a town of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. 893 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1847, in 1897 - 1990 (95%), in 1923 - 1100, in 1926 - 1602 (29.9%), 1939 - 1447 (23%), in 1989 - 44 Jews. In 1889 there was a Jewish hospital in Byelorussia. In the 1890s. Shmuel Margulion (1857—?) was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the beginning. 20th century B. had a husband. and wives. private schools. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. In the end. Aug In 1920, detachments of the 1st Cavalry Army staged a pogrom in Byelorussia. On July 19, 1941, 74 Jews were shot in Byelorussia; on July 29, 100 Jews; 1941 - 180 Jews. In oct. 1941 a mass execution of Jews was carried out, in November. 1941 part of the Jews was gathered in a labor camp, January 6. In 1942, 594 Jews from neighboring villages were shot in B. In 1998, three Jewish families lived in B. I.I.Ravrebe, S.Ya. Elisavetsky"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARANUW, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Baranov Novoaleksandrovsky u. Lublin province. In 1897, 1,398 Jews (58.7%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1921 - approx. 1,500 Jews. In 1848, 1861, and 1899 the Jewish community of B. was caused by fires. material damage. By 1882 a synagogue had been built in Byelorussia. In the 1900s. Noah Braver was the rabbi in B. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was destroyed during the Holocaust."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARASHI, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zhytomyr district. Volyn province. In 1897, 338 Jews (15.6%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 320 Jews. In 1902–20, Aron-Leib Kalmanovich (1868–1948) was the rabbi in Byelorussia. The Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from the pogroms of 1919–20. In 1941, 37 Jews were shot in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARATS German (Hirsch) Markovich (1835, Dubno, Volyn province - 1922), lawyer, historian. He graduated from the rabbinical school in Zhitomir (1859) and law. Faculty of Kiev University (1869). In 1862 he was assigned to the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreigners. confessions, in 1863 he was appointed a \"learned Jew\" (a consultant on Jewish affairs) under the Kiev, Podolsk and Volyn governors general (from 1870 he was listed under the Ministry of Internal Affairs). From 1871 the censor of the Hebrews. books, retired from 1881, was engaged in advocacy, in 1893 was elected a member. the fifth rabbinical commission from Kiev province, Lit. activity began in the 1860s. In 1870 publ. into gas. The Day article \"Materials for the history of the resettlement of Jews in Kiev.\" Author of works on the history of law and court proceedings in Dr. Rus (published in the journal \"Vestnik Prava\", \"Kievskaya Starina\", \"Chronicles\" of the Historical Philological Society at Novoros University, etc.), research. on the situation of the Jews in dr. Rus, about the influence of the Hebrews. culture in Old Rus. Literature and Law, Vol. Heb. elements in Old Russian. Chronicles, Berlin, 1924."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARATS Yosef (1890, Kamenets-Podolsk, Podolsk province - 1968, Israel), Zionist leader. labor movement, publicist. From 1906 in E.-I., he was a hired worker. In 1910, one of the founders of the first in E.-I. kibbutz Dganiya. Participated in the creation of the party \"Ha-Poel ha-Tsair\" (later - the party Mapai), as its representative in 1918 visited the Sov. Russia. One of the initiators of the creation of the Histadrut, dep. it was founded by the Congress (1920). In 1922, on behalf of the working organizations of E.-I. traveled to the United States, later as a member. delegations Heb. nat. fund and other org-tions visited the USA and South. Africa. During the 2nd world. war organized aid to Heb. soldiers. During the War of Independence (1947–49), he headed the Committee for Assistance to Soldiers. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st convocation. Poch. President of the 5th World Zionist, Congr. in Jerusalem (1960). The author of Art. in Yiddish and Hebrew on the problems of the labor movement, Vol. \"With Our Soldiers\" (1945) and \"The Village on the Jordan: The History of Dgania\" (1954, translated into 13 languages). The House of the Soldier (Beit ha-Khayal) in Tel Aviv is named after B."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARAUKA, a village in the Daugavpils region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Borovka, Ilukskiy u. Kurland Gubernia. In 1897, 285 Jews (23%) lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARBANEL Ruvim Isaevich (1909 - 1972, Moscow), metallurgist, metallurgical designer. equipment. From 1961 he worked at the All-Russian Research Institute of Light Alloys, for a number of years he was deputy. early in-that. Main activities related to smelting and foundry, pressing and rolling production, as well as thermal. processing of light aviation. alloys. He took part in the creation of a progressive thermal. equipment, installations for continuous casting of ingots. In the end. 30s supervised the development of an electric furnace for aluminum production. alloys. Since 1953 joint. with S.A. Vigdorchik carried out experimental work on the creation of pressed blanks from aluminum. alloys. In 1958 he developed (in co-authorship) a flatbed method for producing sheets of aluminum clad with copper, used in the production of large-sized sheets of aluminum-copper. In the 60s and 70s. supervised the design of vacuum electric furnaces for heat treatment of semi-finished products and products from titanium alloys. In 1972 he developed a basic. principles of technology for continuous processing of strips from aluminum. alloys. Linen. etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARBOVTSY, see Brusnitsa."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARDACH Israel (real name and fam. Isaac ben Naum Moses) (lived in the late 18th - early 19th centuries), linguist. Lived in Lithuania, studied grammar. Known as the author of \"Taamey Torah\" (Vilna, 1822), publ. his brother Meir B. and representing the book. on the pronunciation (intonation) of the Torah. The second part of this book. contains a grammar textbook. In the introduction to the Taamey Torah, B. pointed out that he also wrote a commentary on the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds and on the Shulchan Aruch."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARDAR, a village in the Ialoveni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chisinau district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In July 1941, 3 Jews were killed in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARDICHEVER Zelik (1903, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1937, Iasi, Romania), poet, playwright. Rod. in a poor family. I was engaged in self-education. Follower of bunks. singers B. Broder, V. Zbarzher and E. Tsunzer. He composed poems and melodies to them. He worked as a teacher and in search of earnings wandered around the cities and towns. Was a member. Heb. creative org-tion \"Kultur-League\", wrote plays and staged them in self-play. circles. In 1939, Sat. verse. B. \"Poems and Melodies\" (1939), prepared by. literary critic G. Segal."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARELI (Brodny) Itzhak-Aizik (1887, Smorgon - 1956, Tel Aviv), financier, public. actor. In his youth - one of the organizers of the society of Zionist students ha-Haver, as well as the founders and leaders of Tseirei Zion and the Zionist Socialist Party in Russia. Deer. Nar. Heb. bank in Kharkov. Since the beginning of the 20s. - in Lithuania. Since 1926 - in E.-I. One of the leaders of the left socialist. parties Akhdut ha-Avo-da, then - Mapai. Deer. Bank Ha-Poalim since 1929. Member. directorates dec. households institutions of the Histadrut. Affairs. Zionist Congresses. Son B. - Meir (1922, Kaunas), journalist, ed. \"Eshnab\" is an underground gas. Gagans during the mandate. Ed. daily gas. Omer (1968–80)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARENBAUM Iosif Evseevich (b. 1921, Kanev, Kiev province), bibliologist, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1954), Dr. sciences (1967), acad. RANS (1992). In 1938 he entered the philology department. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In the summer of 1941 he volunteered for the front, a participant in the defense of Leningrad. In 1942, after a serious injury, he was demobilized, in 1945 he graduated from Leningrad State University. From 1951 he taught at Leningrad. state library institute, since 1968 - prof., in 1977–88 head. Department of General Bibliography and Bibliology. Author of 300 works on the history of books and book business, problems of book science, the history of the reader, book connections; the author of biographies of figures grew up. and foreign books. On the initiative and under the hands. B. held Smirdin Readings, devoted to the study of the history of the book business of St. Petersburg, the history of the reader and book connections. - member Int. Parliament of the Confederate Knights (Sydney, 1988), hon. consultant Int. biographical. center (Cambridge, 1989) member Sections of the book and graphics of the House of Scientists RAS. Honored. Scientist of the Russian Federation (1992). Works: N. Serno-Solovievich (1834–1866), M., 1961; Josaphat Ogryzko (1826–1890), M., 1964; History of the book: Ucheonik (jointly with T.E. Davydova), M., 1971, 2nd ed. - M., 1984; Book Petersburg, L., 1980; Navigators of the coming storm, M., 1987; Fundamentals of bibliology, M., 1988, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARENBLATT Grigory Isaakovich (b. 1927, Moscow), mechanic, mathematician. Grandson of the mathematician V.F. Kagan. Graduated from Moscow State University (1950). Prof. (1962), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1967). He worked at the Institute of Oil of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953–61), at Moscow State University (1961–92), at the Institute of Problems in Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1965), at the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1993 head. Taylor Department of Fluid Mechanics at Cambridge University (UK). Author of works on the theory of differential. Partial Differential Equations and Mechanics (in Russian: Similarity, Self-Similarity, Intermediate Asymptotics: Theory and Applications to Geophysical Hydrodynamics, Leningrad, 1982)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARENBOYM Isaak Yulisovich (1910, Voznesensk, Elisavetgradsky u., Kherson province. - 1984, Kiev), bridge engineer, Cand. tech. sciences, general director. III rank. Hero of Soc. Labor (1943). During the war years 1941–45 he commanded a bridge-building detachment, restored bridges across the Dnieper, Don, Desna, North. Donets, South Bug, Prut and other rivers. Since 1948 - manager of the Mostostroitelny Trust of Glavmosstroy of the Ministry of Transport. Honored. builder of the Ukrainian SSR, honorary transport builder. Became. etc. (1947). Awarded 10 hordes."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARENBOYM Lev Aronovich (1906, Odessa - 1985, Leningrad), musicologist, pianist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1957). In 1925 he graduated from the Odessa horse, class fp. G.M. Bieber, at the same time. studied composition in the class of V.A. Zolotarev. At the end of Leningrad. cons. continued his education in Moscow. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class fp. F.M. Blumenfeld. In 1931–39 he taught there (associate professor of the physics class), also taught a course in teaching methods of physics. games; at the same time. scientific. sotr. N.-i. muses. in-that at Moscow. horse. In 1939–79 he worked in Leningrad. horse, (since 1958 prof.), taught courses in history and theory of pianism (since 1965 head of the department), teaching methods to play the piano. The most significant of its many. works: \"Php. pedagogy \"(part 1, M., 1937),\" FP-ped. principles of Blumenfeld \"(M., 1964),\" A.G. Rubinstein ... \"(v. 1–2, L., 1957–62),\" N.G. Rubinstein \"(M., 1982),\" Questions php. performance and pedagogy \"(L., 1968),\" The way to making music \"(L., 2nd ed., 1979) and others. articles, prefaces, comments to the book. (including to \"Selected Letters\" by A.G. Rubinstein, M., 1954), compiled by collection. and so on. Very popular in FP. ped. practice is used by those who have endured pl. ed. \"Sat. plays, sketches and ensembles for beginners \"(compiled by B. with S. Lyukhovitskaya)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARENBOYM Petr Davidovich (b. 1948, Pyatigorsk), lawyer. Cand. jurid. Sciences (1978). Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University (1972). In 1973–75 he was a lawyer of the Stavropol regional collegium of lawyers, in 1975–78 he was a legal adviser of the Soyuztyazhekskavatsiya trust. In 1979 he was admitted to Moscow. mountains. the bar association. A specialist in the field of external economics. law, consultant zarub. and grew. firms in the field of legal. persons and conclusions of foreign trade. contracts."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARER Simon (1896, Odessa - 1951, New York), pianist. At the age of 11 he entered Petersburg. horse, where his teachers were A.N.Esipova and F.M. Blumenfeld. Having conquered A.G. Rubinstein Ave., he began to give concerts in Russia, in the 20s. - in the cities of the USSR, then in Germany. From 1929 he lived in Berlin, then in Stockholm, from the end of the 30s. - in USA. In 1934 he performed for the first time in England. His American debut took place in 1936. Since then, many others. muses. critics began to consider him one of the top 10 virtuosos in the world. B.'s game combines phenomenal skill and delicate taste. He toured a lot in Western countries. Europe and the United States."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARG Mikhail Abramovich (1915, Satanov Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. - 1991, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1959). Son of a lawyer. In 1932–34 he studied at the Kamenets-Podolsk Institute of Nar. education, in 1934–36 - for the social and economic. f-those of Kiev ped. in-that. In 1936–37 in Kr. Army. In 1937–39, the head teacher and director. schools in with. Draganovka, Khmelnytsky region Graduated from East. Faculty of Kharkov ped. Institute (1941). In 1942 the head. department of agitation and propaganda of the city party committee in Kharkov and Fergana, then taught at the Military. in-those foreign. languages. In 1943-51 Art. ed. Uchpedgiza, at the same time. in 1943-47 he studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the guidance of Acad. E.A. Kosminsky. In 1954-59 - Art. teacher Mosk. extramural ped. in-ta, since 1960 - prof. MGPI them. V.I. Lenin. Since 1967 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1969 - World History) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1986–91 - leading scientific. sotr. in the same place. Participant of symposia and international conf. on history and historiography in Budapest (1986), Berlin (1988), Madrid and Stockholm (1990), 9th Int. congress on econ. history in Bern (1986), scientific. hands. 1st Intern. conf. by compare history of civilization (1990). Member Royal East. about-va Great Britain. Author of 15 monographs and 230 articles on the history of Zap. Europe (mainly England) in the transition period from feudalism to capitalism, according to the methodology of ist. science (many works have been translated into foreign languages.) Works: Cromwell and his time, Moscow, 1952; Nar. lower classes in eng. the revolution of the 17th century, M., 1967; Social problems history, M., 1973; Shakespeare and History, M., 1976 (2nd ed., M., 1979); Categories and methods ist. science, M., 1984; Epochs and Ideas, M., 1987."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARGUZIN, urban-type settlement (since 1973), a regional center in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). Since 1856 - the center of the Barguzin environs. Trans-Baikal Region. In 1863, more than 100 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 454 (32.9%), in 1910 - 811 (34.9%), in 1926 - 32.3%, in 1939 - 256, in 1989 - 2 Jews. The first Jews in Byelorussia (early 19th century) were exiles. Means. part of the Jewish population were merchants (in the 1870s there were no merchants of other nationalities in Byelorussia). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century a community was formed in B., there was a Khevra Kaddish. In 1879 the Jews of Byelorussia petitioned for the opening of a synagogue. In the end. 1880s the synagogue building was built. In 1903, a delegate from Byelorussia took part in the congress of Siberian Zionist circles and organizations, which was held in Tomsk. In 1909, a Russian-Jewish school was opened in Byelorussia, and there was a school for the free education of poor Jewish children. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1915 Gliesburg was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1917, children worked at the school. garden. In 1919 the cheder was opened. There was a society to help poor students. In 1919 the community donated 3,792 rubles. victims of Jewish pogroms in Ukraine. Contact was established with representatives of the Zionist organization in Harbin. The Jews of Byelorussia provided assistance to Jewish prisoners of war, helped the sick and wounded soldiers, refugees, and sent money for cultural and educational purposes. ob-woo for opening Jewish ped. teacher training courses for Jewish schools in the Urals and Siberia. Representatives of the B. community took part in the work of the All-Siberian Congress of Jewish Communities. In 1921 a branch of the Irkutsk Jewish library was opened in Byelorussia. Until 1930 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. preserved Jewish cemetery, closed for burial. In 1998, the administration of the Barguzinsky district allocated funds for the restoration of the Jewish cemetery. M. Novomeisky, Y.D. Frizer.L.V. Kalmina, L.V. Kuras"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARISHAN Rafail-Mordechai (1866, Lipnishki Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1950, New York), rabbi. He studied at the yeshivas of Vilna, Kovno and Bialystok. Since 1893, a rabbi in Gomel. Participated in the founding congress of the Mizrahi movement in 1902 in Vilna and was elected to its Central Committee. He founded the Mizrahi branch in Gomel. In 1914–17, Hebrew actively helped. refugees. After the revolution, he opposed the policy of Evsection, aimed at banning the Hebrews. religious life. In the spring of 1922 he was brought to an open demonstrative \"trial of the hader.\" At the trial, which lasted five days, he made a speech in which he compared the antirelig. the policy of the communists with the anti-Semitism of tsarism. He was sentenced to 2 years in prison. Released after 7 months. Since 1923 - in the USA. In 1926-29, the rabbi of Washington. Since 1929 - Rabbi in New York. Collaborated in the Yiddish press. He wrote about the problems of the Hebrews. life in CUJA, about Zionism and E.-I."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARIT Yakov (also known under the name Yankele Kovensky) (1796, Simno, Suvalki province - 1883, Vilna), rabbi. Educated in Bet Midrash in Slobodka. Since 1822, while living in Vilna, he was carried away by the ideas of Haskala. In 1850 he became the head of the yeshiva founded by Rabbi H. Parnes to train rabbis. B.'s teaching activity lasted 25 years; many of his students later became famous rabbis and scholars. Montefiore, who visited Vilna in 1846, had lengthy conversations with V., with the participation of whom a petition was drawn up to Nicholas I to improve the situation of growing up. Jews. In the late 1940's, B. became a recognized representative of the Vilna Hebrews. communities. In 1852, B. was part of a delegation that went to Petersburg with a petition concerning the recruitment rules that were burdensome for Jews. Was before. and an active participant in the rabbinical commissions of 1856, 1862 and 1868."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARKAGAN Zinovy ​​Solomonovich (b. 1925, Odessa), hematologist. Ch.-c. Grew up. AMN (1993). Graduated from Odessa honey. Institute (1946). In 1946–50, laboratory assistant and resident of the hospital therapy clinic in the same place; in 1950–56 assistant, associate professor, head. Department of Hospital Therapy Taj. honey. in-that; since 1956 head. Department of Propedeutics, int. diseases of Altai honey. Institute in Barnaul (since 1965 prof.) and at the same time (since 1988) scientific. hands. Altai regional hematology. center. research B. dedicated various problems of hematology, the development of methods for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the blood coagulation system. He proposed (1973) one of the most complete classifications of hemorrhagic diathesis-thrombocytopathies, based on the morphofunctional characteristics of platelets, as well as the classification of hematogenous thrombophilia; gave a taxonomy of types of bleeding, for the first time described secondary rheumatoid syndrome in hemophilia, developed a method of apparatus treatment for hemophilic arthropathies, proposed methods for treating disseminated intravascular coagulation, developed methods for diagnosing disorders of the blood coagulation system, developed methods for treating poisoning with snakes and arthropod venoms Wed. Asia. B.'s works contributed to the isolation of an independent section of hematology - coagulology, which studies biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of blood coagulation. B.'s monograph \"Hemorrhagic Diseases and Syndromes\" (1980, 2nd ed. 1988) was awarded by the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. M.P. Konchalovsky (1983); State pr. USSR for the development of methods of intensive therapy for terminal conditions in hematology; USSR Academy of Sciences II Polzunov for inventive activity (1990). Member boards of Vseros. about-va therapists and about-va hematologists and transfusiologists; Vice President about-va herpetologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1982)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARKAN Semyon Arkadyevich (b. 1916, Polotsk), director. Graduated from the directing department of GITIS (1944), a student of A.D. Popov. In 1942–43 he worked in the Krasnoyarsk Territory drama. t-re them. AS Pushkin, staged: \"Restless old age\" by LN Rakhmanov and \"Zykov\" by M. Gorky. In 1944-46 he worked at the Center, Dr. Kr. Army, In 1947–49 Ch. dir. 1st Moscow region t-ra and t-ditch in Orekhovo-Zuev and Stalinogorsk. In 1950–51 - dir. dramatic. t-ra Center. House of culture of railway workers. Staged: “Theft” by J. London, “London Slums” by J.B. Shaw, “The Lost House” by S.V. Mikhalkov. In 1951-63 the next and from 1957 Ch. dir. t-ra \"Romen\". In 1963–66, dir. Moscow drama, t-ra, where he staged \"Mother\" by K. Chapek, \"Physics and Lyrics\" by Ya.I. Volchek (with A.A. Goncharov), \"Temporary Resident\" by V.S.Polyakov. In 1966–77, Chap. dir. t-ra \"Romen\". He created a youth studio at t-re, educated a galaxy of actors, attracted new authors to work, staged performances: \"About those who love\" by A.A. Antokolsky (1954), \"Gypsy Woman Aza\" by M.P. Staritsky (1956), \"Heart of a Gypsy\" by Dumanoir and Denner (1957), \"Gypsy\" based on pov. A. V. Kalinin (1963), \"Rum Baro\" by I. A. Shvedov (1961), \"Hello, Pushkin!\" II Rom-Lebedev and AI Gessen (1973), \"I was born in the camp\" by YM Nagibin (1970), \"For a friendly conversation\" by IV Shtok (1970), \"The Law of the Ancestors\" Khrustalev (1975). From 1978 to ped. work in GITIS, since 1986 at the Higher. theater, school them. M.S. Schepkina (at the Small Theater). Since 1989 prof. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1970)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARKAT (Burshtein) Reuven (1905, Taurogen, Kovno province. - 1972, Israel), polit. activist. One of the hands. Heb. student org-tions in Europe. He studied at the yeshiva (Ponevezh), then at the Sorbonne (Paris), Strasbourg and Heb. (Jerusalem) un-takh. Since 1926 - in E.-I. There was a secret. settlement dep. s.-kh. center. In 1940–46 gen. sec. to-that assistance to Heb. soldiers; member working commission of the Histadrut, member. Central Committee of Histadrut, director. his watered. department, gene. sec. Mapai. Was before. directorate \"Beit Berl\" and General. dir. publishing house \"Am oved\" (one of the largest in Israel). 1960–61 - Israeli Ambassador to Norway. Member Bureau of Socialist. International. Dep. The Knesset, his before."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARKHIN Boris Grigorievich (b. 1913, Irkutsk), architect and teacher, theoretician in the field of methodology of architect. creativity. Doctor of Architecture, prof. MARCHI. Brother of M.G. Barkhin. In 1936 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute, where he studied with his father G.B. Barkhin, P.A. Golosov, L.V. Rudnev. N.Ya.Collie. He started working together. with Father. Main works: Center, Museum of Arms. forces in Moscow (1965), Museum of the History of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Kaluga (1968, State pr. RSFSR). The author of the repeatedly republished “Methods of architect. design \"(last ed. 1992). Honored. arch. RSFSR (1984), hon. member MAA (1992)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARKHIN Grigory Borisovich (1880, Perm - 1969, Moscow), architect, urban planner, architectural theorist. The artist's son. He started as a self-taught draftsman, draftsman. The talented young man was sent by the Society of Siberians to the Odessa school (he graduated in 1897). In 1907 he graduated from St. Petersburg. AH, where he studied in the class of Acad. A.N. Pomerantseva. He worked as an assistant to Acad. RI Klein on the building of the Museum of Fine Arts and the Borodino Bridge in Moscow. From 1912 - Ch. arch. Irkutsk. Designed and built by the military. s-dy. In the years of the 1st world. war served in Ing. troops, led by Ing. and defended, works on the Caucasus. fr. From 1918 to Kr. Army. After demobilization in the 1920s. he designed and built a lot, successfully performed at architect. competitions, participated in the work of Moscow. architect. about-va (MAO). In 1925 he designed and then supervised the construction of the editorial and printing house building. Izvestia VTsIK in Moscow. He designed and built t-ry, palaces of labor, houses of culture, participated in design work for the reconstruction of Moscow (1933–38). Main buildings: Izvestia building (1925–27), sanatorium Saki (Crimea, 1928), uch. com-t for a car in Nizhny Novgorod (1929). The author of the book. \"Working house and working village-garden\", M., 1922; \"Modern. workers' dwellings \", M., 1925; \"Architecture of t-ra\", M., 1947. B.'s daughter - Anna (b. 1911, Orekhov), architect, teacher. In 1934 she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. She worked with her father on the project for the restoration of Sevastopol (1944–47). Mn. years she taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute. The author of the building of the panorama \"Defense of Sevastopol\" (1946, jointly with GB and MG Barkhin). The author of the book. about the father (M., 1981)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARKHIN Mikhail Grigorievich (1906, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1988, Moscow), architect, teacher, scientist-architect. Doctor of Architecture, prof. Son of G.B. Barkhin, brother of B.G. Barkhin. Studied at Moscow. in-those citizens. engineers from P.A. Golosov and L.A. Vesnin (graduated in 1929). He taught at Moscow. engineer-building uch-shche (1929–32), Military-Ing. acad. them. VV Kuibyshev (from 1932), Moscow Architectural Institute (1930–50). Member of the 1941–45 war, colonel. He worked with his father on many projects. Main architect. works: the project of the theater. Vs. Meyerhold (1931–32, jointly with S.E. Vakhtangov), factory in Klin (1930), textile factory in Nazili (1934) and bus garage in Ankara (1937), both in Turkey, detailed planning and development project for Sevastopol (1947), competitive projects for the Palace of Soviets in Moscow (1958 and 1959, et al.). Especially famous for its many. architectural studies. Works: Architecture and city, M., 1979; Architecture and people, M., 1980; The method of work of the architect, M., 1980."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARKIYAGU (Vorokhov) Mordechai (1882 - 1959, Israel), one of the first and most famous doctors E.-I. Received a traditional Heb. education, studied at un-those in Switzerland, where he received a medical diploma. Since 1912 - in E.-I. Physician at the Herzliya state (1912-19). During the 1st world. war - military. doctor in the Turkish army. After the war, he was a doctor in the settlements of the Upper Galilee. Author pl. scientific. articles and books. Was printed in gas. “Ge-Halutz” and “Ha-Poel ha-Tsair”. Ed. g. \"Spiritual Hygiene\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARMAS Yeshayagu (Isai) (1872, Odessa - 1946), violinist. Studied at Moscow. cons. at I.V. Grzhimali and in Berlin at I. Joachim. In 1900 05 prof. cons. Stern, in 1905-29 cons. Klindworth-Scharvenki in Berlin. He gave concerts in European countries. Created a string quartet (1919, Berlin). He brought up a galaxy of great violinists. Author of violin arrangements, exercises, as well as methodical. labor for the violinist. performance (1913)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARNAUL, city (since 1771), center of Altai Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1730. From 1747 - the center of the Altai region, from 1783 - the center of the Kolyvan province, from 1822 - the env. the center of Tomsk province. 19 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1895, 25 (0.12%) in 1897, in the env. - 213 Jews, in 1904 in B. - 56, in 1910 - 38, in 1926 - 262, in 1939 - 722, in 1970 - 2174, in 1979 - 1,882 Jews (0.4%). In 1910 there were Jewish cemetery, in 1913 - a synagogue. In 1917 Magharik was the rabbi in B. After Feb. revolution in B. created a Zionist circle \"Kadima\", at the end. 1917 - children. circle \"Young Kadim\". In the 1920s and 30s. exiled from the center lived in B. and app. regions of the USSR, members of the Zionist parties. Between 1941 and 1945 the Jewish population in Byelorussia grew at the expense of the evacuees. At the same time, a mikvah was built in B. In 1945, a group of Jews from Byelorussia attempted to open a synagogue. the Jewish community of Altai was established. In 1990, the Altai Center for Jewish Culture was created in Byelorussia, and in 1992, a Sunday Jewish school. An ulpan, a Jewish youth club, and a library began to work. In 1999, according to Joint estimates, there lived approx. 2 thousand Jews in B. L. D. Belkind I. V. Us"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARNGOLTS Sarra Bentsianovna (b. 1908, Kiev), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1966). Graduated from Kiev Finance and Economics. Institute (1932). From 1939 to scientific-ped. work. In 1943–49 he worked in the Bureau of Experts of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR. Main directions of scientific. activities: econom. analysis of work prom. enterprises and their working capital. The author is numerous. textbooks and uch. manuals for the course \"Analysis of households. activity \", according to the teaching method of this uch. disciplines in special econom. higher education. institutions of the USSR. Works: Analysis of finance. the activities of a fishing artel, Kiev, 1937; Econ. analysis of industrial work enterprises, M., 1954; Econ. analysis of the work of enterprises, parts 1–2, M., 1960–61 (et al.); Working capital of the USSR industry, M., 1965; Econ. analysis of households. activities to the present. stage of development, M., 1984."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAROFF Abraham (1870, Nikolaev - 1932, Torrington, Connecticut, USA), leader of the Amer. labor movement. From 1890 in the USA, he worked in the sewing industry. Activist (since 1909) and hands. (since 1910) New York Garment Union. In 1909 he headed a garment workers' strike. From 1914 vice-president, from 1915 - treasurer of the International. garment workers union. Since 1920, the treasurer Amer. workers' union for trade with Russia. With the formation of Intern. prof. Bank (1924) elected as its first president. Author of short stories in Yiddish and Art. on trade issues."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARON Akiva (1909, Bar Mogilvsky u. Podolsk province. - 1965, Tel Aviv), polit. and prof. activist. Graduated from law. f-t Heb. un-that in Jerusalem. He joined the Zionist revisionists, in the 1920s. one of the leaders of Betar org-tions and the Union of Zionists-Revisionists in Bessarabia. Since 1930 in E.-I., one of the founders of the Nat. Federation of workers (Histadrut ha-ovdim ha-leumim, 1934), its first gene. sec. (until 1939). In 1940 he joined the underground military organization Lehi, in 1946–48 its representative in France. After the creation of the State of Israel (1948), he worked in the Tel Aviv municipality."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARON Dvora (1887, Uzda of Igumensky u., Minsk Province - 1956, Tel Aviv), writer. R. in the family of a rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education, studied in Russian. g-zii. From 1911 in E.-I. She made her debut with stories in the workers' publishing house. \"Ha-Melits\" and \"Ha-Shiloakh\". In 1913 she became ed. lit. dep. \"Ha-Poel ha-Tsair\", daily. ed. Heb. workers. In 1915 she was expelled from E.-I. to Alexandria (Egypt). The author of two collections. stories: \"Sipurim\" (\"Tales\", Tel-Aviv, 1927) and \"Ktanot\" (\"Little things\", Tel-Aviv, 1933), for which the avenue H.-N. Bialik was awarded. In his stories, B. realistically and warmly depicts the dull and joyless life of a small Lithuanian town, recreates the atmosphere of Lithuanian legends. B. per. in Hebrew rum. G. Flaubert \"Madame Bovary\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARON Mikhail Arkadievich (1904, Yuriev - 1974, Moscow), histologist, ch.-k. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1948). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1927) and was left at the department of histology. In 1932–52 the head. Department of Histology and Embryology of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that, simultaneously. (1945-51) head. dep. histology and embryology Ying-that normal and patol. morphology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In connection with the campaign to \"combat cosmopolitanism\" in 1952 was dismissed from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that. Later he worked in the region. experiment, histology in Ying-those neurosurgery them. NN Burdenko (1954–74), was in charge of the department. morphology n.-i. laboratories at the mausoleum of VI Lenin (1946–74). tr. B. are devoted to mitogenetic radiation (ultraviolet radiation emitted by grows, and animal tissues; doctoral dissertation. 1934), morphology and histophysiology int. membranes of the body (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, cerebral, synovial and embryonic) and the cerebrospinal fluid system, the study of the pathways of metastasis of tumors in the body cavities and the mechanisms of absorption from the cavities of outflowing blood, microorganisms, etc. He developed the method of trahyscopy (1946), which makes it possible to study the relief of tissues and organs and obtain a volumetric image of the structure of organs. Cit .: Reactive structures of internal membranes, L., 1949."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARON Yosef Luis (1894, Vilna - |), rabbi. Since 1907 in the USA. Educated in a yeshiva. After graduating in 1920 Heb. college - a rabbi. In 1920–26 he served as a rabbi in Davenport (Iowa), where he organized a system of societies and organizations, which included Hebrews. philanthropic societies, newspaper and Bnei Brit lodge. In 1923 he created the first reformist religion. brotherhood Tsedar Rapide. In 1926 he was sent to the Milwaukee community. B. contributed to the founding of the synagogue library of Judaica and the organization of reformist religions. communities in Madison, Waukesh, Janesville and other cities of Wisconsin. In 1940 he was professor of philosophy at Milwaukee ped. college and Ph. college of governors Heb. college. The author of the book. The Immigrant (1923); Clubs for Religious Education (1925); The Jewish Bible (1927); The Question of Death in Jewish Beliefs (1932) and In Search of Unity (1936)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARONDES Yosef (1867, Kamyanets-Podolsky - 1928, New York), trade unionist and Zionist. movement. From 1888 in the USA, he worked as a tailor in New York, in the evenings he studied at the Law School of New York University. Soon he became an active trade unionist: he organized garment workers' trade unions, Heb. actors, Heb. printing trade union. After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, a Zionist took part. movement, one of the founders of Amer. Heb. Congr., in. the quality of his affairs. participated in the peace negotiations at Versailles (1918), contributed to the inclusion in the text of the Versailles Peace Treaty of Art. on the rights of nat. minorities. In the course of the campaign against the restriction of immigration in the United States, he spoke on this issue in the commissions of the US Congress, helped to obtain consent from the Canadian government to accept Jews into the country. immigrants who were banned from entering the United States in accordance with the quota law. Since 1910, members Department of Nar. of the City of New York, led a campaign to lift the ban on married women from teaching at school. institutions. As President of the Bnei Zion Order, he chaired the board of directors of the Deborah Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Denver, was Deer. Heb. academies \"Herzliya\" and \"Khias\". In 1928 - vice-president. Amer. Zionist. org-tion. Translated into Yiddish by book. F. Kopli \"Impeachment of the President of Israel\" (New York, 1916), wrote a preface to it."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARSHAI Rudolf Borisovich (b. 1924, Labinskaya, Krasnodar Okrug.), Violist, conductor. In 1948 he graduated from Moscow. cons. in the viola class of V.V.Borisovsky. In 1956 he organized and headed the Moscow. chamber orc. (first in the country). Since 1976 in Israel, thin. hands. Israeli chamber orc. (Tel Aviv). As a guest conductor he tours to many European countries, the USA and Japan. In 1982 he was appointed Ch. conductor and thin. counselor symph. orc. Bournemouth (UK). The performance of the B. violist is distinguished by the accuracy of phrasing, the feeling of the ensemble, and the subtlest dynamic nuances."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARSCH Mikhail Osipovich (1904, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Architect, teacher. In 1926 he graduated from architect. Faculty of VKHUTEMAS, began working for B.M. Iofan. In 1927, together with M.I. Sinyavsky, Sinyavsky won the competition for the project of a planetarium in Moscow, which is why in 1928 it was built on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Street. He worked a lot in collaboration with prominent architects: M.Ya. Ginzburg, A.K. Burov, A.L. Pasternak and others. Constantly participated in architect. contests. Among the main. works: House of Industry in Sverdlovsk (1927–28), House of the former. political prisoners (1926-30, jointly with G.A. Zundblat), project-manifesto on the theme \"House-commune\" (1926-30, together with V.N. Vladimirov), pavilion \"Mechanization\" at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow (1930 ), House of production of the Mordovian ASSR. From 1934 he worked in the workshop-school of I.V. Zholtovsky, to-ry had a great deal on him. influence. After the war of 1941–45 he worked on the restoration of Minsk, where he designed the layout and development of Sq. Victory, residential buildings, the entrance to the stadium \"Dynamo\", etc. (1949–55, State Ave. Byelorussian SSR, 1949). Designed monuments, incl. monument to K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Kaluga (1956, sculptor A.P. Faydysh-Krandievsky), an obelisk in honor of the launch of the first arts, an Earth satellite in Moscow (1964), led the team that erected a monument to commemorate the exploration of outer space in the park of the Palace nations in Geneva (1971, sculptor Y. G. Neroda). For many years he taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARSHT Abrek Arkadievich (b. 1919, Staraya Zburyevka, Kherson province), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Since 1938 - in Kr. Army. In 1940 he graduated from the Bataysk military. Aviation school. During the war, com. squadrons are correct-reconnaissance. Aviation regiment, made 365 combat missions. In 1949 he graduated from the Military Air. academy. He served in the aviation of the Pacific Fleet. Colonel. Since 1965 - in Leningrad. hydrometeorological in-those."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARSHTEIN (Barshtein-Boyarsky) Yuri Arkadievich (b. 1919, Kiev), pathologist. Prof. Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1941). In 1941–45 he served as a military man. a doctor. After the war - ch. pathologist Belarusian. VO, early. pathologist. dep. military-mor. hospital in Kronstadt; in 1948–50 he was an adjunct at the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Military-Mor. academies in Leningrad; in 1950–57 chap. a pathologist for one of the fleets. After demobilization (1957) hands. (since 1990 consultant) lab. pathomorphology in the Kiev Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. diseases. Sci. research dedicated pathology of combat trauma, a number of infectious diseases. diseases, etc. The author of the chapter, after eating, gunshot injury, in a multivolume collective tr. “Experience of the Sov. medicine in Vel. Otech. war 1941–45 \". Honored. Scientist of Ukraine (1993)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARSKY Lev Abramovich (b. 1932, Moscow), specialist in the region. processing of mineral raw materials. Ch.-c. Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. Sciences (1991), Dr. Sciences (1970), prof. from 1979. After graduation in 1956 Moscow. in-that non-ferrous metals and gold worked in the Institute of mining them. A.A. Skochinsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1977 - at the Institute of Problems of Complex Development of the Subsoil of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main works are related to the development of methods and systems for managing the processes of processing mineral raw materials, recycling production waste and cleaning industrial. drains. The author of St. 250 scientific. works, including books on the theory and technology of mineral separation. He is also known as the author of a number of popular science books (Princes and Beggars in the Kingdom of Minerals, Moscow, 1985; How Fossils Become Useful, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1985), an original book on the system analysis of anecdotes ( \"It's just ridiculous: the mirror of a crooked kingdom\", Moscow, 1992), scripts for skits performances in Moscow. House of Scientists. CM of the USSR (1983), State. etc. USSR (1990). Cit .: Cybernetic methods in mineral processing, M., 1970; Research of minerals for washability, M., 1973; System analysis in mineral processing, M., 1978; Fundamentals of Mineralurgy, M., 1984, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARSKY Lev Mironovich (1909, Kulnaya-Veke - 1977, Chisinau), prose writer, playwright. He studied in the villages. school. Graduated from ped. courses in Balta. He worked as a teacher in the village. school. Collaborated in gas. Mold. ASSR (1932–38). First stories publ. in the beginning. 1930s, first sat. stories \"Spre vyatsa noe\" (\"To a new life\") in 1933. In 1940 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky in Moscow and was appointed responsible. sec. JV Mold. SSR. Member of the 1941–45 war. After the war he lived in Chisinau, wrote stories, essays, plays. Means a place in his post-war. creativity is occupied by. \"La Florentine\" (\"In Florence\", 1952) - from the life of mold. sat down. Problems of student youth, questions of culture, morality B. raised in \"Facultatya noastre\" (\"Our faculty\", 1959), \"Se yntork ryndunelele\" (\"Swallows return\", 1964), \"La uncheputur\" (\"At the sources\", 1972 ). He also owns several. collection of essays and stories. B. - the author of the plays \"Stefan Bitke\" (1940), \"Ginerele\" (\"Son-in-law\", 1956), \"De ziua ta\" (\"Your birthday\", 1960), as well as reps. about lit. life of Moldova. Vol .: In Florenakh, Chisinau, 1955; Our faculty, Chisinau, 1961; By the Roads of Life: Novel and Stories, Chisinau, 1963; At the origins: Roman, Chisinau, 1979."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARSTICHIAI, a town in the Skuodas region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Borshitsy Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1921, 87 Jews lived in Byelorussia. occupation of the Jewish population - p. x-in. In 1922 the Jews of Byelorussia took an active part in helping refugees from Russia. Due to heavy economics. conditions pl. Jews left B., some left for E.-I. 9 Aug. 1941 in Mazeikiai, 13 Jewish families from B."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARSUKI, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. and lips. 22 Sept. 1941 all the remaining Jews - 8 people - were shot in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARTNIKI, see Bartninkai."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARTNINKAI, a small town in Vilkaviski district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Bartniki Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 20 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1901, and 93 Jews (24.1%) in 1923. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARTO Agniya Lvovna (1906, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Poet, society. activist. She began to write poetry while still a schoolgirl, she was preparing to become an actress, she studied at a choreographer. uch-shche. First book. poems for children - \"Chinese Wang-Li\", \"Bear-thief\" (1925), since then more than 100 books have been published. her poems for children, which have gained popularity, some poems reissued. St. 400 times (total circulation - over 20 million copies), trans. plural lang. B.'s verses, clear and aphoristic in form, combine satire and gentle humor, lyrics and calls for courage, for mutual understanding between adults and children of different countries. She also wrote plays and screenplays: The Foundling (1939), The Elephant and the Rope (1946), Alyosha Ptitsyn Develops Character (1953). She constantly participated in the activities of the Union of Sov. writers. In 1937 cases. Int. antifash. Congr. in defense of culture (Madrid). During the war of 1941–45 she worked on the radio, went to the front, and collaborated in gas. and f. In tech. several years she conducted the radio program \"Find a Man\", dedicated. searching and organizing meetings of children and parents who lost another friend during the war. About this - the book B. \"Find a Man\" (Moscow, 1969) and her screenplay \"Looking for a Man\". In 1978 publ. book \"Notes of a children's poet\", reflections, memories of colleagues. She performed with Art. about children. lit-re. Publ. book poems and stories \"About big and about small\" (Moscow, 1958). B. constantly helped young writers, was before. Associations of workers of literature and arts for children. Became. pr. (1950), Len. pr. (1972). Cit .: Brothers, M., 1928; Boy on the contrary, M., 1934; Toys, 1936; Bullfinch, M., 1939; There is a student, M., 1944; First grader, 1945; I live in Moscow, M., 1947; Zvenigorod, M., 1948; Poems for children, M., 1949; Your poems, M., 1960; Poems, M., 1961."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARTONOV Yehoshua-Zeev (1879, Vilna - 1971, Tel Aviv), actor, director, one of the first prof. actors of \"Habima\". From 1902 he played in Vilna. Since 1911, the Hebrew actor. t-ditch, played plural. cities. In 1913 he performed before the Zionist Congress with Pinsky's play \"The Eternal Jew\". In 1918-19 - an actor of front-line t-ditch. In 1921 - in Moscow, in Heb. t-re them. Sholem Aleichem. From 1922 - in \"Habim\", came with the troupe of t-ra to E.-I. and played in it until his death. State Israel Ave (1959)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARUKHOV Mashiyah (1875, Bukhara - 1946, Jerusalem), one of the leaders of the community of Bukharian Jews in Jerusalem. From 1882 - in E.-I. He was engaged in trade. During the 1st world. war went to Egypt and returned to E.-I. in 1919. He opened an orphanage for Sephardic orphans and headed it from 1925. He was a member. to-that of the Sephardic communities of Jerusalem, member. to-that community of Bukharian Jews. In 1929, after anti-Jews. the riots organized by the Arabs, was appointed ch. Rabbinate Commission to monitor the Wailing Wall."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARVENKOVO, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1680. At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Izyumsky u. Kharkov province. In 1910, 98 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In 1926, 186 Jews did not live in the Barvenkovo ​​district, in 1939 there were 75 Jews in B. In 1942 several were shot. Jews B.V.B. genus. Veniamin Lvovich Beilin (1904-1982, Moscow), major general (1943), warrant. 7 ord."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARVINOVKA (until 1960 - Chernitsa), a village in the Novograd-Volynsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1941, 13 Jews were driven from B. to Novograd-Volynsky and shot there."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARYSH, a village in the Buchach district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine) At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 66 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1880 - 174 (5.2%), in 1890 - 243 (6.2% ), in 1900 - 240 (5.4%), in 1910 - 196 (4%), in 1921 - 229 (4.8%), in 1931 - 339 Jews. The first Jews settled in Byelorussia in 1635. life by small trade, p. h-vom, inns were kept. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish community in B. In 1902 M. Biener was the rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. active Zionist activity was carried on in Byelorussia. In 1928 the Zionist organization \"Ahva\" was created. During the occupation of the Germans. By the army, the Jews of Byelorussia perished in Buchach together with the Jews from the surrounding towns and villages."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARYSHEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1603. From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. From 1921 - in the Kiev province, in 1925-30 - the regional center of the Kiev district. In 1897, 462 Jews (25.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1923 - 320, in 1926 - 436 (16.4%) , in 1939 - 134 Jews (5.5%). From 1904 the rabbi of B. - Falk Shusterman (1876—?). All R. 1920s the mikvah was closed in B.. 21 Sept. 1941, 90 Jews were shot in B. In 1999, 15 Jews lived in B.. H.A. Avrutis."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARYUNAI, a village in the Joniškis region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Baryuny Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. An old Jewish cemetery has been preserved in B."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Barany, see Baryunay."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BARZILAY (Eisenstadt) Yehoshua (1855, Kletsk of Slutsk district of Minsk province - 1918, Lausanne, Switzerland), societies, activist, writer. In 1887 he first visited E.-I., in 1888 he returned to Russia, where he became one of the founders of the Bnei Moshe movement. In 1890 he again came to E.-I., became secretary. will execute. to-that movement Hovevei Zion in Jaffa. Published numerous. Art. and messages about the life of Heb. us. E.-I. in decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. Russia, in 1893-95 joint. with I. Gur published a bulletin about the life of Jews E.-I. \"Letters from Eretz Yisrael\" (in Hebrew). Opposed the plan of Heb. colonization of Uganda. One of the founders of Heb. g-zii and Nar. houses (Bet-ha-am) in Jerusalem. In 1912 he released a collection. their op. In the beginning. 1st world. the war left for Europe."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASARABYASKA (until 1991 - Bessarabka), urban-type settlement (since 1946), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Bessarabka (other name. Romanovka) Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1,142 Jews (68.7%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1930–1995 Jews (42.5%). ... in B. worked a school (director Aba Blank) and children. garden of the \"Tarbut\" network, there were different branches. Jewish parties and organizations. 22 Jews were killed in Byelorussia in July 1941. On Sept. 1941 Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Bassein Leib (1879, Minsk - 1928, New York), novelist, publicist, translator. Joined the roar early. traffic. Since 1905 in the USA. Worked as a teacher. He made his debut in literature in 1925 with the story \"Red Shirt\", publ. in f. \"Arbeiter\". Published in pl. Heb. periodic. ed. The author of the book: \"Di Yiddish Shprah\" (\"Jewish language\") et al. with I. Entin, 1914; Barney der melamed, zain toire un zain milhome mit di kundeisim fun columbuses medice (Barney's teacher, his teachings and his war with the children of the Columbus state), 1914; Fun Yiddish Kwal (From a Jewish Source), 1916; \"In Roitn Shine\" (\"In the Red Light\"), 1919, etc. He was also engaged in trans. in Yiddish."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASHANTA, see Gorodovikovsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASHEVIS-ZINGER Yitzhak (1904, Radzymin, Warsaw Province - 1991, Los Angeles), prose writer, lit. critic, journalist. Brother of I.I. Zinger. R. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. education, studied secular sciences, was interested in Kabbalah. He wrote in Yiddish. He made his debut with the story \"Ouf der Elter\" (\"In Old Age\") in 1925 in the weekly. \"Literary beter\". Subscribed different. ps. (I. Varshavsky, D. Segal). Published articles, feuilletons, notes in Warsaw periodicals. ed. Since 1935 in the USA. Then publ. the first major production B. - pov. \"Hundred in Gorai\" (\"Satan in Gorai\"). In the first rum. B. \"Di surname Mushkat\" (\"Mushkat Family\"), published in 1950, depicts events from the life of Polish Jews in the period between the two wars. Fame came to B. in 1953 after the publication of the story \"Fool Gimpel\", translated into English. lang. amer. the writer S. Bellou. Certain productions B. first were publ. in English. lang. and only then in Yiddish. In the center is thin. creativity B. - int. the struggle of the individual between the desire for moral purity and earthly passions. Almost everyone is thin. manuf. B. grow out of the Hebrews' everyday life, familiar to him to the smallest detail. shtetl, from nat. folklore with its fantastic. characters from religious mystical. traditions. B. - the author of apprx. 30 kn., Among to-ryh rum. and pov. Der Goyf (The Estate), 1953-70; Der Kunzmacher fun Lublin (The Magician from Lublin), 1960; Der Knecht (Slave), 1962; \"Shosha\", 1978, in Russian. per. 1990; stories, some of which are collected in Sat. Gimple Tam un andere derceilungen (Gimple Tam et al. Stories, 1957). B. belong to the recollections, written in artistic-doc. genre, as well as manuf. for children and per. In 1978 for outstanding services in the region. literature awarded Nobel pr. In Russia per. in Russian lang. manuf. B. appeared in 1990; Cit .: Rab, Jerusalem, 1976; Dying Lights, Jerusalem, 1990; Shosha, M., 1991; Son from America, M., 1993."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASHKEY, see Head."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASHKICHETI, see Dmanisi."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASHKIROV Dmitry Alexandrovich (b. 1931, Tiflis), pianist, teacher. Graduated from Tbilisi Music. a ten-year school in the class of A.D. Virsaladze, in 1954 - Moscow. cons. in the class of A.B. Goldenweiser, in 1957 - postgraduate study with him. Since the same year he has been teaching at Moscow. cons. since 1977 - prof. Since 1992 he has been teaching physical education. game in Spain. Among the students - D.K. Alekseev, S.A. Erokhin, A.Z. Bonduryanskiy and other B. He toured a lot in different countries (in the 80s he was not allowed to leave the country), gave concerts in the USSR. B.'s interpretations are ecstatic. agitation, impulsiveness, sometimes exaggeration of images, accuracy of skill; possesses a kind of carcass, thanks to which it reveals the smallest nuances of production. The repertoire includes production. W.A. Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, R. Schumann, I. Brahms, S. S. Prokofiev, R. K. Shchedrin. In the 90s. began to perform more op. F. Chopin. The most successful interpretations of the Concerto in F minor by J.S. Bach, sonatas by I. Haydn, fp. concerts of Mozart, 1st, 3rd and 5th concerts of Beethoven, he also performed as an ensemble player, including in fp. trio with I.S.Bezrodny and M.E. Khomitser (1965-1972). Honored. art. RSFSR (1968). Grand Prix for the International competition them. M. Long and J. Thibault in Paris (1955), pr. GDR im. R. Schumann for isp. op. this composer (1970)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASHKOY, a village in the Tsalka district (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Bashkoy Borchalinsky district Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 13 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASHMET Yuri Abramovich (b. 1953, Rostov-on-Don), violist, conductor, teacher. Graduated from Moscow. cons. in the viola class (1976) and postgraduate studies with F.S. Druzhinin (earlier in 1971–72 he studied with V.V.Borisovsky). Since 1976 Lecturer Center, music. schools, since 1978 - Moscow. horse. Since 1986 the conductor is organized. named after the string ensemble \"Soloists of Moscow\", in 1992 he headed the chamber orc. students of Moscow. horse, (with the same name). Participates in the concerts \"December Evenings\" at the Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin, performs as a soloist, ensemble player (with major instrumental performers - S.T. Richter, V.V. Tretyakov, A.B. Lyubimov, N.G. Gutman) and conductor. B. was the first performer in the USSR of a number of op. for viola by W.A. Mozart, N. Paganini, composers of the 20th century (D. Millau, B. Bartok, P. Hindemith, D. D. Shostakovich). B. - the first performer dedicated. him a production. for viola, including concerts with orc. A.G. Schnittke (1985), A.V. Tchaikovsky, M.G. Ermolaeva (Kollontai) (1980), V. Barkauskas, Sonata Breve for viola and fp. (1979) I.A. Golovina et al. 2nd Ave. to Mezhdunar. competition in Budapest (1975), 1st ave. Intern. Musician Competition in Munich (1976). Tours with great success in different countries, performing with local orcs. as a soloist and conductor. B. - member. the jury grew. Prize \"Triumph\" (1993), awarded to figures of art and literature (established by Russian industrialists to encourage the achievements of representatives of Russian culture, including those living abroad). Nar. art. USSR (1991). State pr. USSR (1986). State pr. RF (1993)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASHTANKA (until 1928 - Poltavka), a city (since 1987), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century as the village of Kherson u. In 1939 61 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASIN Efim Vladimirovich (1940, Khislovichi, Tambov region), builder, dep. Armed Forces of Russia since 1990. Graduated from Belorus, in-t engineer. transport. Cand. econom. sciences. Since 1980 - at the building of BAM, deputy. and the first deputy. early Glavbamstroy. 1986–90 - deputy. min. transport building of the USSR. 1990–92 - before. Committee on Construction, Architecture and Housing and Communities. x-woo of the RF Armed Forces. From Dec. 1992 - prev. State Committee for Architecture and Construction of the Russian Federation. Hero of Soc. Labor (1990)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASIN Lazar (Elisha) (mid-19th century, Surovich, Mogilev province - |, England), preacher-missionary. Since 1869 in Istanbul, where he converted to Christianity. After returning to Russia, he was drafted into the army. During the service he was intensively engaged in missionary activity, then left for London, from where the Scottish Missionary Society equipped him (1880) in Iasi as a missionary. Returning soon to England, B. made an attempt to found a society, which would take care of the resolution of Hebrews. question."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASIN Meer Velkovich (1890, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1918), participant of the roar. movement, part. Communist. party since 1912. Graduated from crafts. uch-shche in Mogilev. Member board of the union of oil workers. prom-sti, one of the organizers of the strike in Baku in 1914. In 1917, member. Baku Council and mountains. to-that RSDLP (b), in the end. Sep early oct. one of the hands. general strike in Baku. From nov. 1917 sec. Presidium of the Executive Committee and the working section of the Baku Council. From Apr. 1918 head. by the working section of the Baku Council of People. x-va. After the fall of the Baku commune (Aug. 1918) he was arrested and held in a Baku prison. On Sept. 1918 released, c. owls. workers tried to evacuate to Astrakhan, but the ship with the refugees arrived in Krasnovodsk, where B. and other Bolsheviks were arrested by representatives of the English. occupier. authorities and Zakasp. time, pr-va. By their order on September 20, 1918, B., among the 26 Baku commissars, was shot at the 207th verst of Zakasp. railway"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASIN Moishe (1889, Gomel - 1963, New York), literary critic, poet. He studied at the cheder, then he was engaged in self-education. Was drafted into the army, led the roar. propaganda among the soldiers. Since 1907 in the USA. He made his debut as a poet in 1908. Published in periodicals. ed., speaking with poetry, essays, fairy tales in poetry for children. His cycle of verse gained popularity. about the Baal Shem Tov. Ch. B.'s work is the anthology \"500 Years of Jewish Poetry\" (vols. 1–2, 1917–22). In 1940, B. published the anthology Amer. Heb. poetry\"."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASKAL, a village in Ismayilli region (Azerbaijan Republic). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Shemakha u. Baku province. By the beginning. 2nd floor 18th century B. was inhabited mainly by Jews who were engaged in the production of silk fabrics. Until the 1860s. The rabbis in Byelorussia were: Rabbi Nisan, Israel, Eliyahu, Moshe, Benyahu, Yohai, Raziel, Hanukkah, Mordechai."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASKIN Vladimir Sergeevich (1855, Vilna - 1919, Petrograd), music. critic, journalist. He studied at the same time in law. f-those Petersburg. un-that (graduated in 1885) and in St. Petersburg. cons., where he studied music theory, also took violin lessons. Collaborated as a musician. criticism in plural newspapers and magazines (from 1884; in 1887-1917 the head of the musical department of the Petersburg (since 1914 Petrograd) newspaper. ”Essays by B., dedicated to the largest Russian composers, Among them - \"A.G. Rubinstein\" (M., 1886), \"M.P. Mussorgsky\" (M., 1886), \"A.N.Serov\" (1890), \"P.I. Tchaikovsky \"(St. Petersburg, 1895). Many articles by B. were directed against the\" New Russian Musical School \"(creative community of Russian composers, which arose at the turn of the 50s - 60s of the 19th century, known also under the title \"The Mighty Handful\"), including against VV Stasov."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASNER Veniamin Efimovich (b. 1925, Yaroslavl), composer. The son of a shoemaker. He graduated in Yaroslavl muses. school in the violin class, in 1942 muses. uch-shche. Played in decomp. ensembles of Estonia, evacuees. to Yaroslavl during the 1941–45 war. In 1943 he was drafted into the army, enlisted as a cadet in the 3rd Leningrad Academy. art. uch-shche, then transferred to muses. platoon, where he learned to play almost all wind instruments. In 1944 he was enrolled as a volunteer in Leningrad. cons. to the orc. f-t, in 1949 he graduated from it in the violin class of M. Belyakov. In 1949–55 he worked at the Variety Orc. Radio committee. The main place in the work of B. is occupied by music to f. (St. 40), songs: of which they became widely known: \"At an unnamed height\" (from the f. \"Silence\", 1964), \"Where does the Motherland begin |\" (\"Shield and Sword\"). B.'s music brought success to such a great extent to such f Among other works: ball. \"Three Musketeers\" (1964), operettas \"Pole Star\" (1966), \"A Heroine Wanted\" (1968), \"Southern Cross\" (1971), \"Real Men\" (1983), oratorios, 2 symph. (1958, 1984), concerts for skr. (1966), for cello and orc. (1980), string quartets, romances, wok. cycle at st. AA Voznesensky \"Parabola\". Nar. art. RSFSR (1982). State pr. RSFSR (1980)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASOV Veniamin (Veniamin) Matveyevich (b. 1913, Mstislavl, Mogilev province), graphic artist, painter. Studied at Vitebsk art. technical school (1930 33) by F. Fox, E. S. Minin and VKHUTEIN (1938–48) by S. V. Gerasimov, A. A. Osmerkin, G. M. Shegal. He also designed ill. book for Belgosizdat, Goslitizdat, among which are the stories of Sholem Aleichem, the stories of I.S.Turgenev, F.M.Dostoevsky, the stories of A.P. Chekhov and M.A.Sholokhov. Created a variety of machine tools. production, among to-rykh \"Departure for work\" (1950), \"For a book\" (1956) and others. In 1974–79 performed ser. \"Moscow and Moscow Region\" (bum., Car.). In recent years. worked in the village genre. landscape, striving to convey the color and light richness of nature in the ratio of black and white. B.'s works are kept in museums and gal. on the territory. former USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery). Repeated participant in all-Union, rep., And also zarub. exhibitions."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASS Moisey Grigorievich (1908, Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, Primorsky Region - 1984, Moscow), civil engineer. Graduated from Moscow. Automobile and Road Institute (1933), worked there until 1935. In 1935-41 in the system of the Moscow City Council along the lines of embankments and bridges. In 1941–45 - in Kr. Army. From 1945 - early, then Ch. Ing. Office of the road-bridge building of Moscow. Participated in the decision of the cr. urban planning. tasks - high-speed reconstruction and improvement of the Luzhniki district and the creation of a sports complex, Center facilities, stadium named after V.I. Lenin. Linen. pr. (1959)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASSEKHES Alfred Iosifovich (1900, Moscow - 1969, ibid.), Art critic, critic. In 1919, after the end of Wed. school entered Hood. working district studio. Soon B. became an apprentice sculptor at the Kharkov plant \"Hood. industry \", where he took part in the creation of the time, the monument to VI Lenin at the station square. In 1921 he was sent to study at the Academy of Arts in Petrograd. Studied in the studio of A.T. Matveev. Then he returned to Kharkov, worked as a lecturer in the department. IZO of the People's Commissariat of Education of Ukraine, wrote for gas. Izvestia, corr. a swarm visited Berlin (1925). In the end. 20s B. returns to Moscow and devotes himself to the activities of an art critic and critic. Works in the railway station. \"Art\", \"Rabis\", \"Brigade of Artists\", which publishes analytical reviews of exhibitions, articles on the development of theatrical and decorative art: \"B. Kustodiev's Posthumous Exhibition\" (1926), \"Surikov's Pictures\" (1930), The Architecture of a Socialist City (1930), Frans Maserel (1930), Alexander Tyshler - Artist of T-ra (1932), and others. In 1932, B. headed the department. fig. art-va created by A.V. Lunacharsky gas. \"Sov. lawsuit \", simultaneously. otv. sec. g. \"Architecture of the USSR\". During the war years B. - at the front, was wounded and in 1945 returned to the editor. gas. \"Sov. claim \"for the post of head. dep. architecture. B.'s article \"Theatrical and decorative art 1934-1941.\" in the XII volume. \"History of Rus. lawsuit \"received hon. diploma of the Union of Artists. Work on the artists of the Moscow Art Theater was the result of B.'s work on many. Art. about owls. scenographers and on the ways of development of decorative art (1960). A number of Art. about the work of Rembrandt (1936, J. \"Soviet Art\"; 1940, \"Lit. Gaz.\"; 1956, \"Isk-vo\", No. 6) were considered by the author himself as ch. future book."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASSIN Philip Veniaminovich (1905, Kharkov - 1991, Moscow) neurophysiologist, psychologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1958), prof. (1960). After graduating in 1931 from Kharkov honey. in-that worked as a scientist. sotr. Vseukr. psychoneurological. academy. Since 1936 in Vses. in-those experimental medicine, and then in Ying-those neurology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, where he headed the lab. neurophysiology and supervised by methodological. seminar. Author of over 160 scientific. works, including 3 monographs. The works touch on a wide range of problems related to the general theory of the brain, electroencephalography and electromyography, psychiatry and psychology, the analysis of electric oscillations. brain potentials in traumatic brain injury. Book. \"The problem of the unconscious\" (Moscow, 1968), where criticism of Freudianism and neo-Freudianism from Marxist positions is given, trans. on a number of foreign lang."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASTOMSKY Aron (1907, Vilna - 1944), playwright, ethnographer. He joined Bund circles early. He wrote humoresques, Art. and feuilletons, was a passionate collector of Heb. folklore, for which he traveled around the cities and towns of Lithuania. In 1933, together with other enthusiasts, he founded the first Hebrew. dolls, t-r, which existed until 1941. For this, and other t-dv wrote plays, and also performed with art. on the theater, themes. Died in a concentration camp on the territory. Estonia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASTOMSKY Shloyme (1891, Vilna - 1941, ibid.), Publicist, folklorist. He became an orphan early. After graduation in 1912 ped. Institute in Vilna was a teacher, one of the organizers of schools with teaching in Yiddish. Printed poems and stories for children, Art. on ped. Topics. In 1916 he founded his own. publishing house \"New Evr. bunk bed school \", a cut produced textbooks, anthologies, children. games, folklore collection, art. manuf. for schoolchildren. Among the books published by him. “Heb. bunk bed fairy tales and legends \",\" Sat. Heb. proverbs for family and school ”. Ed. B. came out popular. in due time children. g. \"Grininke beymelekh\" and \"Der Haver\", in which, along with the production. Heb. writers published folklore materials collected by him about Nar. sages Hershele Ostropolera, Motka Chabad, Iosele Kundes, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAT-MIRYAM Yocheved (Zheleznyak) (1901, Kempice - 1980, Israel), poet. She studied in high fur boots in Odessa and Moscow. Since 1928 - in E.-I. Published in f. \"Ha-Tkufa\", \"Turim\", \"Mahbarot le-sifrut\". Sat. poems: \"Eretz Yisrael\" (1937), \"Raion\" (1940), \"Dmuet mi-ofek\" (1942), \"Mi-shirey Rusiya\" (1942), \"Shirim\" (1963). Later, her lyric poetry was recognized. poems. State Israel Ave (1972)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATAKIAI, a place in the Taurage region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Batok Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1914, approx. 50 Jewish families, in 1923 - 88 Jews, in 1940 - approx. 10 Jewish families. Jews lived in B. from the end. 19th century On the eve of the 1st world. During the war, there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia; from 1891 to 1899 Gershon Lipshits was a rabbi, and from 1907, Gershon-Sholom Kab (1878—?). Main the occupation of the Jews of Byelorussia was trade with Germany. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of B. were accused of poisoning the well. In March 1915, all Jews in tech. for half an hour they were expelled from B., some returned after the war. Main occupations of the Jews of Byelorussia in the 1920s and 1930s. - from. farming and small trade. 1941 all Jews of Byelorussia, as well as from neighboring settlements (about 1800 people in total) were shot by Lithuanian policemen under the command of Gestapo officers in the forest near Byelorussia on the river bank. In the beginning. 1990s a monument with inscriptions in Yiddish and Lithuanian was erected at the place of their execution. Then on the territory. the old Jewish cemetery has a memorial sign with inscriptions in Hebrew and Lithuanian."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATAISK, a city (since 1938) in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1779-80 as a settlement, from 1802 - in Rostov u. Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia, since 1888 - the Oblast of the Don Army. 36 Jews (0.2%) lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 24 (0.1%) in 1926, and 186 Jews in 1939."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATIASHVILI Guram Abramovich (b. 1938, Tskhakaya, Georgia), writer, playwright. After graduating from the Faculty of Oriental Studies at Tbilisi University (1962), he studied trans. manuf. Turkish writers on the load, lang. Later he wrote the plays \"Duty\", \"1832\" and others, which were successfully performed in a number of t-dvs in Georgia. In the beginning. 1970s participated in the anti-Israel campaign, from the middle. 1980s writes in a pro-Israel spirit. His book. - travel notes about a trip to Israel - \"The sun in the clouds\" received the State. pr. Georgia. His rum was released in 1992. \"If I forget you, Jerusalem.\" From the beginning. 1993 - ed. Heb. gas. \"Menorah\" overlooking the cargo. lang."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATKIS Grigory Abramovich (1895, Balta, Podolsk province - 1960, Moscow), health care organizer, specialist in the region. social hygiene and dignity. statistics. Ch.-c. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1945). Honey. educated in Psychoneurological. in-those in Petrograd (1913–15) and at honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1915-19). From 1919 he served in Kr. Army deputy. military commissar of the brigade, took part in the fight against the typhus epidemic in Kiev. Since 1923 in Moscow, assistant of the departments of social. hygiene of the 2nd Moscow State University and the 1st Moscow State University (1925-30). From 1931 until the end of his life the head. department of social. hygiene and health organization of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that (since 1935 prof.) and simultaneously. (1944–48) head. Department of the History of Medicine. Along with ped. activities constantly worked by hand. dep. and a consultant in N.-I. in-takh and health authorities on social issues. hygiene and dignity. statistics. In 1944-50 the deputy. prev. (from 1958 before.) Center, sanitary-statistical. Commission of the USSR Ministry of Health. tr. B. dedicated to various aspects of the theory and organization of health care, a dignity. statistics and history of medicine. Developed a number of demographic methods. research, including so-called anamnestic method, methodological. basics of statistics of migratory masses, methods for determining hospital mortality; substantiated the principles of using the sampling method in the study of the incidence of the population; proposed a new system of active patronage of infants. Author of teaching programs and textbooks on social. hygiene and health care organization. Textbook \"Theory and organization of Sov. Healthcare ”(M., 1961, jointly with LG Lekarev) was awarded the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences ave. N.A. Semashko (1963). Cit .: Social hygiene, M.-L., 1936 and 1940; Organization of health care, M., 1948; Questions of sanitary and demographic statistics, M., 1964; Social hygiene and health care organization, M., 1969 (with G.L. Lekarev)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATOK, see Batakiai."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATOSHANSKY Yakov (1895, Novo-Kiliya, Bessarabian province - 1964, South Africa), prose writer, playwright. He studied at yeshivas in Chisinau and Odessa. Debuted Ser. travel notes and stories in 1912 in Odessa gas. Since 1914 - in Romania. Traveled differently. countries, and in 1926 settled in Buenos Aires forever. Printed literary-critical. Art., gave lectures on literature. He died during a trip to Yuzh. Africa. Author of the book: \"Noh der vorstelung\" (\"After the performance\"), 1929; Fun beide zaytn yam (On Both Sides of the Sea), 1929; \"Portraits fun Yiddish Schreiber\" (\"Portraits of Jewish Writers\"), 1933; \"Mir wiln lebn\" (\"We want to live\"), 1948, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATOSHVILI Abrek Shabatovich (b. 1919, Akhaltsikhe), publicist, historian. During the 2nd world. war served in the military mission of the USSR in the Netherlands. In 1947–60 and 1960–65, he was imprisoned for anti-Sov. activity. In 1965–93 he worked as Art. editor of the Committee for cinematography Gruz. SSR. In 1991 in Tbilisi publ. book “History of Hebrews. people ”(in Georgian). Since 1993 in Israel."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATOZH, a village in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - in Yanovskiy u. Lublin province. In March 1941, 243 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In the fall of 1942, all the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to the Belzec extermination camp."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATUM, see Batumi."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАТУМИ, город(с 1878), столица Аджарской Автономной Республики (Грузия). Изв. с 11 в. как крепость. С 16 в. — под властью Османской империи. С 1877 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1878 — центр Батумского окр., с 1883 — уездный город Батум Кутаисской губ. В 1878—86 порт Б. имел статус порто-франко. В 1921—91 — в составе ГССР.В 1886 в Б. проживало 933 еврея (6,3%), в 1890 — 862 (4,8%), в 1897 — 1064 (3,6%), в 1903 — 842 (9,2%), в 1913 — 1068 (2,8%), в т. ч. 161 грузинский еврей, в 1922 — 3699, в 1923 — 3700, в 1926 — 1954 (4,5%), в т. ч. 1917 ашкеназов, в 1939 — 1778 (2,5%), в 1959 — 1139 (1,4%), в 1970 — 1334 (1,3%), в т. ч. 398 грузинских евреев, 16 крымчаков, 2 горских еврея, в 1979 — 917 (в т. ч. 77 грузинских евреев).В 1879 в Б. числилось 47 еврейских семей (дымов), позднее их численность значительно возросла в связи с постройкой ж. д. (1883), прокладкой нефтепровода из Баку (1897—1907) и превращением Б. в кр. торг. и пром. центр. В 1878 в Б. была открыта ашкеназийская синагога, заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1886 власти ввели ограничение на проживание евреев, однако их численность неуклонно росла: в 1889 официально проживала 31 семья евреев, фактически семей было не менее 100 (гл. обр. ремесленники и торговцы, в большинстве ашкеназы). В нач. 1880-х гг. в Б. две синагоги (грузинская и ашкеназийская), к-рые в 1890 были закрыты властями (вместо них в 1899 открыт молитв. дом, в 1900—04 сооружена новая синагога). С 1881 действовала талмуд-тора, в 1901 — нач. еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз. В 1898 возник сионистский кружок (рук. д-р Д.Кузятин, секр. Я.Лейхтер, к-рый в 1901 был дел. и секр. 1-го съезда кавк. сионистов в Тифлисе). Евреи играли видную роль в экономич., обществ. и культурной жизни Б. кон. 19 — нач. 20 в.: директорами банка взаимопомощи были П.Шполянский (1895—1911), затем А.Бертман, ред.-издателем газ. «Батумские вести» являлся Е.Герман (1909—17), пред. правления Батумского отд-ния Об-ва распространения грамотности был Е.Криницкий (инж. Батумской гор. управы). В 1917 создан к-т Сионистской нар. фракции «Цеирей Цион», пред. к-рого избран Моше Розенберг (в 1930-х гг. ком. Нац. воен. орг-ции в Э.-И.). Он же в 1919 возглавил Нац. еврейский совет, объединивший представителей всех еврейских партий и общин Б. При совете действовала нач. еврейская школа. В 1919 два представителя батумских евреев избраны членами муниципального совета Б. В 1920 в Б. создана Центр. палестинская комиссия под пред. Б.Певзнера (в ее состав вошел пред. Нац. еврейского совета В.Вольфензон). В 1920—21 местный сионистский к-т издавал газ. «Еврейский голос» и «Эхо Батума» (ред. Певзнер). Тогда же в Б. действовал к-т, оказывавший помощь беженцам-евреям, прибывавшим в Б. из др. р-нов Грузии и из России. Через порт Б. евреи уезжали в Э.-И.; в Б. была создана ферма «Ге-Халуц» для обучения будущих переселенцев земледельч. труду. После занятия Грузии частями Кр. Армии из Б. выехало пр-во страны, за к-рым последовало ок. 100 «младосионистов». В 1920-х гг. в Б. действовало сионистское подполье. В 1922 сов. власти закрыли синагогу. В 1924 по инициативе грузинских евреев была открыта синагога в купленном и отремонтированном ими здании (действует и ныне), в 1920—40-х гг. действовала нелег. иешива. Раввином Б. в 1922—28 был Н.-Ш.Сосонкин, в 1930-х гг. — Борух Левкиркер, И.Бабаликашвили, к-рый вел занятия по изучению иврита и Торы, а также М.Айвазошвили. В 1925—29 работала 4-годичная еврейская школа (в 1928 — 28 уч-ся). В 1950-х гг. в Б. имелась синагога; раввинами были Шабата Яковлевич Элигулашвили (1886—1980), Мишаэл Моисеевич Модзевришвили (1905—1960), Ицхак Абрамович Элигулашвили (1896—1970), Иона Моисеевич Наникашвили (1922—1995) и др. В обычные дни в ней собиралось до 35 чел., в праздничные — 50—60 чел.В кон. 1980-х гг. по инициативе Эмиля Гершевича Крупника (р. 1936, Батуми) возрождены кружки по изучению иврита, в 1989 основано Батумское отд-ние об-ва респ. ассоциации грузино-еврейских взаимоотношений, в 1991 была открыта воскресная школа. В 1992 власти вернули общине старую синагогу (открыта в 1998 после ремонта). После 1989 из Б. выехало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В 1999 в Б. проживало ок. 100 евреев.В Б. род.: В.Р.Лейкина-Свирская, А.Н.Стругацкий, Б.Н.Стругацкий, В.Е.Шапиро; Иосиф Юзефович Барданашвили (р. 1948), композитор, автор ряда опер, балетов и др. муз. произв., в т. ч. симфонии «Исход», с 1995 — в Израиле; Рива Гершевна Крупник (р. 1936), обществ. деятель, один из организаторов еврейской обществ. жизни в Грузии в 1980—90-х гг., сестра Э.Г.Крупника; Роберт Александрович Чернов (р. 1935), муз. деятель; Александр Яковлевич Юровский (1904—1986, Москва), инженер-контр-адмирал (1944), нагр. 5 орд.Д.М.Хананашвили, pronunciation=БАТУМИ, город(с 1878), столица Аджарской Автономной Республики (Грузия). Изв. с 11 в. как крепость. С 16 в. — под властью Османской империи. С 1877 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1878 — центр Батумского окр., с 1883 — уездный город Батум Кутаисской губ. В 1878—86 порт Б. имел статус порто-франко. В 1921—91 — в составе ГССР.В 1886 в Б. проживало 933 еврея (6,3%), в 1890 — 862 (4,8%), в 1897 — 1064 (3,6%), в 1903 — 842 (9,2%), в 1913 — 1068 (2,8%), в т. ч. 161 грузинский еврей, в 1922 — 3699, в 1923 — 3700, в 1926 — 1954 (4,5%), в т. ч. 1917 ашкеназов, в 1939 — 1778 (2,5%), в 1959 — 1139 (1,4%), в 1970 — 1334 (1,3%), в т. ч. 398 грузинских евреев, 16 крымчаков, 2 горских еврея, в 1979 — 917 (в т. ч. 77 грузинских евреев).В 1879 в Б. числилось 47 еврейских семей (дымов), позднее их численность значительно возросла в связи с постройкой ж. д. (1883), прокладкой нефтепровода из Баку (1897—1907) и превращением Б. в кр. торг. и пром. центр. В 1878 в Б. была открыта ашкеназийская синагога, заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1886 власти ввели ограничение на проживание евреев, однако их численность неуклонно росла: в 1889 официально проживала 31 семья евреев, фактически семей было не менее 100 (гл. обр. ремесленники и торговцы, в большинстве ашкеназы). В нач. 1880-х гг. в Б. две синагоги (грузинская и ашкеназийская), к-рые в 1890 были закрыты властями (вместо них в 1899 открыт молитв. дом, в 1900—04 сооружена новая синагога). С 1881 действовала талмуд-тора, в 1901 — нач. еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз. В 1898 возник сионистский кружок (рук. д-р Д.Кузятин, секр. Я.Лейхтер, к-рый в 1901 был дел. и секр. 1-го съезда кавк. сионистов в Тифлисе). Евреи играли видную роль в экономич., обществ. и культурной жизни Б. кон. 19 — нач. 20 в.: директорами банка взаимопомощи были П.Шполянский (1895—1911), затем А.Бертман, ред.-издателем газ. «Батумские вести» являлся Е.Герман (1909—17), пред. правления Батумского отд-ния Об-ва распространения грамотности был Е.Криницкий (инж. Батумской гор. управы). В 1917 создан к-т Сионистской нар. фракции «Цеирей Цион», пред. к-рого избран Моше Розенберг (в 1930-х гг. ком. Нац. воен. орг-ции в Э.-И.). Он же в 1919 возглавил Нац. еврейский совет, объединивший представителей всех еврейских партий и общин Б. При совете действовала нач. еврейская школа. В 1919 два представителя батумских евреев избраны членами муниципального совета Б. В 1920 в Б. создана Центр. палестинская комиссия под пред. Б.Певзнера (в ее состав вошел пред. Нац. еврейского совета В.Вольфензон). В 1920—21 местный сионистский к-т издавал газ. «Еврейский голос» и «Эхо Батума» (ред. Певзнер). Тогда же в Б. действовал к-т, оказывавший помощь беженцам-евреям, прибывавшим в Б. из др. р-нов Грузии и из России. Через порт Б. евреи уезжали в Э.-И.; в Б. была создана ферма «Ге-Халуц» для обучения будущих переселенцев земледельч. труду. После занятия Грузии частями Кр. Армии из Б. выехало пр-во страны, за к-рым последовало ок. 100 «младосионистов». В 1920-х гг. в Б. действовало сионистское подполье. В 1922 сов. власти закрыли синагогу. В 1924 по инициативе грузинских евреев была открыта синагога в купленном и отремонтированном ими здании (действует и ныне), в 1920—40-х гг. действовала нелег. иешива. Раввином Б. в 1922—28 был Н.-Ш.Сосонкин, в 1930-х гг. — Борух Левкиркер, И.Бабаликашвили, к-рый вел занятия по изучению иврита и Торы, а также М.Айвазошвили. В 1925—29 работала 4-годичная еврейская школа (в 1928 — 28 уч-ся). В 1950-х гг. в Б. имелась синагога; раввинами были Шабата Яковлевич Элигулашвили (1886—1980), Мишаэл Моисеевич Модзевришвили (1905—1960), Ицхак Абрамович Элигулашвили (1896—1970), Иона Моисеевич Наникашвили (1922—1995) и др. В обычные дни в ней собиралось до 35 чел., в праздничные — 50—60 чел.В кон. 1980-х гг. по инициативе Эмиля Гершевича Крупника (р. 1936, Батуми) возрождены кружки по изучению иврита, в 1989 основано Батумское отд-ние об-ва респ. ассоциации грузино-еврейских взаимоотношений, в 1991 была открыта воскресная школа. В 1992 власти вернули общине старую синагогу (открыта в 1998 после ремонта). После 1989 из Б. выехало ок. 1 тыс. евреев.В 1999 в Б. проживало ок. 100 евреев.В Б. род.: В.Р.Лейкина-Свирская, А.Н.Стругацкий, Б.Н.Стругацкий, В.Е.Шапиро; Иосиф Юзефович Барданашвили (р. 1948), композитор, автор ряда опер, балетов и др. муз. произв., в т. ч. симфонии «Исход», с 1995 — в Израиле; Рива Гершевна Крупник (р. 1936), обществ. деятель, один из организаторов еврейской обществ. жизни в Грузии в 1980—90-х гг., сестра Э.Г.Крупника; Роберт Александрович Чернов (р. 1935), муз. деятель; Александр Яковлевич Юровский (1904—1986, Москва), инженер-контр-адмирал (1944), нагр. 5 орд.Д.М.Хананашвили, extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATURIN, an urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Bakhmach district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1625.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Konotopsky u. Chernigov province. In 1939, 45 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1919 a Jewish pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Volunteer Army."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATURIN Alexander Iosifovich (1904, Oshmyany, Grodno province - 1983, Moscow), singer (bass-baritone) and vocal. teacher. Studied under IV Tartakov, then under KS Isachenko in Petrograd. (Leningrad) cons., Graduated in 1925. Improved (until 1927) in the music. Academy \"Santa Cecilia\" in Rome with M. Battistini and P. di Pietro. He performed in the largest opera houses in Italy, toured other European countries. In 1927–58 he was a soloist of the USSR Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. He made his debut as Melnik in the opera \"Mermaid\" by A.S. Dargomyzhsky. Performed by Ch. parts of the bass repertoire in almost all operas of the Bolshoi Theater for 30 years of work in it. Best game - Wilhelm Tell in the same name. opera by G. Rossini. Has performed successfully in concerts. He toured a lot abroad. From 1948 he taught at Moscow. cons. (since 1962 prof.). Among the students there are major artists, incl. A.F. Vedernikov, N. Gyaurov. Became. pr. (1943). Honored. art. RSFSR (1937). Nar. art. RSFSR (1947)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATURINO, does not exist since 1984. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Belsky district Smolensk lips. In 1937–44, in the Leninsky District of the Smolensk Region. In the fall of 1941, Jews from Byelorussia were shot in Ilyino."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATURINSKY Victor Davydovich (b. 1914, Odessa), chess player, international. Arbitrator (1984). Shahm. writer. Deputy prev. Shahm. Federation of the USSR (1974–86). Deer. Centre. chess. club of the USSR (1970–81), beginning. Department of Chess (1971–81) and Ch. chess coach (1981-85) of the USSR Sports Committee. Hands. owls. delegations in the world championship matches (1978 and 1981). Participant of the Moscow championships (1938 and 1946) in full-time chess, the USSR and European championships, a number of international. correspondence competitions. Collected a unique chess. library (over 7 thousand volumes). Honored. lawyer of the RSFSR Vol .: Chess creativity of Botvinnik, v. 1–3, Moscow, 1965–68 (author-comp.); Chess Pages. life, M., 1983; Grandmaster Flor, M., 1985."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATURSKY (real fam. Zeitlin, according to other sources Tsetlin) Boris Solomonovich (1879 - 1920, Vitebsk), polit. activist. Into the roar. movement since the 1890s, close to the Bund. From 1897 he studied natural sciences. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1901, members. ed. illegal. s.-d. gas. \"Southern worker\". In 1903 he was arrested and exiled to Vost. Siberia. In 1905 he returned to Europe. Russia, joined the Social-Democratic Mensheviks. Delegate to the 4th (Unity) Congress of the RSDLP (1906). In 1911 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-ta, worked in legal workers' organizations, trade unions, insurance funds, participant in the campaign to create health insurance funds; collaborated in the train. \"Ray\", organized by Zh. Workers' Insurance (1912), was arrested several times. In the years of the 1st world. war member. Org. to-ta (OK) RSDLP. With the beginning of Feb. Revolution of 1917 Executive Committee Petrograd. Council from OK RSDLP. From March 1917 one of the editors. Rabochaya Gazeta (the central organ of the Menshevik Party), took the position of \"rev. defencism \". Delegate to All-Russia. conference Menshevik. and combined. org-tions of the RSDLP (May 1917), member. Bureau OK RSDLP, from June 1917 member. Time. prof. center. On Unite. Congress of the RSDLP (Aug. 1917) elected member. Party Central Committee. During the intrapart. discussions developed the idea of ​​obl. management and recognition of the rights of nat. minorities on cultural-nat. autonomy. Oct he characterized the coup of 1917 as a \"criminal adventure\" and opposed negotiations with the Bolsheviks. On Chrezvych. Congress of the RSDLP (Nov.-Dec. 1917) proved the admissibility of any means in the struggle against the \"autocracy of Smolny.\" In the 1st floor. 1918 one of the founders of the anti-Bolshevik. \"Meetings of authorized f-k and z-dov\". Due to disagreements with the majority of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks on the issue of cooperation with the Bolsheviks, he left its composition, and soon left for Vitebsk. In the end. 1920 owls were arrested. authorities, in prison fell ill with typhus, released on bail two days before his death."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BATYATICHI, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine) At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. Between 1919 and 1939 it was in the Lvov Voivodeship as part of Poland, and in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 195 Jews lived in Byelorussia. The Jews of Byelorussia were exterminated in the summer or at the beginning of 1921. autumn 1942."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAUMVOL Yehuda-Leib Shimonovich (1892, Warsaw - 1920, Kiev), playwright. Was a theater, prompter, dir. Heb. t-ra in Lodz. The first are dramatic. manuf. B. belong to 1910. Throughout many. years Heb. t-ry staged his operettas, which enjoyed great success. After the revolution, he initiated the convocation in August. 1917 First Congress of Hebrews. t-ditch in Kiev, which played a large role in the formation of Hebrews. theater, art. Taught at the theater, studios of the Kiev Hebrew. dram. t-ra. Killed while on tour. The author of operettas: \"Oif a Rehearsal\" (\"At the Rehearsal\"), \"Fir Farlibte\" (\"Four Lovers\"), \"Diregelt\" (\"Rent\"), \"Doctor Zeifenbluz\" and others."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAUMVOL Rakhil Lvovna (b. 1914, Odessa), poetess, prose writer. Daughter of I.-L. Baumvol. In 1936 she graduated from lit. f-t Heb. dep. Moscow State University. She typed poetry in Heb. gas. and f. The first book. verse. \"Pioneers\" released in 1934. The author of pl. collection of books: \"Tara\", 1934, \"Leader\" (\"Poems\"), 1936, etc. Since 1971 in Israel, where she also released several. collection of poetry, incl. \"Oysgebenkt\" (\"Suffering\"), 1972, \"Amol iz geven a gelfand\" (\"Once upon a time there was an elephant\"), 1973, etc."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAUSK, see Bauska."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАУСКА, город (с 1609), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Осн. в 15 в. как крепость Ливонского ордена, сложившееся вокруг нее поселение назв. Баусенбург. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — уездный город Бауск Курляндской губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940 —91 — ЛатвССР.В 1835 в Б. и окрестностях проживало 2669 евреев, в 1850 — 2266, в 1861 в Б. — 1620 (38%), в 1881 — 3631 (59%), в 1897 —2745 (42%), в 1910 — ок. 2000 (ок. 40%), в 1920 — 604 (20%), в 1925 — 919 (18%), в 1930 — 768 (16%), в 1935 — 778 евреев (16%).В 18 в. евреям запрещалось жить в Б., поэтому они селились в особой Слободе на др. берегу р. Лиелупе, где имелись синагога с раввином, еврейское кладбище, хевра кадиша. В 1795 после отмены запрета жители Слободы переселились в Б. (в 19 в. его население росло гл. обр. за счет притока евреев из др. регионов). В 1820 создана еврейская община, открыта синагога, действовал религ. суд, велись общинные книги, с 1857 действовала еврейская богадельня.Первым раввином Б. был Мордехай Рабинер (в 1802—30), затем Арон бен Эльханан, в 1832—61— Яаков Бендетман (Янкеле Баускер), в 1862—90 — М.Элиасберг. В 1890—95 духовным и казенным раввином был Иоханан Лифшиц (в дальнейшем один из религ. лидеров евреев Польши), затем казенным раввином стал Кусиель Эфраимсон, духовным в 1895—1904 — А.-И.Кук (основал в Б. иешиву), в 1907—23 — Х.-И.Блох.В 1844 в Б. завершено стр-во новой синагоги. В 1856 возникла любавичская хасидская община, имевшая синагогу. В 1820 в Херсонскую губ. переселились 82 еврейские семьи (692 чел.) Осн. занятия евреев Б. — ремесла и торговля, гл. обр. льном, в т. ч. с Германией через порт Мемель (совр. Клайпеда). В гильдейском купечестве в 1835 числилось 96 евреев, в 1850 — 238 (ок. 10% всех евреев Б.). В 1864 в Б. имелось 4 синагоги. В 1878 по обвинению в изготовлении фальшивых ассигнаций были арестованы 4 еврея, что явилось поводом к началу антисемитской кампании в местной прессе, к-рая обвинила всех евреев Б. в обогащении за счет фальшивых денег. В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в Б. без разрешения властей проживали евреи из Литвы, к-рые вели самостоятельную общинную жизнь (подвергались преследованиям со стороны властей, многие были выселены из города). В 1897 в Б. работали 2 хедера и талмуд-тора, в 1901 — еврейские уч-ща С.Кадышевича и М.Свиотгалей. В нек-рых семьях детей отдавали в светские школы (к 1914 в них училось ок. 50 евреев).В 1884 в Б. возникла палестинофильская орг-ция, к-рую активно поддерживали М.Элиасберг и любавичские хасиды (хасид Залман Левитас был представителем Б. в Одесском к-те). Сын Кука Цви-Иегуда (1890—1982) основал в Б. дет. сионистскую орг-цию «Пирхей Цион». В Б. имелись также еврейская б-ка, лит.-муз. объединение «Замир» (в 1910 — 107 чл.). В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. мн. евреи Б. выехали в Э.-И.В 1905 в Б. произошли массовые рев. выступления, в к-рых участвовали и евреи (жестянщик Исраэль Фридман обвинен в изготовлении оружия и приговорен к смертной казни). В канун 1-й мир. войны в Б. — 6 синагог, имелись 2 шохета, действовали к-т по сохранению старой синагоги в Слободе, кассы взаимопомощи, странноприимный дом на 20 коек. В ходе 1-й мир. войны в 1915 все евреи Б. были выселены из города (нек-рые вернулись в 1918).В 1917—20 численность еврейского населения Б. сократилась. В 1918—19 евреи Б. страдали от погромов, чинимых. солдатами латв. армии, привлекались к принудительным работам. В нач. 1920-х гг. в Б. поселились неск. сотен евреев, вернувшихся из России, однако общая численность еврейского населения сокращалась за счет переезда мн. евреев в Ригу и кр. города, выезда в Э.-И. и др. страны. В окт. 1920 избран совет общины (раввин Блох представлял ее на съезде еврейских общин Латвии в 1920), действовали 3 синагоги, об-во «Бикур холим» (в 1920 — 102 чл., в 1926 — 175). Еврейская школа в Б. была лучшей в Курляндии, мн. дети учились в частной рус. школе (закрыта в 1926), нек-рые в латыш. и нем. гимназиях. Тогда же осн. дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. В сер. 1920-х гг. в Б. создано отд-ние Бейтара (к 1931 — 74 чл.), действовали ячейки «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», Бунда, молодежного движения «Герцлия», партии сионистов-социалистов, объединения бывш. еврейских солдат. С 1923 раввином Б. был Мойше-Шойлом Штоль.В 1920-х гг. община поддерживала тесные связи с местным нем. меньшинством, на муниципальных выборах 1921 евреи и немцы выступили единым блоком. В том же году в Б. произошел погром в день выборов в Сейм Латвии. В 1935 в Б. имелись 363 магазина и лавки (половина принадлежала евреям); евреями были 2 врача из 4 и 3 дантиста из 5.В июне 1940 десять наиб. состоятельных еврейских семей были депортированы сов. властями.В июне 1941 удалось эвакуироваться лишь незначит. числу евреев (многие погибли в дороге). 26 июня 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска. 2 авг. 50 евреев было убито в лесу, в 8 км от Б., через неделю — еще 153 чел. (большинство евреи). Тогда же в «спецбольнице», развернутой в помещении гор. суда, начата кампания по стерилизации мужчин-евреев, к-рую проводил фельдшер-латыш. 30 сент. 1941 все евреи Б. (ок. 800 чел.) были уничтожены (спастись удалось двоим: один бежал из «спецбольницы» во время стерилизации, второй выдал себя за латыша и был призван в латв. части). На месте массовых расстрелов воздвигнут памятный знак с надписью на рус. языке.В Б. род. А.Ю.Гиршгорн, Л.Н.Нисселович., pronunciation=БАУСКА, город (с 1609), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Осн. в 15 в. как крепость Ливонского ордена, сложившееся вокруг нее поселение назв. Баусенбург. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — уездный город Бауск Курляндской губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940 —91 — ЛатвССР.В 1835 в Б. и окрестностях проживало 2669 евреев, в 1850 — 2266, в 1861 в Б. — 1620 (38%), в 1881 — 3631 (59%), в 1897 —2745 (42%), в 1910 — ок. 2000 (ок. 40%), в 1920 — 604 (20%), в 1925 — 919 (18%), в 1930 — 768 (16%), в 1935 — 778 евреев (16%).В 18 в. евреям запрещалось жить в Б., поэтому они селились в особой Слободе на др. берегу р. Лиелупе, где имелись синагога с раввином, еврейское кладбище, хевра кадиша. В 1795 после отмены запрета жители Слободы переселились в Б. (в 19 в. его население росло гл. обр. за счет притока евреев из др. регионов). В 1820 создана еврейская община, открыта синагога, действовал религ. суд, велись общинные книги, с 1857 действовала еврейская богадельня.Первым раввином Б. был Мордехай Рабинер (в 1802—30), затем Арон бен Эльханан, в 1832—61— Яаков Бендетман (Янкеле Баускер), в 1862—90 — М.Элиасберг. В 1890—95 духовным и казенным раввином был Иоханан Лифшиц (в дальнейшем один из религ. лидеров евреев Польши), затем казенным раввином стал Кусиель Эфраимсон, духовным в 1895—1904 — А.-И.Кук (основал в Б. иешиву), в 1907—23 — Х.-И.Блох.В 1844 в Б. завершено стр-во новой синагоги. В 1856 возникла любавичская хасидская община, имевшая синагогу. В 1820 в Херсонскую губ. переселились 82 еврейские семьи (692 чел.) Осн. занятия евреев Б. — ремесла и торговля, гл. обр. льном, в т. ч. с Германией через порт Мемель (совр. Клайпеда). В гильдейском купечестве в 1835 числилось 96 евреев, в 1850 — 238 (ок. 10% всех евреев Б.). В 1864 в Б. имелось 4 синагоги. В 1878 по обвинению в изготовлении фальшивых ассигнаций были арестованы 4 еврея, что явилось поводом к началу антисемитской кампании в местной прессе, к-рая обвинила всех евреев Б. в обогащении за счет фальшивых денег. В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в Б. без разрешения властей проживали евреи из Литвы, к-рые вели самостоятельную общинную жизнь (подвергались преследованиям со стороны властей, многие были выселены из города). В 1897 в Б. работали 2 хедера и талмуд-тора, в 1901 — еврейские уч-ща С.Кадышевича и М.Свиотгалей. В нек-рых семьях детей отдавали в светские школы (к 1914 в них училось ок. 50 евреев).В 1884 в Б. возникла палестинофильская орг-ция, к-рую активно поддерживали М.Элиасберг и любавичские хасиды (хасид Залман Левитас был представителем Б. в Одесском к-те). Сын Кука Цви-Иегуда (1890—1982) основал в Б. дет. сионистскую орг-цию «Пирхей Цион». В Б. имелись также еврейская б-ка, лит.-муз. объединение «Замир» (в 1910 — 107 чл.). В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. мн. евреи Б. выехали в Э.-И.В 1905 в Б. произошли массовые рев. выступления, в к-рых участвовали и евреи (жестянщик Исраэль Фридман обвинен в изготовлении оружия и приговорен к смертной казни). В канун 1-й мир. войны в Б. — 6 синагог, имелись 2 шохета, действовали к-т по сохранению старой синагоги в Слободе, кассы взаимопомощи, странноприимный дом на 20 коек. В ходе 1-й мир. войны в 1915 все евреи Б. были выселены из города (нек-рые вернулись в 1918).В 1917—20 численность еврейского населения Б. сократилась. В 1918—19 евреи Б. страдали от погромов, чинимых. солдатами латв. армии, привлекались к принудительным работам. В нач. 1920-х гг. в Б. поселились неск. сотен евреев, вернувшихся из России, однако общая численность еврейского населения сокращалась за счет переезда мн. евреев в Ригу и кр. города, выезда в Э.-И. и др. страны. В окт. 1920 избран совет общины (раввин Блох представлял ее на съезде еврейских общин Латвии в 1920), действовали 3 синагоги, об-во «Бикур холим» (в 1920 — 102 чл., в 1926 — 175). Еврейская школа в Б. была лучшей в Курляндии, мн. дети учились в частной рус. школе (закрыта в 1926), нек-рые в латыш. и нем. гимназиях. Тогда же осн. дет. сад с преподаванием на иврите. В сер. 1920-х гг. в Б. создано отд-ние Бейтара (к 1931 — 74 чл.), действовали ячейки «Га-Шомер га-Цаир», Бунда, молодежного движения «Герцлия», партии сионистов-социалистов, объединения бывш. еврейских солдат. С 1923 раввином Б. был Мойше-Шойлом Штоль.В 1920-х гг. община поддерживала тесные связи с местным нем. меньшинством, на муниципальных выборах 1921 евреи и немцы выступили единым блоком. В том же году в Б. произошел погром в день выборов в Сейм Латвии. В 1935 в Б. имелись 363 магазина и лавки (половина принадлежала евреям); евреями были 2 врача из 4 и 3 дантиста из 5.В июне 1940 десять наиб. состоятельных еврейских семей были депортированы сов. властями.В июне 1941 удалось эвакуироваться лишь незначит. числу евреев (многие погибли в дороге). 26 июня 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. войска. 2 авг. 50 евреев было убито в лесу, в 8 км от Б., через неделю — еще 153 чел. (большинство евреи). Тогда же в «спецбольнице», развернутой в помещении гор. суда, начата кампания по стерилизации мужчин-евреев, к-рую проводил фельдшер-латыш. 30 сент. 1941 все евреи Б. (ок. 800 чел.) были уничтожены (спастись удалось двоим: один бежал из «спецбольницы» во время стерилизации, второй выдал себя за латыша и был призван в латв. части). На месте массовых расстрелов воздвигнут памятный знак с надписью на рус. языке.В Б. род. А.Ю.Гиршгорн, Л.Н.Нисселович., extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAIMAK, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Main in 1913 as a settlement. Baimak-Tanalykovo Orsk district Orenburg Gubernia. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in Byelorussia, and in 1939 - 5 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAIMAK-TANALYKOVO, see. Baymak."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAIMAKLIA, a village in the Causeni district (Republic of Moldova). Since 1878 - part of Ros. empire, the village of Izmail u. Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 397 Jews (21.8%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1930–509 Jews. June - early. July 1941 most of the Jews of Byelorussia were evacuated, some of the rest were destroyed, the rest were sent by the Romanians to the Cahul camp (present-day Cahul) and in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAINITOVICH Feigel (18th century), doctor. She successfully treated eye diseases (cataracts, etc.), without having the highest honey. education. Despite the fact that B. passed the exams of a special commission, she was allowed to carry out therapeutic measures in the field of ophthalmology only in the presence of a certified doctor."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAYRAM-ALI, city (since 1931) in Mary velayat (Turkmenistan). Since 1881 - in the Transcaspian region. In 1924-91 it was a member of the TurkSSR. In 1939 in B.-A. lived 103 Jews. 19th century in B.-A. settled a small group of Jews - immigrants from Mashhad (Iran), who fled after their forced conversion to Islam in 1839. genus. V.A. Beilis, J.M. Reikhvarger."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAYRAMCHA, see Nikolaevka-Novorossiyskaya."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAISOGALA, a place in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Beisegole Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 461 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 634 (53%), in 1923 - 106 Jews (13%); in 1929 the Jews accounted for approx. 6% of the population of B. Jews settled in B. from the end. 18th century In 1801 there were a Khevra Kaddish, a synagogue, and a community of mutual assistance. During the famine end. 1860s pl. the Jews of B. received support from the help committee in Memele (modern Klaipeda). In the 1880s. the youth of B. took an active part in the Palestinian movement. In the end. 19th century in B. with the help of the OPE a library was opened. The rabbis in Byelorussia were: in 1862-81 - Avrom Rafaelevich Groshkin (? -1881), at the end. 1880s - Shmuel-Avigdor Fayvelzon, then Aron Baksht, Avrom-Yitzhak Fayvelzon (son of Shmuel-Avigdor), since 1898 - Israel-Benjamin-Bendet Fayvelzon. After the fire of 1911, 15 Jewish families (about 100 people) remained in Byelorussia. During the 1st world. war, these families were deported to the internal. districts of Russia. At the end of the 1st world. During the war, 8 Jewish families returned to Byelorussia. Jewish occupations - small trade, growing fruit, raising chickens (the nickname of the Jews B. \"beysegaler pupkes\"). In 1931, Jews owned haberdashery and grocery stores; In 1937, among the Jews of Byelorussia there were three butchers, a baker, a glazier, a saddler, and a tinsmith. There was a synagogue, a mikvah, a mutual assistance fund, and a Jewish cemetery. Rabbis in Byelorussia in the 1920s and 1930s. were Aizik Rabinovich and I.-B.-B. Fayvelzon. In 1923, as a result of the \"bloody libel,\" relations between Jews and Christians sharply deteriorated. In 1941, several remained in Byelorussia. Jewish families. After the occupation of B. Germ. troops they were all sent to Krakes and 2 Sept. 1941 destroyed along with local Jews. E. Atlas."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAITALSKY (real name and surname Mikhail Davidovich Domalsky) (1903, Cherkovo, Kherson province - 1978, Moscow), poet, publicist. Participant citizen war. Author (with M. Elko) of the text popul. songs \"On the seas - on the waves ...\". In 1929 he was arrested for several. months on charges of Trotskyism. Then he was arrested twice more and was in the camps in Vorkuta (1936–41, 1950–56). In the 20s. was engaged in journalism, published in gas. Kharkov and Donbass, in 1930 he moved to Moscow, where he became a staff member. gas. \"Evening Moscow\" and \"Izvestia\". During the 1941–45 war he was at the front, after the war he worked as a mechanic in Yeisk. After his release from the camp (1956) he lived in Nalchik, from 1970 - in Moscow. In conclusion (approx. From 1951) he began to write poems of the Zionist content. The poems were illegally taken out and published. in Israel under ps. B. with parallel lane. in Hebrew. In 1956 he began to write memoirs, dep. chapters to-rykh publ. in Moscow. samizdat railway \"Jews in the USSR\", in Israeli railways. \"Time and We\", \"22\". Under diff. ps. was published in general democratic. and Heb. samizdat: A. Aronovich \"Near and Far\" (notes on the Jewish question in the USSR); Krasikov \"Product number one\", \"Fathers and children and, probably, grandchildren\", \"Religion of the state\", etc. In Israel were also publ. book B. \"Russian Jews yesterday and today\" (1975), essay \"New in anti-Semitism\" (in the collection \"Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its roots and consequences\", 1979)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAZALETI, a village in the Dusheti region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Dusheti district. Tiflis province. From 1918 to 1921 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, from 1921 to 1991 - the Georgian SSR. In 1903, 5 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAZALIA, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Teofipolsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main OK. 1570.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. From 1795 - a district town of Podolsk province, from 1797 - a provincial town. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province. In 1797 in the Bazali district. 1225 Jews lived in 1847, 924 in B., in 1897 - 820 (24.3%), in 1923 - 353, and in 1939 - 410 Jews. In July 1942, Jews from the Basali district were shot by approx. Manevtsev."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAZAR, a village in Narodichsky district of Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovruch u. Volyn province. 833 Jews (42.1%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, 1130 Jews in 1923, and 443 Jews (15%) in 1939. In 1913, after the death of his father, Shmariyahu Shinderman (1894– ?). Between 1918 and 1921 the Jews of Byelorussia were repeatedly subjected to pogroms. In 1925, the natives of Byelorussia were founded. 3 farmer colonies in the Kherson suburbs: Freigayt (79 people), Goropashnik (47 people), Oiflebung (39 people). 1941, 140 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. - 29 people, 26 Nov 1941 - 7 Jews in B. N.N. Meiman."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAZARNY KARABULAK, urban-type settlement (since 1939), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Saratov u. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in B.K."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BAZI Alexander (1883, Moscow - 1937, New York), music. impresario. Organized by an orc. from musicians of different nationalities; later - Russian. muses. revue, speaking in pl. US cities; performances with programs of a variety show were accompanied by an orc, to-rym conducted by B. In 1934 B. became chief. managing director of Rus. opera \", which was headed by several. years; in the same year at the invitation of the Sov. muses. the Society toured the USSR with a program that consisted of typical Amer. variety show rooms. This program was conceived to strengthen friendly ties between the USSR and the United States, as well as to reduce unemployment among Amer. artists of this genre. B. was the first to introduce Russian. listeners with jazz and music, DOS. on syncopation, and contributed to the organization of tours for many. amer. choirs, orc., music. ans, circus groups and variety programs in the USSR. Mn. for years he represented the Ringling brothers, Barnum and Bailey in the USSR."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BASILONIAI (until 1749 - Holly, in 1973–89 - Padubisis), a town in the Siauliai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Podubis Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. 1910s 40 Jewish families lived in B., in the 1920s. - OK. 150 Jews, in 1937 - 132, in 1939 - 15 Jewish families. The Jewish community of B. Vozn. in the 19th century, there was a synagogue; in 1901-14, Israel Shulman was a rabbi; 1930s - Yaakov Poon. Main occupation of residents - trade (including delivery) and crafts. Means. part of the Jews of B. after the 1st world. war went to the South. Africa and the USA. In the 1920s. there was a Jewish school (25 students), the health protection society organized summer camps for Jewish children in the district of B. In 1937 there were 11 Jewish artisans in Byelorussia (3 tailors, 3 butchers, 2 tinsmiths, a baker, a frame-maker, and a shoemaker). weeks after the occupation of B. germ. troops (end. June 1941) all Jews were expelled from their homes and placed in the synagogue building and several. neighboring houses in the con. Sep 1941 taken to Жagare and destroyed by the Lithuanian police on October 2. 1941 on Yom Kippur. After 1945, the miller Moishe Noik, who lived in the Siauliai ghetto and then hid with local peasants, returned to Bulgaria with his family. One night, Lithuanian partisans who attacked the mill killed Noik's wife and grandson, and Noik himself was seriously wounded."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BABNISI, a village in the Karelian region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Georgian, from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti province, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. To the middle. 1850s 5 Jewish families lived in B. Later they probably moved to Kareli and entered the local Jewish community."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BECHOY (before 1990 - Bachoi), a village in the Ialoveni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Chisinau u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1903 a Jewish pogrom took place in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BEDEVLYA, a village in the Tyachiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1768, 29 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1830 - 115 (9.2%), in 1880 - 304, in 1930 - 444 Jews (14.4%). Jews lived in B. from the middle. 18th century In the 2nd floor. 1880s the spiritual leader of the Vizhnitsa Hasids, Israel Hager (1860-1936), lived in Byelorussia. In 1895-1910, the son-in-law of the previous Vizhnitsa tsaddik Mordkhe Hoderov (1867-1937) lived in Byelorussia. I. Hager and M. Khoderov turned Bulgaria into one of the centers of Hasidism in Transcarpathia. In 1941 most of the Jews of Byelorussia were exiled to the regions of Poland occupied by Germany. Those who remained in 1944 were sent to Auschwitz."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BEDIANI, urban-type settlement (since 1963) in the Tsalka region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Tashbash Borchalinsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was in the Georgian SSR. In 1970, 9 Jews lived in Byelorussia, and in 1979 - 6 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BEDNODEMYANOVSK (until 1925 - Spassk), a city, a regional center in the Penza region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 1st floor. 17th century as with. Bogdanovo, from 1779 - the district town of the Tambov governorship, then - the province. In 1930–39, it was the regional center of the Middle Volga Region, and since 1939, in the Penza Region. In 1910, 15 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 8, and in 1939 - 5 Jews. A.D. Myshkis."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BEDRAZHIY VEK (until 1991 - Old Badrazhi), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Badrazh Old Khotynsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. On July 5, 1941, 2 Jews were killed in BV."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BEGAK Judas (1820, Vilna - 1900, Kherson), philologist, linguist. Received a tradition. religious education. From 1840 he was engaged in Ch. arr. development of Heb. grammar and rational Heb. exegesis. His learned works attracted the attention of Heb. the public. After the opening of the Vilna rabbinical school in 1848, B. was appointed teacher of the Talmud. In the end. 50s settled in Kherson, where he lived until the end of his life."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BEGIN Menachem (1913, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1992, Jerusalem), politician. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University. In 1931 he joined Beitar, in 1938 he headed this organization in Poland. In 1939 he fled to Vilno, where the owls were arrested. authorities and sentenced to eight years of corrective labor, released in 1941. In 1942 - in the ranks of Anders' army he arrived in E.-I. In 1943–48 he was commander of Etzel. In 1948 - one of the founders of the Herut party, the head of the swarm becomes. 1967–70 - min. without portfolio in pr-ve nat. unity. In 1970–73 he headed the opposition. the Gahal bloc, and after the 1973 Knesset elections, the Likud bloc. 1977–83 - Prime Minister. In 1977 he signed a peace agreement with Egypt. Laureate of the Nobel Peace Avenue (1978)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BEGOML, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Dokshitsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, in Borisov u. Minsk province. 206 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939, 4 (0.14%) in 1970, and 3 (0.09%) in 1989. In 1915 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army; the female part of the Jewish population left B., having learned about the approach of the Cossacks. 2 Oct. 1941, 270 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, October 16. 1941 - 23 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "RUNNER, see Runner."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "ROGUN Iosif Ziselevich (b. 1932, Moscow), societies. activist. Graduated from MEI (1957). Cand. tech. Sciences (1967). From the end. 1960s to the end. 1980s participant in Heb. nat. movement in the USSR. One of the most active distributors of Hebrews. samizdat. Three times (1977, 1978, 1982) owls were arrested. the authorities. Since 1988 - in Israel."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "RUNNING, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Runner of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1941, 7 Jews were shot in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BEC-BUDI, see Karshi."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BECKER Aharon (b. 1906, Kobrin, Grodno province), prof. activist. He grew up in Brest-Litovsk, where he joined the Zionist youth labor movement and Ge-Halutz. From 1925 in E.-I. Has been building. workers in Petah Tikva and Tel Aviv; one of the founders of the youth union, member. Akhdut ha-Avoda. Began to work in Histadrut in 1929 sec. a worker to-that in RamatTan; later in Tel Aviv at decomp. trade unions and workers to-takh. Initiator of drawing up the cost of living scale for calculating wages and salaries for workers and employees. In 1947, D. Ben-Gurion was appointed organizer of the department. supply Gagana, and later - the Israeli army, but in 1949 he returned to Histadrut, becoming the previous. his section of executives, held this post for 12 years. In 1961-69 gen. sec. Histadrut. Established the international. contacts, took part in the conf. Int. trade unions in Geneva (1957–71). B. was elected to the Knesset (3-7 convocations) from Mapai and the Labor Party. After a visit to the UK at the beginning. 1950s publ. the work \"During the reign of Labor\" (1955); author of the book. The Worker in Israel (1970)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BEKESHEVSKAYA, a village in the Foothill District of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Tersk Region. In 1939 four Jews lived in Byelorussia. 12 December. 1942 72 evacuated Jews were shot in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BECKER Samuel (1882 - 1910, Hartforth, Connecticut, USA), society. activist. Since 1892 - in the USA. He graduated from the agricultural department. school (1904), founded by Baron Hirsch, bought a farm near Hartford. From 1905 he began to buy farms in Connecticut for the Jews. families who emigrated from Russia, trained newly arrived farmers. In 1907 he created the Association of Hebrews in Ellington, Connecticut. farmers, in 1909 organized and headed the Association of Hebrews. farmers in America."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BEKRITSKY Evgeny Samuilovich (b. 1937, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of societies and buildings. In 1961 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main buildings - in Moscow: Cancer center on Kashirsky sh. (1978), the building of the institute \"Mosproekt-2\" (1983), Malaya sport, arena in Luzhniki (1980, prospect SM USSR), a hospital for disabled war veterans for 100 places (1992). Competitive projects - villages. club (1972, 2nd ave.), overlap of the Moskva swimming pool (1985, 1st ave.)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELA, see Biala Podlaska."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELAKHOV Leonid Yulianovich (1907, Vinnitsa - 1975, Moscow), major general engineer and technical engineer. service (1945). R. in the family of a craftsman. Graduated from the Polytechnic Institute, Institute (1929), worked as engineer. Since 1923 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Ing. Faculty of the Air Force Academy (1939). In 1939–40 - deputy. early Ch. management North. Mor. paths at SNK. In 1940–43 - deputy. People's Commissar of Pestilence. fleet of the USSR. In 1949-53 - early. center, aviation-rem. base. In 1952–63 he was a director. Aviation w-yes. From 1963 - retired. Awarded 5 hordes."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELARSKY Sidor (b. 1905), singer and composer. Graduated from Leningrad. cons. Since 1930 - in the USA. Prof. Youth un-that Brigham and un-that pcs. Utah. He performed as a soloist in concerts, including accompanied by symphony. orc. under the leadership of the leading Amer. conductors - A. Toscanini, A. Rodzinsky. The author of songs and arrangements of Heb. melodies with lyrics in Yiddish and Hebrew. He sang in the largest opera houses in the USA, Brazil, Argentina."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "WHITE, see White."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "WHITE CLAY, village, regional center in Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1820. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Beloglina Medvezhinsky u. Stavropol province. In 1939, four Jews lived in BG. 1942 More than 3 thousand evacuated Jews were shot in BG. K.G. Yasny-Ittin."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛАЯ ЦЕРКОВЬ (еврейское назв. — Сдэ лаван, Шварцэ тума), город (с 1925), районный центр в Киевской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1155. С 1365 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — город Киевского повета и воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город, затем местечко Васильковского у. Киевской губ. В 1923—30 — центр округа.В 1765 в Б. Ц. проживало 1457 евреев, в 1774 — 615, в 1778 — 674, в 1784 — 930, в 1787 — 1077, в 1847 — 6665, в 1897 — 18 720 (52,9%), в 1910 — 21 542 (30,8%), в 1926 — 15 624 (36,4%), в 1939 — ок. 9300 (ок. 20%), в 1959 — ок. 5500 (7,8%), в 1979 — ок. 4800 (3,2%), в 1989 — 3823 еврея.Евреи селились в Б. Ц. с кон. 16 в. В 1648 мн. евреи стали жертвами резни, учиненной отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого (по данным Самуила Фебуса, уничтожено до 600 семей). В сер. 18 в. Б. Ц. — один из центров хасидизма. В 1730 Б. Ц. посетил И.Баал-Шем-Тов, здесь же жили его ученики Авром-Аба и Мойше — глава раввинского суда в городе. В 1768 при нападении гайдамаков мн. евреи погибли или бежали (численность еврейского населения сократилась до 223 чел.), в 1786 община вновь пострадала от рук захвативших Б. Ц. казаков. В 1784 евреям принадлежало 210 домов, в 1787 — 230.Осн. занятие евреев в 19 в. — торговля (гл. обр. скотом и хлебом); евреи владели неск. хлебными складами. Ежегодно в Б. Ц. проходило до 11 ярмарок, было развито ремесленное произ-во. В 1904 евреям принадлежали до 20 мелких пром. пр-тий, табачные ф-ки, медоваренные з-ды, 250 ремесленных мастерских с 800 рабочими (в т. ч. 250 портных, 200 сапожников).В сер. 19 в. в Б. Ц. имелось 10 синагог. В 1849 открылось еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разр. (в 1909 помимо него действовали 5 частных муж. и 3 жен. уч-ща, а также талмуд-тора). В 1886 начала принимать больных еврейская больница на 24 койки, в 1902 созданы об-во вспоможения нуждающимся учащимся, богадельня для бедных евреев, в 1915 — еврейский лазарет, в 1916 — Еврейское благотворит. об-во. В 1910 в Б. Ц. имелись 15 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. раввином в Б. Ц. был Симха Купчик. В 1890-х гг. казенным раввином в Б. Ц. был Вульф Юдович Брий. В кон. 19 в. в Б. Ц. жил сын цадика из Лоева Менахема-Нохума Тверского —Мордехай (?—1911, Белая Церковь). В 1900-х гг. раввином в Б. Ц. был Михель-Довид Штупель (1865—?), с 1907 — Мордух Иолин (1880—?), в 1900—25 — Ц.Купчик, сын Симхи Купчика, в 1930-х гг. раввином был Фельдман.В 1903 в Б. Ц. создана орг-ция Бунда (крупнейшая в Киевской губ., в 1917 — св. 1 тыс. чл.), действовала орг-ция сионистов- социалистов (в 1917 — неск. сотен чл.). В 1904—05 боевой отряд Бунда возглавлял Яков Зиновьевич Воробьев (Кац) (1885—1919, Курск) — первый пред. (в 1918—19) Нижегородской губчека. В окт. 1905 еврейское население пострадало от погрома. Во время 1-й мир. войны в Б. Ц. нашли приют многочисл. беженцы-евреи из зап. губерний. Помощь беженцам и семьям мобилизованных в армию евреев оказывал специально созданный к-т во главе с Ц.Купчиком. В годы Гражд. войны Б. Ц. неск. раз переходила из рук в руки, смена власти сопровождалась погромами, к-рые чинили войска Центр. рады, Директории, части Добровольческой армии, разл. банды (всего в 1919—20 при погромах погибло 850 евреев), мн. жители умерли от голода и эпидемий.В 1917—18 в Б. Ц. выходила газ. сионистского направления на идише «Дер Эмес». В нач. 1920-х гг. в Б. Ц. действовал филиал «Культур-Лиги». В 1921 было создано отд-ние Евсекции.В 1920-х гг. в Б. Ц. имелось небольшое х-во «Ге-Халуц», в период нэпа значительная часть ремесленников-евреев была объединена в кооперативы, частным торговцам (в большинстве евреям) принадлежало св. 700 торговых точек; работали 7 еврейских трудовых школ, пед. и с.-х. техникумы (посл. в 1934 преобразован в Сельскохозяйственный ин-т). В сер. 1920-х гг. выходцы из Б. Ц. основали в Херсонском окр. 5 еврейских земледельч. колоний. В 1930-х гг. в Б. Ц. имелось 38 пром. пр-тий (св. 7 тыс. рабочих, значит. часть — евреи), представители еврейской интеллигенции работали в леч. учреждениях, уч. заведениях.В июне 1941 лишь незначит. часть евреев успела эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны страны. 16 июля 1941 Б. Ц. оккупировали герм. войска, 19—22 авг. 1941 было уничтожено св. 500 евреев. 6 сент. 1941 все евреи Б. Ц. вывезены за пределы города и в теч. неск. дней уничтожены: в 3 ямах захоронено 4200—4500 чел., гл. обр. женщин и детей, в 1943 по приказу оккупац. властей их тела извлечены из ям и сожжены. На еврейском кладбище после 1943 был установлен памятник погибшим.После освобождения Б. Ц. (1943) оставшиеся в живых евреи возвратились в город. В 1944 создана религ. община, однако религ.-обществ. жизнь евреев подвергалась притеснениям: в 1962 была закрыта последняя синагога, в 1965 во время Рош-га-Шана произошли антисемитские выступления.Во 2-й пол. 1980-х — 1-й пол. 1990-х гг. большинство евреев Б. Ц. выехало в Израиль, США и др. страны. В кон. 1980-х гг. в Б. Ц. создано гор. об-во еврейской культуры. С 1989 в Б. Ц. действуют Об-во еврейской культуры им. Шолом-Алейхема, служба милосердия «Хесэд», еврейский самодеятельный т-р «Гуте Фрайнт», еврейские воскресная школа, нар. ун-т, б-ка.В 1994 в Б. Ц., по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, проживало ок. 10 тыс. евреев (5%).В Б. Ц. род.: А.М.Борщаговский, Д.И.Бронштейн, И.М.Бурдянский, В.Л.Бялик, Б.М.Вул, З.Гринберг, Й.Гринфельд, М.Ш.М.Дубинский, М.Я.Капчинский, Ш.Купершмид, Ц.Купчик, С.Ю.Левик, И.Х.Лемберг, Р.Б.Лерт, М.Лифшиц, Е.М.Лысенко, П.Минковский, Д.Монин, И.Петриковский, М.Пинзон, Г.Е.Прейсман, И.Розенблат, И.Ройтберг, А.Г.Сигалов, Х.К.Токарь, А.М.Черкасский, И.Шкаровский, И.А.Шпинель, М.М.Штурман, Б.С.Ямпольский; Григорий Зиновьевич Вайсман (Энтин) (1871—1945, Ташкент), актер еврейского т-ра, с 1937 — в Киевском ГОСЕТе, засл. арт. УССР (1941); Исидор Гильберг (1852—?), филолог, проф. (1882), с 1898 ректор Черновицкого ун-та; Яков Штейнберг (1887—1947, Тель-Авив), поэт, драматург, писал на идише и иврите.С.Я.Елисаветский, pronunciation=БЕЛАЯ ЦЕРКОВЬ (еврейское назв. — Сдэ лаван, Шварцэ тума), город (с 1925), районный центр в Киевской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1155. С 1365 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — город Киевского повета и воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город, затем местечко Васильковского у. Киевской губ. В 1923—30 — центр округа.В 1765 в Б. Ц. проживало 1457 евреев, в 1774 — 615, в 1778 — 674, в 1784 — 930, в 1787 — 1077, в 1847 — 6665, в 1897 — 18 720 (52,9%), в 1910 — 21 542 (30,8%), в 1926 — 15 624 (36,4%), в 1939 — ок. 9300 (ок. 20%), в 1959 — ок. 5500 (7,8%), в 1979 — ок. 4800 (3,2%), в 1989 — 3823 еврея.Евреи селились в Б. Ц. с кон. 16 в. В 1648 мн. евреи стали жертвами резни, учиненной отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого (по данным Самуила Фебуса, уничтожено до 600 семей). В сер. 18 в. Б. Ц. — один из центров хасидизма. В 1730 Б. Ц. посетил И.Баал-Шем-Тов, здесь же жили его ученики Авром-Аба и Мойше — глава раввинского суда в городе. В 1768 при нападении гайдамаков мн. евреи погибли или бежали (численность еврейского населения сократилась до 223 чел.), в 1786 община вновь пострадала от рук захвативших Б. Ц. казаков. В 1784 евреям принадлежало 210 домов, в 1787 — 230.Осн. занятие евреев в 19 в. — торговля (гл. обр. скотом и хлебом); евреи владели неск. хлебными складами. Ежегодно в Б. Ц. проходило до 11 ярмарок, было развито ремесленное произ-во. В 1904 евреям принадлежали до 20 мелких пром. пр-тий, табачные ф-ки, медоваренные з-ды, 250 ремесленных мастерских с 800 рабочими (в т. ч. 250 портных, 200 сапожников).В сер. 19 в. в Б. Ц. имелось 10 синагог. В 1849 открылось еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разр. (в 1909 помимо него действовали 5 частных муж. и 3 жен. уч-ща, а также талмуд-тора). В 1886 начала принимать больных еврейская больница на 24 койки, в 1902 созданы об-во вспоможения нуждающимся учащимся, богадельня для бедных евреев, в 1915 — еврейский лазарет, в 1916 — Еврейское благотворит. об-во. В 1910 в Б. Ц. имелись 15 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища.Во 2-й пол. 19 в. раввином в Б. Ц. был Симха Купчик. В 1890-х гг. казенным раввином в Б. Ц. был Вульф Юдович Брий. В кон. 19 в. в Б. Ц. жил сын цадика из Лоева Менахема-Нохума Тверского —Мордехай (?—1911, Белая Церковь). В 1900-х гг. раввином в Б. Ц. был Михель-Довид Штупель (1865—?), с 1907 — Мордух Иолин (1880—?), в 1900—25 — Ц.Купчик, сын Симхи Купчика, в 1930-х гг. раввином был Фельдман.В 1903 в Б. Ц. создана орг-ция Бунда (крупнейшая в Киевской губ., в 1917 — св. 1 тыс. чл.), действовала орг-ция сионистов- социалистов (в 1917 — неск. сотен чл.). В 1904—05 боевой отряд Бунда возглавлял Яков Зиновьевич Воробьев (Кац) (1885—1919, Курск) — первый пред. (в 1918—19) Нижегородской губчека. В окт. 1905 еврейское население пострадало от погрома. Во время 1-й мир. войны в Б. Ц. нашли приют многочисл. беженцы-евреи из зап. губерний. Помощь беженцам и семьям мобилизованных в армию евреев оказывал специально созданный к-т во главе с Ц.Купчиком. В годы Гражд. войны Б. Ц. неск. раз переходила из рук в руки, смена власти сопровождалась погромами, к-рые чинили войска Центр. рады, Директории, части Добровольческой армии, разл. банды (всего в 1919—20 при погромах погибло 850 евреев), мн. жители умерли от голода и эпидемий.В 1917—18 в Б. Ц. выходила газ. сионистского направления на идише «Дер Эмес». В нач. 1920-х гг. в Б. Ц. действовал филиал «Культур-Лиги». В 1921 было создано отд-ние Евсекции.В 1920-х гг. в Б. Ц. имелось небольшое х-во «Ге-Халуц», в период нэпа значительная часть ремесленников-евреев была объединена в кооперативы, частным торговцам (в большинстве евреям) принадлежало св. 700 торговых точек; работали 7 еврейских трудовых школ, пед. и с.-х. техникумы (посл. в 1934 преобразован в Сельскохозяйственный ин-т). В сер. 1920-х гг. выходцы из Б. Ц. основали в Херсонском окр. 5 еврейских земледельч. колоний. В 1930-х гг. в Б. Ц. имелось 38 пром. пр-тий (св. 7 тыс. рабочих, значит. часть — евреи), представители еврейской интеллигенции работали в леч. учреждениях, уч. заведениях.В июне 1941 лишь незначит. часть евреев успела эвакуироваться в вост. р-ны страны. 16 июля 1941 Б. Ц. оккупировали герм. войска, 19—22 авг. 1941 было уничтожено св. 500 евреев. 6 сент. 1941 все евреи Б. Ц. вывезены за пределы города и в теч. неск. дней уничтожены: в 3 ямах захоронено 4200—4500 чел., гл. обр. женщин и детей, в 1943 по приказу оккупац. властей их тела извлечены из ям и сожжены. На еврейском кладбище после 1943 был установлен памятник погибшим.После освобождения Б. Ц. (1943) оставшиеся в живых евреи возвратились в город. В 1944 создана религ. община, однако религ.-обществ. жизнь евреев подвергалась притеснениям: в 1962 была закрыта последняя синагога, в 1965 во время Рош-га-Шана произошли антисемитские выступления.Во 2-й пол. 1980-х — 1-й пол. 1990-х гг. большинство евреев Б. Ц. выехало в Израиль, США и др. страны. В кон. 1980-х гг. в Б. Ц. создано гор. об-во еврейской культуры. С 1989 в Б. Ц. действуют Об-во еврейской культуры им. Шолом-Алейхема, служба милосердия «Хесэд», еврейский самодеятельный т-р «Гуте Фрайнт», еврейские воскресная школа, нар. ун-т, б-ка.В 1994 в Б. Ц., по оценкам Еврейского Агентства, проживало ок. 10 тыс. евреев (5%).В Б. Ц. род.: А.М.Борщаговский, Д.И.Бронштейн, И.М.Бурдянский, В.Л.Бялик, Б.М.Вул, З.Гринберг, Й.Гринфельд, М.Ш.М.Дубинский, М.Я.Капчинский, Ш.Купершмид, Ц.Купчик, С.Ю.Левик, И.Х.Лемберг, Р.Б.Лерт, М.Лифшиц, Е.М.Лысенко, П.Минковский, Д.Монин, И.Петриковский, М.Пинзон, Г.Е.Прейсман, И.Розенблат, И.Ройтберг, А.Г.Сигалов, Х.К.Токарь, А.М.Черкасский, И.Шкаровский, И.А.Шпинель, М.М.Штурман, Б.С.Ямпольский; Григорий Зиновьевич Вайсман (Энтин) (1871—1945, Ташкент), актер еврейского т-ра, с 1937 — в Киевском ГОСЕТе, засл. арт. УССР (1941); Исидор Гильберг (1852—?), филолог, проф. (1882), с 1898 ректор Черновицкого ун-та; Яков Штейнберг (1887—1947, Тель-Авив), поэт, драматург, писал на идише и иврите.С.Я.Елисаветский, extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "WHITE VAKA, see Baltoy-Voke."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELEBEY, city (since 1757), a regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Main in the 17th century. From 1781 it was a district town of the Ufa province, from 1796 - the Orenburg province, and from 1865 - the Ufa province. In 1874, approx. 40 Jews, in 1910 - 141, in 1926 - 91 (0.8%), in 1939 - 102 Jews. In 1859 in Belebeyevsky u. 2 Jews lived at the distillery: the merchant Girsha Sholamovich Perelman from Vitebsk and the Vitebsk bourgeoisie Girsha Yudovich Rizvin. In 1910, there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELELUYA, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sniatyn powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 23 Jews of B."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELENITSKY Alexander Markovich (1904, Lyubino Velikolutsky u. Pskov province. - 1993, Petersburg), orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1967). He graduated from the East. Faculty of SAGU (1930). Sci. sotr. GAIMK - LO Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1938–93), member. decomp. archaeological. exp. Member of the 1941–45 war. Main directions of scientific. works - history, art and archeology of the Bl. East and Wed. Asia, works: Ancient Pyandzhikent, Dushanbe, 1971; Monumental art of Pyandjikent: Painting, sculpture, M., 1973; Medieval city Wed. Asia, M., 1973."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "WHITE, brothers, members of the roar. movement. From a poor family with many children, b. in m. Sverzhen Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. Grigory Yakovlevich (Girsha Khatskelevich) B. (part. Ps. - \"Belinsky\") (1885-1938). Into the roar. movement from the end. 1890s Since 1901, members RSDLP, led the roar. propaganda among workers and artisans of Minsk. In 1903 he was exiled for 3 years to the Arkhangelsk province. After the Manifesto on 10/17/1905 he returned to Minsk, joined the Bolsheviks, was a party, an organizer in Vilna, with the middle. 1906 members Bolshevik. tech. gr. at Petersburg. to-those RSDLP. After the 5th (London) Party Congress (1907) he worked at the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In oct. 1907 arrested, imprisoned for 11 months. to petersburg. prison \"Crosses\". After his release, he roared. work in the army: according to the passport of a dentist, Shapiro was sent to the barracks of the 100th Ostrovsky regiment (Dvinskaya fortress), created a military man. org-tion. In 1908 he returned to Vilna, restored the local. Bolshevik. organization and became its secretary., participated in the preparation of parties, conference North-West. edge, delegate to All-Russia. school desks. conference of the RSDLP in Paris (1908), then - responsible. school desks. organizer in Kovno, secretary Dvina organization of the RSDLP. In March 1910 he was arrested and in 1911 he was exiled to a permanent settlement in the Yenisei province. In 1912 he fled and arrived in Paris. In 1912-17 sec. Parisian gr. (section) of the Bolsheviks, in 1914-17 sec. local club of Social-Democratic internationalists, supported the post. contacts with VI Lenin, GE Zinoviev and others. In the years of the 1st world. war supporter of Leninist tactics. In May 1917 he returned to Russia, until the middle. July worked in Moscow. env. org-tion of the RSDLP (b), member. Moscow region to-that party, then otvet. desks, organizer at Presnya, 1917–25 sec. Krasnopresnensky district party committee, then - head. agitprop of the Comintern. In 1926 and 1936 he was expelled from the party on charges of belonging to the opposition, but was soon reinstated. In 1936–37, the director. Institute of advanced training of business executives and engineer-tech. workers of the forestry industry. He was repeatedly elected a member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Repressed. Efim Yakovlevich (Fima Khatskelevich) B. (party ps. \"Sergei\") (1875 - 1957, Minsk), member. Communist. Party since 1898. In 1901, member. Iskrovsky group in Minsk, one of the creators and hands. Minsk organization of the RSDLP (1903), founder of the underground printing house Sev.-Zap. Committee of the RSDLP (1904), member. Minsk coalitions. Council (1905). In 1906 sec. Mogilev env. to-that RSDLP, then at the underground desks, work in Kiev and Yekaterinoslav. In 1907 he was exiled to the Vologda province. Member Feb. and Oct. revolution of 1917. In 1918–21 he worked in the Supreme Council of the National Economy, the People's Commissariat of the Russian Federation, in 1922–39 - in the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR. Abram Yakovlevich (Khatskelevich) B. (1883–1941). In 1919–24 the beginning. personal protection of V.I. Lenin. Major of State Security (1935). Repressed."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELENKY Alexander Borisovich (1918, Kharkov - 1991, Moscow), historian-orientalist, teacher. Dr. East Sciences (1966). The son of B.S.Belenky, in 1934-37. working owls. trade representative in Italy, arrested and executed in 1938. He graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). Owned German, French, Italian, English, Spanish, Dutch. and Indonesia. lang. In 1943–45 - at the front. In 1945–53 he worked in the editorial office of Dipl. dictionary \"Gospolitizdata. In the beginning. 1950s during the period of the \"struggle against cosmopolitanism\" was unemployed. In 1956-60 - in the Publishing House of Eastern Literature, since 1960 - in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ed. and compiler collection. monographs. Cit .: The defeat of the Mexican people by foreign. interventions, M., 1959; Nat. awakening of Indonesia, M., 1965; Rebel Battleship: Fortieth Anniversary Revolt. military. sailors in Indonesia, M., 1973; The ideology of national liberation. movements in Indonesia, 1917-1942: Radical and petty-burgeoning. nationalism, M., 1978; Internats. factor in the ideology of national liberation. Movement: From the \"awakening of Asia\" to the conquest of independence, M., 1988."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELENKY Max Lvovich (1911 - 1965, Riga), pharmacologist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1960). Graduated from the 2nd Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1933), then worked at the Department of Pharmacology in the same place. In 1941–45 he served as an army toxicologist. Since 1952 head. Department of Pharmacology, Riga honey. Institute of Science. research B. dedicated ch. arr. questions of pharmacology of carotid receptors, cholinergic and adrenergic processes. He put forward and substantiated the theory of denial. energetic balance as the direct cause of the onset of the excitatory process in the chemoreceptors of the carotid glomerulus and other receptor structures. Together with sotr. identified and studied the adrenergic properties of apomorphine, the cholinergic component in the action of phenamine. Member reign of Vses. pharmacological society. Honored. scientist of the Latvian SSR (1961). Works: Quantity elements, pharmacological effect assessment, Riga, 1959, L., 1963; Pharmacology of carotid glomerulus chemioreceptors, L., 1962 (with S.V. Anichkov)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELENKY Moisey Solomonovich (b. 1910, Dubrovna Goretsky u. Mogilev province.), Literary critic, publicist. He graduated from Heb. Wed school, studied at Minsk ped. technical school. In 1932 he graduated from Heb. dep. Moscow ped. in-that. There was a deer. theater. studios at mosk. Heb. t-re (GOSET). He taught philosophy, worked as an editor. in the publishing house \"Der emes\". In 1944 his first edition came out in this publishing house. book \"Acosta, Spinoza, Maimon.\" In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison. Released in 1954. Author of the book: \"Spinoza\", 1964; Judaism, 1966; 2nd ed., 1974; The Tragedy of Uriel Acosta, 1968; The Mythology of the Bible, 1977; What is the Talmud, 1976; \"Literary portrait\" (\"Literary portraits\"), 1980, etc. B.'s works in the field of Judaism were of a pronounced compilation and tendentious nature. He was also engaged in the lane. Was the compiler of the collection. op. Sholem Aleichem in Russian lang. (1971-1974), as well as collection of works. Sholem Aleichem - Man and Writer (1984). Since 1991 in Israel."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELENKY Semyon Zakharovich (1916, Moscow - 1956, ibid.), Theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1946). After graduating from Moscow. University (1938) graduate student I.E. Tamm at the Institute of Physics Moscow. un-that. In 1941–43 he worked at the Center, aerohydrodynamic. in-those (TsAGI). Since 1943 in Phys. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1948 head of the sector of the theoretical department). Scientific area interests - space physics. rays, hydrodynamics. Solved the problem of the theory of cascade (electron-photon) showers. He proved a general theorem linking the wave drag of a body in a supersonic flow with an increase in entropy in shock waves. Built the theory of the so-called. \"Condensation\" jumps. Generalized statistic. theory of multiple particle production and extended it to the case of a small number of particles formed. He was engaged in phenomenological. the theory of scattering of nucleons by nucleons and pi-mesons by nucleons at high energies. Author of 40 scientific. works. Became. etc., etc. of the USSR Academy of Sciences. N.D. Papaleksi (1948) Vol .: Avalanche Processes in Space. rays, M., 1948."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELEV, city, regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1147.From 1708 - in Kiev, from 1719 - in Belgorod gubernia, from 1777 - the district town of the Tula governorate, then - guberniya.In 1863, 46 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 87, in 1923 - 203 (1, 9%), in 1926 - 238 (1.8%), in 1939 - 154 Jews. In 1910 in Byelorussia there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELGORAY, see Bilgorai."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELGOROD, a city (since 1593), the center of the Belgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1237. Ok. 1596 - a walled city. From 1708 - in the Kiev province, from 1719 - ch. the city of the Belgorod province, from 1728 - the center of the Belgorod province, from 1779 - the district town of the Kursk governorship, then - the province. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1863, 486 (1.8%) in 1897, 362 in 1910, 1923 - 735 (2.6%), in 1926 - 631 (2%), in 1939 - 482, in 1970 - 804 (0.5%), in 1979 - 797 Jews (0.3%). B. had one synagogue in a private building, in 1910 - a Jewish cemetery. In 1915, 350 Jewish refugees arrived in Byelorussia. In aug. - Sept. 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia during a raid by the cavalry detachment of K.K. Mamontov on the rear of Kr. Army. In the 1920s. Shraga-Chaim Kulish was the rabbi in B. Feb. 5 1942 in B., St. 1,700 Jews (90 local, the rest are refugees from Ukraine). Among the units that liberated B. 5 Aug. 1943, was the 48th rifleman. corps under the command. Major General Z.Z. Rogozny. In B. genus: M.L.Kursky, E. Margolin, L.D. Muravin; Samuil Davidovich Davidovich (1898-1988), Major General of the Engineer-Tank Service (1943), in 1941-48 beginning. military. Research Institute, load. 6 ord."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛГОРОД-ДНЕСТРОВСКИЙ (в 1484—1918 и в 1940—44 — Аккерман, в 1918—40 — Четатя-Альбэ), город, районный центр в Одесской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 9 в. на месте др.-греч. г. Тира, в 14 в. — генуэзская колония Монкастро, в 15 в. — Четатя-Альба в составе Молд. кн-ва, с 1484 — турецкая крепость. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1828 — уездный город Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — УССР.В 1827 в Б.-Д. проживало 413 евреев, в 1857 — 1588, в 1861 — 1797, в 1863 — 1439, в 1897 — 5624 (19,9%), в 1910 — 5802 (27,3%), в 1930 — 4239 (12,3%), в 1940 — ок. 8000 (16%), в 1957 — ок. 1600 (7,3%), в 1970 — 1400 (4,3%), в 1979 — ок. 1100 евреев (2,3%).Первое упом. о евреях Б.-Д. относится к 1330. Приток евреев в Б.-Д. увеличился после изгнания их из Испании. В нач. 16 в. в городе существовала караимская община. Осн. занятия — мелкая торговля, торговля зерном и др. с.-х. продуктами. В 1807 создана хевра кадиша. В 1858 имелось 2 синагоги (первая осн. в 1815, вторая — в 1847). В 19 в. численность общины значительно возросла за счет притока евреев из др. регионов. В 1865 в Б.-Д. произошел погром. В 1882 созданы еврейская больница и талмуд-тора, в 1895 — субботняя школа. Сумма коробочного сбора достигала 8 тыс. руб. С 1880 в Б.-Д. жил писатель Я.-Ш.Трахтман.После обнародования Манифеста 17 окт. 1905 в городе произошел погром (8 его жертв похоронены на еврейском кладбище, старейшая могила к-рого датируется 1821; там же погребен оскверненный погромщиками свиток Торы). С 1906 раввином Б.-Д. был Мойше Цукерман. В 1910 в Б.-Д. имелось 6 синагог, в т. ч. молельни носильщиков (1847) и ремесленников (1903), приют для бедных, ссудо-сберегат. т-во, об-во пособия бедным, 2 муж. и 2 жен. уч-ща.В нач. 20 в. (особенно после 1905) увеличился выезд евреев Б.-Д. в США и Аргентину (пос. Примиру-ди-Майя был известен как пос. Аккерман). В 1910-х гг. в Б.-Д. функционировали отд-ния ОРТа и ОЗЕ. Активно действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции. В 1909—13 в Б.-Д. гастролировали еврейские театр. труппы Д.-М.Сабсая, Л.Раппеля, П.Гиршбейна и др. (с нач. 1-й мир. войны еврейские спектакли были запрещены). В 1920—30-х гг. создан ряд еврейских благотворит. и культурно-просветит. орг-ций и учреждений (в т. ч. общеобразоват. школа с преподаванием на иврите, еврейские дет. сад и больница). В 1919—22 евреи Б.-Д. активно помогали беженцам из Украины.В 1940 ремесленная синагога была закрыта, ее здание реквизировано под гос. архив. В ночь на 13 июня 1941 10 еврейских семей были депортированы из Б.-Д. в Сибирь. 22 июня 1941 ок. 4 тыс. евреев бежали из города на восток. Накануне оккупации Б.-Д. местное население стало убивать оставшихся евреев и грабить их имущество. После вступления в город герм. войск уцелевшие евреи были расстреляны на берегу лимана (общее число погибших 600—800 чел.). В кон. июля расстреляно еще неск. сотен евреев. В 1941—44 еврейское кладбище Б.-Д. было полностью разрушено. После освобождения Б.-Д. сов. войсками (1944) часть уцелевших евреев вернулась в город. Один из вернувшихся привез с собой свиток Торы, спасенный им при эвакуации.В 1953 в Б.-Д. была закрыта последняя синагога.В 1995 в Б.-Д. создано об-во еврейской культуры «Шалом» (пред. Владимир Маркович Крючевский, р. 1928). В 1996 осн. религ. община (пред. В.М.Крючевский). Открыта воскресная школа. В Б.-Д. имеется 2 синагоги; вторая возвращена общине в 1999. Сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище.В 1999 в Б.-Д. проживало 1750 евреев.В Б.-Д. род.: П.Н.Берков, А.О.Гершензон, О.А.Ерманский, Б.Левенсон; Абрам Наумович Талмазан (1901—1941), в 1932 возглавлял ком. орг-ции Бессарабии, в 1938—39 участник гражд. войны в Испании, с лета 1941 — в РККА, погиб в бою., pronunciation=БЕЛГОРОД-ДНЕСТРОВСКИЙ (в 1484—1918 и в 1940—44 — Аккерман, в 1918—40 — Четатя-Альбэ), город, районный центр в Одесской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 9 в. на месте др.-греч. г. Тира, в 14 в. — генуэзская колония Монкастро, в 15 в. — Четатя-Альба в составе Молд. кн-ва, с 1484 — турецкая крепость. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1828 — уездный город Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — УССР.В 1827 в Б.-Д. проживало 413 евреев, в 1857 — 1588, в 1861 — 1797, в 1863 — 1439, в 1897 — 5624 (19,9%), в 1910 — 5802 (27,3%), в 1930 — 4239 (12,3%), в 1940 — ок. 8000 (16%), в 1957 — ок. 1600 (7,3%), в 1970 — 1400 (4,3%), в 1979 — ок. 1100 евреев (2,3%).Первое упом. о евреях Б.-Д. относится к 1330. Приток евреев в Б.-Д. увеличился после изгнания их из Испании. В нач. 16 в. в городе существовала караимская община. Осн. занятия — мелкая торговля, торговля зерном и др. с.-х. продуктами. В 1807 создана хевра кадиша. В 1858 имелось 2 синагоги (первая осн. в 1815, вторая — в 1847). В 19 в. численность общины значительно возросла за счет притока евреев из др. регионов. В 1865 в Б.-Д. произошел погром. В 1882 созданы еврейская больница и талмуд-тора, в 1895 — субботняя школа. Сумма коробочного сбора достигала 8 тыс. руб. С 1880 в Б.-Д. жил писатель Я.-Ш.Трахтман.После обнародования Манифеста 17 окт. 1905 в городе произошел погром (8 его жертв похоронены на еврейском кладбище, старейшая могила к-рого датируется 1821; там же погребен оскверненный погромщиками свиток Торы). С 1906 раввином Б.-Д. был Мойше Цукерман. В 1910 в Б.-Д. имелось 6 синагог, в т. ч. молельни носильщиков (1847) и ремесленников (1903), приют для бедных, ссудо-сберегат. т-во, об-во пособия бедным, 2 муж. и 2 жен. уч-ща.В нач. 20 в. (особенно после 1905) увеличился выезд евреев Б.-Д. в США и Аргентину (пос. Примиру-ди-Майя был известен как пос. Аккерман). В 1910-х гг. в Б.-Д. функционировали отд-ния ОРТа и ОЗЕ. Активно действовали разл. сионистские орг-ции. В 1909—13 в Б.-Д. гастролировали еврейские театр. труппы Д.-М.Сабсая, Л.Раппеля, П.Гиршбейна и др. (с нач. 1-й мир. войны еврейские спектакли были запрещены). В 1920—30-х гг. создан ряд еврейских благотворит. и культурно-просветит. орг-ций и учреждений (в т. ч. общеобразоват. школа с преподаванием на иврите, еврейские дет. сад и больница). В 1919—22 евреи Б.-Д. активно помогали беженцам из Украины.В 1940 ремесленная синагога была закрыта, ее здание реквизировано под гос. архив. В ночь на 13 июня 1941 10 еврейских семей были депортированы из Б.-Д. в Сибирь. 22 июня 1941 ок. 4 тыс. евреев бежали из города на восток. Накануне оккупации Б.-Д. местное население стало убивать оставшихся евреев и грабить их имущество. После вступления в город герм. войск уцелевшие евреи были расстреляны на берегу лимана (общее число погибших 600—800 чел.). В кон. июля расстреляно еще неск. сотен евреев. В 1941—44 еврейское кладбище Б.-Д. было полностью разрушено. После освобождения Б.-Д. сов. войсками (1944) часть уцелевших евреев вернулась в город. Один из вернувшихся привез с собой свиток Торы, спасенный им при эвакуации.В 1953 в Б.-Д. была закрыта последняя синагога.В 1995 в Б.-Д. создано об-во еврейской культуры «Шалом» (пред. Владимир Маркович Крючевский, р. 1928). В 1996 осн. религ. община (пред. В.М.Крючевский). Открыта воскресная школа. В Б.-Д. имеется 2 синагоги; вторая возвращена общине в 1999. Сохранилось старое еврейское кладбище.В 1999 в Б.-Д. проживало 1750 евреев.В Б.-Д. род.: П.Н.Берков, А.О.Гершензон, О.А.Ерманский, Б.Левенсон; Абрам Наумович Талмазан (1901—1941), в 1932 возглавлял ком. орг-ции Бессарабии, в 1938—39 участник гражд. войны в Испании, с лета 1941 — в РККА, погиб в бою., extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELIKI, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Kobelyaksky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. In 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in B."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELILOVKA, a village in the Ruzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a village in the Kiev povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In 1763, 124 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1773 - 197, in 1778 - 222, in 1784 - 287, in 1847 - 1008, in 1863 - 1435, in 1897 - 2223 (approx. 46%), in 1923 - 2130, in 1939 - 633 Jews (11%) The first information about Jews in Byelorussia dates back to 1719. In 1863 there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia. Since 1900 Shloyme Makhrinsky (1880—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1912, a savings and loan system operated in Burma. m-in. In 1919 the Jewish population suffered from a pogrom, B. was plundered. The Jews of B. were shot in September. 1941 In B. S. Lopate."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELINKOV Arkady Viktorovich (1921, Moscow - 1970, New Haven, USA), writer, literary critic. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky and Moscow State University. During the 1941–45 war he was at the front, worked as a correspondent. TASS, was a member of the commission to investigate the destruction, to-rye him. troops caused East. monuments on the territory. THE USSR. Posted by anti-Sov. rum. \"Draft of feelings\". For reading it in a circle of friends, he was arrested on a denunciation in 1944 and sentenced to death. Thanks to the intervention of A.N. Tolstoy and V. B. Shklovsky, He taught in Lit. in-those, was engaged in scientific. work. Wrote pl. Art. for \"Brief lit. encyclopedias \". The author of the book. Yuri Tynyanov (1961, 2nd ed., 1965). K ser. 1960s in the work of B. there was a transition to journalism, which he regarded as a continuation of the accusatory traditions of uncensored Russian. pre-rev. print. Book. about Yu.K. Olesh \"The Surrender and Death of the Soviet Intellectual\" in the USSR failed to publish. In 1968 were published. in f. \"Baikal\" chapters from this book, subjected to devastating criticism. In the same year, during a trip to Hungary, B. and his wife fled to the West. Since 1968 in the USA. He lectured at Yale and Indiana high fur boots, published in émigré publications. \"New Journal\" and \"New Russian Word\". Book. about Olesha, prepared by B.'s wife, N. Belinkova-Yablokova, was published in Madrid in 1976. Book. was conceived by B. as part of a trilogy that considers three types of artist behavior under a totalitarian regime: loyal (Yu.N. Tynyanov), opportunistic (Olesha), oppositional (A.I.Solzhenitsyn). In the book. about Olesha, written with passion and bitterness, the drama of a gifted writer, broken by compromises with the authorities, is shown, but B. poses the problem more broadly - about the relationship between the intelligentsia and the state. B. asserted the invariable opposition of the intelligentsia as unity, socialist. a group in need of spiritual freedom."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELINSKY Alexander Arkadevich (b. 1928, Leningrad), director. In 1944 he studied theater studies. f-those GITIS them. AV Lunacharsky, then moved to Leningrad and continued his studies at dir. Faculty of LGITMIK, to-ry graduated in 1950. In 1950–52 he worked in T-re North. fleet (Murmansk), then in the m-ts of Vilnius and Klaipeda. In 1953 he made his debut in Leningrad. t-re them. Lenin's Komsomol play \"Who laughs last\" by K.K.Krapiva, staged 11 more performances there: \"Good hour\" and \"Unequal battle\" by V.S.Rozov, \"The steamer is called\" Eaglet \"\" by A.A. Galich, \" In Old Moscow \"by VF Panova and others. He wrote and staged clown entre, pop programs for BN Bentsianov, AM Blekhman, three performances by AI Raikin (1949, 1956, 1970). At the Palace of Art. KS Stanislavsky created \"T-R Skit\" (1950), reviving forgotten traditions of theater, and watered, parodies. Since 1961 he has been working on TV. He staged the television performances \"Kyukhlya\" based on Yu.N. Tynyanov (1963), \"Mad Money\", \"The Marriage of Belugin\", \"Handsome Man\", \"They Did Not Match the Characters\" by AN Ostrovsky, \"The Innkeeper\" by K. Goldoni, \" The Dark Lady of Sonnets ”by J.B.Shaw,“ The Importance of Being Earnest ”by O. Wilde,“ Koolhaas ”and“ The Seagull ”by A.P. Chekhov,“ Dead Souls ”and“ The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich \"After NV Gogol,\" The Stranger \"by AABlok. Author of the play \"Fifty Ten\", ballet librettos \"On the Eve\" by I.S. Turgenev, \"The Young Lady and the Hooligan\" by V.V. Mayakovsky. B. filmed operettas \"Maritsa\", \"Bird Seller\", \"Perikola\", vaudeville \"Lev Gurych Sinichkin\". Has directed films-ballets \"Galatea\" (for music. F. Lowe, main prize of the TV festival \"Zlata Prague\", 1978), \"Anyuta\" (music. V. A. Gavrilin, State avenue of the RSFSR named after br. Vasiliev, 1984), \"Old Tango\" (music by T. Kogan) and others. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1989). Works: Old tango: (Notes of television practice), Moscow, 1988."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELINSKY Yakov Lvovich (1909, Krolevets, Chernigov province - 1988, Moscow), poet. Graduated from Moscow. architect. in-t. There was a correspondent. army and front-line press. In 1943, Sat. poems about the battles at Stalingrad and on Wed - Don. In the first book. \"The Taken Cities\" (1947) also included military poetry. time. Dr. book B .: \"Fight and Love\" (1957), \"Finest Hour\" (1961), \"Steps\" (1964), \"Because I Love\" (1968), \"Two Walking Nearby\" (1972), \"Lyrics\" ( 1973), “A Day Equal to Life” (1979), “Selected Works” (vols. 1-2, 1981), “Furious Saxophonist” (1986). The subject of B.'s poems is extremely wide: rus. history, the creative work of man, the beginning of the cosmic. era, nature, love, in which the poet sees the \"immortality of the Universe\", the fate of art, etc. Author pl. popular songs. He translated poems of poets of different nations."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELINSON (Beilenson) Moishe-Eliezer (c. 1835, Odessa - |), writer, publisher. He made his debut in Heb. lit-re a brochure of an apologetic nature. At the end of the 1850s. conducted an active correspondence with prominent Hebrews. writers about ed. organ for growing. Jews. B.'s attempts were unsuccessful. In the beginning. 1860s B., taking up genealogy. research, issued an appeal, calling for the collection of relevant materials. In 1891 he compiled a genealogy of certain Hebrews. families, and in 1892 issued a genealogist. Sat. B. - author and compiler of collection of Talmudic books. questions. He was also involved in translations."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELITSA, see [[New Belitsa."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELITSKY Abram Aleksandrovich (1907, Skotovatoye Bakhmutsky district. Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1960, Tomsk), geologist, specialist in the region. structural geology and tectonophysics. Dr. Geological and Mineralogical. Sciences, prof. from 1948. Graduated in 1931 from the Tomsk Industrial Institute. in-t, in 1931-60 worked there as the head. Department of Geological. exploration, dean of exploration. f-that. Basic. scientific. work in the region. structures and tectonics of coal deposits of Kuzbass. Compiled a number of geological maps of coal deposits. Proposed geometrical. search methods for tectonically displaced coal seams (\"displaced wing\"). Developed the theory of combined tension. states of the forge. rocks and deformations in the earth's crust. Author of scientific. printed works and monographs, including per. in other languages. One of the founders of scientific. schools of specialists in the region. Tectonophysics, Works: Classification of Tectonic. ruptures, M., 1953."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELITSKY Semyon Markovich (1889, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 1937, Moscow), military leader, division commander (1935). He graduated from the Elizavetgrad mountains. uch-shche (1904). From 1905 p. party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1917-18 the Left Socialist-Revolutionary, member. Communist. party since 1920. Member of the 1st world. war. From Feb 1918 in Kr. Army. In civil war pom. early headquarters, beginning. division headquarters. Graduated from the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1922), then pom. prev. Higher military-ed. Council, beginning. and the military commissar of the operational management of the Headquarters of the Red Army. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. From 1925 to the beginning. course and adjunct Military. Academy of the Red Army. He was engaged in the development of military problems. history, history of military. isk-va, participant in the preparation and conduct of military. reforms of the 1920s and 30s. From 1931 to the beginning. headquarters of the North Caucasus. VO, since 1932 at the disposal of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR (assistant to the People's Commissar of Defense); early ex. Military publishing house of the NKO of the USSR. Repressed in 1937."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Belitsa, see Belitsa."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELGOVSKY Mark Leonidovich (1906, Poltava - 1959, Moscow), geneticist. At the end of Leningrad. un-that (1930) worked in Vses. in-those animal husbandry, since 1933 in Ying-those genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1948 after Aug. session VASKHNIL was dismissed from in-that and in tech. for two years he worked in Ying-those forests of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At this time, he was studying lane. scientific. lit-ry, including the book. DG Simpson \"The pace and form of evolution\" (1948). From 1956 he worked at the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. performed a number of original works: he established the dependence of the frequency of translocation (mutation) on the dose of X-rays (1937), the effect of inert chromosome regions on the frequency and nature of changes in neighboring active regions (1938), research. interaction heterochromatic. and euchromatic. r-nov of chromosomes in the development of the organism (1940), the mechanism of the implementation of chromaticity associated with heterochromic r-us (1944). One of the first to use mat. methods for analyzing the nature of induced chromosomal rearrangements."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELKIND Lev Davidovich (1896, Barnaul - 1969, Moscow), specialist in the region. electrical and lighting engineering and the history of technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1938). Graduated with honors in mechanical engineering. Faculty of Kharkov Technol. Institute (1919) and worked for more than 10 years as engineer. at the plants of Kharkov and Moscow, as well as in Glavelektro VSNKh, tech. dir. plant \"Electrosvet\" in Moscow. From 1927 he taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School, from 1930 - at Moscow. energetic in-those where he was the first head. Department of Lighting Engineering (1932–47); organized in the same department of history of technology and directed it in 1947–65. Prof. (1934). One of the organizers of the Fatherland. lighting technology. prom-sti. He took part in the reconstruction of electric trains. lighting of Moscow. Ed. g. \"Lighting engineering\". The author of the textbook and account. manuals on lighting engineering and the history of technology, as well as the book. about the life and work of outstanding fathers. and nick. lighting technicians - A.N. Lodygin (1948), K.A. Krug (1956), T.A. Edison (1957), K.I.Shenfer (1957), AM Ampere (1958), C.P. Steinmetz ( 1965). Created a number of scientific and technical. dictionaries, in which he acted as an author, ed. and translator, incl. \"Dictionary of lighting. terms \",\" Anglo-rus. chemical-technol. dictionary \",\" French-Russian. polytechnic dictionary\". Honored. active Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1946). Works: E-illuminate. short-range devices, 2nd ed., M., 1945; History of technology, M.-L., 1956 (in co-authorship)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELMAN Joseph Davydovich (b. 1938, Kazan), architect. In 1967 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main work: residential building Ying-ta citizen. Aviation in Moscow (1980), Higher. uch-shche Metrostroy (1983), a sanatorium in Asha near Sochi (1991). He took part in a competition for a project for the reconstruction of the center of Moscow (1st Ave., 1975), in architect. the Trienale competition in Milan (1980)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELSK, see Belsk Podlaski."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELSK-PODLASKI, a city (since 1440) in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - Ch. the city of the Belsk region of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the district town of Belsk, Grodno province. In 1918–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–45 it was the BSSR. In 1808 in B.-P. 64 Jewish men lived, in 1816 - 94 Jews, in 1847 - 298, in 1861 - 1256, in 1897 - 4079, in 1910 - 4030, in 1921 - 2392 Jews. Jews lived in B.-P. from the 15th century. In 1542 in B.-P. a synagogue was built. In 1564 he was executed, accused of murdering a Christian girl from Narew, a tax collector of the kr. the tax farmer Itskhok Warts. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - clothing manufacturing and trade. In 1861 in B.-P. there were 3 synagogues. In 1910 - 5 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, a state-owned mixed school, a Talmud-Torah. 1941 in B.-P. a ghetto was created, liquidated on 17 December. 1942. There were 6-7 thousand people in the ghetto. the old Jewish cemetery (about 100 monuments) has been preserved. genus: D. Bendas, Ya.A. Bronstein, I.G. Langbard, Yu.Levartovsky, Sh.I. Stupnitsky, N.-M. Syrkin; Bentsion Sho (real fam. Shostak) (1883-1957, Chicago, USA), poet (in Yiddish), from 1926 - in the USA."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELSKY Lev Nikolaevich (real name and surname Abram Mikhailovich Levin) (1889, Riga - 1941), employee of state bodies. security. In 1904–07 a member. Bund. In the RSDLP (b) from June 1917. In 1918-19 before. Simbirsk, lips. Cheka, in 1919–20 early. Especially. dep. 8th Army, in 1920-21 before. Astrakhan. lips. Cheka, in 1921-22 half. prev. Cheka in the Far East. Since 1923, plenipotentiary. OGPU USSR in Wed. Asia, from the beginning. 1930s in Moscow. ex. OGPU. In 1934 he was headed by Ch. ex. worker cross. Cr. militia of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1936–38, deputy. Commissar int. Affairs of the USSR, then 1st Deputy. People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR. Affairs. 16-17 congresses of the CPSU (b). State Security Commissioner 2nd rank (1935). Arrested in 1938, shot."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELSKY Tuvia (1906, Stankevichi, Minsk province - 1987, USA), commander of the Hebrew. partisas. brigades. From the age of 17 - an activist of the Zionist movement \"Hehaluts\". In 1928 he was drafted into the Polish army, demobilized with the rank of corporal and settled in Subbotniki, where he was the owner of a fabric store. After the arrival of the Nazis, he fled to Stankivichi. Parents and some other members B.'s families were killed in the Novogrudok ghetto. B. and his three brothers went into the forest, where they created the nucleus of a partisan detachment. The commander of the detachment was B. After a certain time, neg. numbered hundreds of fighters. For the capture of B., the Germans appointed a reward of 100,000 marks. Women and children were also in the forest with the soldiers. It was a kind of Hebrew. community - with a synagogue, school, hospital, etc. In 1943, the Germans began an action to exterminate partisans in the Nalivok forests. With great difficulty, B.'s brigade managed to leave the dangerous area. In 1944, after the liberation of the area, B. with his partisan brigade. MI Kalinin, numbering 1230 soldiers, participated in the military. parade in Novogrudok. After the end of the war he returned to Poland. From 1945 - in E.-I., from 1954 - in the USA. B.'s brother, Asael (1908–45), fought in the ranks of Kr. Army, killed in action in Germany."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Balti, see Balti."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELKHATOV, see Belhatuv."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELKHATUV, a city (since 1737) in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1391. From 1795 - a part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Belkhatov Petrokovsky u. In 1897, 2,987 Jews lived in Byelorussia; in 1921, approx. 5800 Jews. In the 1920s and 1930s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On March 1, 1941, a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, which was liquidated in August. 1942. In March 1942, there were 5,460 people in the ghetto."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELKIN Aron Isaakovich (b. 1927, Nizhny Novgorod), psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, endocrinologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. (1979), acad. Academy of Energy Information Sciences (1992), pres. Grew up. Psychoanalytic Association (1989). Father - Belkin Isaak Borisovich (1896, p. Glubokoe, Vilnius province. - 1959, Gorky), economist, led by Heb. workers' club in the city of Bogorodsk, Nizhny Novgorod province., organized at the Gorky ped. in-those dep. Heb. lang. and culture, the activities of which were prohibited by local authorities. Mother - Televitskaya Tema Borisovna (1898, Snovsk, Chernigov province - 1978, Gorky), head. Heb. club them. R. Luxemburg in Gorky (1927–40), an activist of KOMZET. After graduating in 1951 from the Gorky medical center. in-ta B. - resident of the Irkutsk region. psychiatrist. b-tsy, since 1953 head. Irkutsk region psychoneurological. dispensary. In 1955–58 he was a postgraduate student at Moscow. Research Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. In 1958 he organized the first department in the USSR. psychiatrist. endocrinology, to - the ring manages permanently to the present. time. In 1985 he created Vses. hesychoendocrinology. scientific and methodological. Centre. In 1989 he founded Ros. psychoanalytic. association. scientific. tr. are devoted to the development of the concept of the binary action of hormones and the role of the situational factor in their final effect; the introduction of hormonally active drugs in psychoendocrinology. practice, created. classification of psychotropic properties of hormones, the development of non-pharmacological. methods of influence on neuroendocrine regulation, social. aspects of endocrine diseases, gender identity, endocrine morphoconstitution, the role of hormonal dysfunctions in the etiology and pathogenesis of alcoholism and drug addiction, the psychology of ethnic groups, the phenomenology of polit. figures (psychoanalytic portraits of A. Hitler, I. V. Stalin, N.S. Khrushchev, L. I. Brezhnev, M. S. Gorbachev and others). B. created a school of owls. psychoendocrinologists. Founder and Ch. ed. g. “Ros. psychoanalytic bulletin \"(1991), ch. ed. g. \"Problems of Endocrinology\" (1985) and others. Reviving the traditions of psychoanalysis in Russia, he organized with SI Syedin publishing house. “Psychological and psychoanalytic library, ed. prof. AI Belkin and SI Syedin \"(since 1992), so. restoring ist. communication with izv. “Psychological and psychoanalytic library, ed. prof. ID Ermakova \". Cit .: Nervous and mental disorders in diseases of the thyroid gland, M., 1973; Biological therapy of mental illness, Chisinau, 1983 (co-authored with V.N. Lakusta); Why we are like that |: (Psychological studies), M., 1993."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELKIN Boris Grigorievich (1921, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Physicist, specialist in the region. acoustics. Graduated in 1946 Moscow. in-t engineer communications, then graduate school. From 1947 he worked at the Center for Science and Science, in 1949–93 - at the All-Union Institute. n.-i. kinofotoin-those (NIKFI). In 1964 he founded a laboratory at NIKFI. electroacoustics and directed it until 1993. the activity is connected with the creation of loudspeakers, microphones, sound amplification systems and sound signal processing. Participated in the creation of complex sound technology. system of the Kremlin Palace of Congresses (1962). Supervised the development and development of multi-channel stereo production. systems for recording, processing and reproducing sound f. - \"Superfon\". Founder and hands. school-seminar on modern. electroacoustics \"ELA\" (1980–91). Created scientific. Fatherland, the school of acoustics and sound engineers. Author of over 60 publications and 15 inventions. Repeatedly represented fatherlands, science abroad. In tech. pl. years worked in Mezhdunar. electrical engineering commission. Linen. pr. (1962)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELKIND Izrail Meyrovich (1861, Logoisk of Borisovsky district, Minsk province - 1929, Berlin), teacher, society. activist. Son of M. Belkind. Studied in Kharkov. After Heb. pogroms (1881) one of the founders of Heb. the youth organization Bilu (1882), in the same year he headed the first group of members of this organization who arrived in E.-I. He actively opposed the activities of representatives of Baron E. Rothschild. In 1899 he founded a school in Jaffa, introducing Hebrew as the language of instruction. Author of textbooks for the beginning. schools of geography, history and arithmetic. In 1902 he opened the agricultural field. Kiriat Sefer school. During the war in Russia, B. was engaged in resettlement to E.-I. orphans who suffered from the pogroms in Ukraine, works: Sovr. Palestine, Odessa, 1903."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELKIND Meir (1827, Logoisk, Borisov district, Minsk province - 1898, Jaffa), teacher. In the beginning. 1880s after a series of Heb. pogroms followed his sons went to E.-I., became the rabbi of the new Heb. settlement of Gedera and one of the first teachers of schools with teaching in Hebrew. From 1889 he taught classes in Hebrew. religion in the school founded in Jaffa by his son I.M. Belkind."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELKOVSKY Zvi-Hirsch (1865, Odessa - 1948, Tel Aviv), society. activist, lawyer. Graduated with honors from law. f-t Novoros. university (Odessa). B. was offered a position in un-those, subject to his acceptance of Christianity. He refused and became a teacher and later professor at Sofia fur boots in Bulgaria (1893-97). While studying at un-those, he joined the Hibbat Zion movement and from 1891 came into contact with the Palestinophil circles grouped around N. Birnbaum in Vienna. When in 1896 the youth train was published. T. Herzl, B. joined Herzl's group and helped him in organizing the 1st Zionist Congress (in 1897). At the 3rd Congress, B. was elected to the General Council as a representative of the movement from St. Petersburg. districts. B. was among the leaders of the opposition to the Ugandan project. Published a number of pamphlets on Zionism. Initiator of the publication of the bibliographic work in Russian. lang. \"Index of Literature on Zionism\" (1903). B. continued his activities as a Zionist during the Revolution of 1905-07. He was an adviser to the British Consul in Moscow on issues related to immigration documents in E.-I. In 1918-19 - before. Centre. Council of Hebrews. communities of Russia. In 1920–24 - head of the Center. Zionist to-that in Russia. In 1924 he was arrested for Zionist activity and sentenced to exile in Siberia, but the sentence was changed to exile from the USSR. From 1924 - in E.-I., an active member of the Federation of Zionists. Author of memoirs published in 1940."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOE, a village in Logoisk district, Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1846 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony, then the village of Belaya Borisovsky u. Minsk province. 25 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia in 1846, and 24 Jews in 1897. In 1897 Jews rented 21 dess. land."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOGLINA, see [[White Clay."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOGORE (until 1946 - Lyakhovtsy), an urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1441. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - the city of the Kremenets district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrozhsky u. In 1765, 589 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 1131, in 1897 - 1384 (25.6%), in 1923 - 636, in 1926 - 844 (53.4%), in 1939 - 908 Jews. In the 1700s. the Jews of Byelorussia suffered greatly from the attacks of the Cossacks, Swedish and Russian. troops. In 1708, representatives of the Jewish population of Byelorussia announced the complete ruin of the city. In 1867 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. On June 27, 1942, approx. 2,300 Jews in B. Benzion Fagan (1881-1934, Buenos Aires), publicist (in Yiddish), from 1910 - in Argentina."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOGORODKA, a village in the Izyaslavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zaslavsky u. Volyn Gubernia. In 1847, 1066 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 1846 (19.6%), in 1923 - 1001 Jews. Since 1896, Joseph Trastinetsky (1865 -?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. Lewis Sugerman, Amer. writer, author of rom. and stories in Yiddish."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛОГОРСК (до 1945 — Карасубазар), город (с 1926), районный центр в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). С 1783 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1784—97 — в Таврической обл., в 1797—1802 — в Новороссийской губ., с 1802 — в Симферопольском у. Таврической губ. В 1921—45 — в Крымской АССР, в 1945—54 — в Крымской обл. РСФСР, в 1954—91 — УССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 1969 евреев, в 1857 — 1954, в 1867 — 2064 еврея и 49 караимов, в 1889 — 2678 евреев и 69 караимов, в 1897 — 3097 евреев (в т. ч. 1912 крымчаков) и 47 караимов (24,2%), в 1910 — 4677 евреев (27,3%), в 1912 — 2487 крымчаков, в 1914 — 4680 евреев и 96 караимов, в 1926 — 1232 еврея (в т. ч. 1042 крымчака) (16,1%), в 1939 — 429 евреев, в 1948 — 10 крымчаков.Первые упом. о евреях Б. относятся к 15 в. В 16 в., когда Бахчисарай стал столицей Крымского ханства, мн. евреи переселились в Б., расположенный недалеко от новой столицы. С этого времени Б. — осн. место концентрации евреев-крымчаков. В 1546 в Б. существовала спец. касса для выкупа пленных евреев. С 17 в. осн. занятие евреев Б. — выделка кож. В 1720, во время голода, поразившего весь Крым, община Б. продала предметы культа для оказания помощи всем нуждающимся, вне зависимости от вероисповедания. В 1-й четв. 18 в. раввином Б. был Давид Ляхно (?—1735), автор неск. религ. книг и ряда соч. по истории Крыма и крымчаков.В сер. 19 в. осн. занятия евреев Б. — шорничество, пошив обуви и головных уборов, изготовление ваты. Развивалась мелкая торговля, неск. купцов торговали на ярмарках в разл. городах Новороссии. До появления ашкеназийских евреев действовали 3 синагоги, в к-рых находилось ок. 200 свитков Торы. Существовала развитая система социальных общинных служб. Раввином в 1866—99 был Х.-Х.Медини, усиливший влияние сефардских обычаев на крымчаков.После окончания Крымской войны 1853—56 в Б. появились первые ашкеназийские евреи — отставные солдаты. В 1880-х гг. ашкеназийские евреи построили в Б. свою синагогу. После отъезда Медини возник конфликт между ашкеназами и крымчаками по поводу приглашения нового раввина в Б. В 1903 крымчаки открыли талмуд-тору с преподаванием математики и рус. яз. В нач. 20 в. в Б. — 5 синагог (в т. ч. 2 ашкеназийские), 2 талмуд-торы, частное уч-ще, еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз., дир. к-рой в 1910—21 был И.С.Кая, об-во пособия бедным крымчакам. В 1901—02 в Б. была предпринята попытка издания газ. «Газетхаберперн» на яз. крымчаков.В нач. 1900-х гг. в Б. действовали сионистские кружки, отдельно среди ашкеназов и крымчаков. Работала еврейская б-ка. В 1910-х гг. духовной жизнью караимов руководил симферопольский газан Борис (Берахья-Эзриэль) Саадьевич Ельяшевич (1881, Поневеж — 1971).В 1900-х гг. гор. головой Б. был караим Илья Борисович (Берахович) Шишман (1870—1938), в 1911 первым в Б. удостоенный звания «Почетный гражданин Карасубазара». В 1908 гор. головой был избран караим Иммануил Бабакаевич Бабович (1861—1908), в 1911—21 — его сын Бабакай (Нахаму) (1886—1921).В 1912 в Б. действовало еврейское ссудо- сберегат. т-во, в 1920 — спорт. клуб «Маккаби». В 1921 была закрыта талмуд-тора. В 1920-х гг. Агроджойнт проводил кампанию по переселению крымчаков Б. в с.-х. колонии. В 1928 в Б. при поддержке КОМЗЕТа была организована группа из 30 семей крымчаков для переселения в созд. колонии. В 1930 крымчакская школа перешла с русскоязычной на двуязычную систему обучения. В сер. 1930-х гг. был закрыт крымчакский клуб. После окончания периода нэпа значит. часть крымчаков переселилась в Симферополь. Посл. синагога в Б. и крымчакская школа были закрыты в кон. 1930-х гг.Расстрелы евреев Б. во время герм. оккупации производились с 16 нояб. по 15 дек. 1941. 18 янв. 1942 ок. 2 тыс. крымчаков Б. было убито в газовых камерах спецавтомобилей. Всего в Белогорском р-не было уничтожено ок. 2600 евреев.В Б. сохранилось еврейское кладбище 15 в.В Б. род. Е.И.Пейсах., pronunciation=БЕЛОГОРСК (до 1945 — Карасубазар), город (с 1926), районный центр в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). С 1783 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1784—97 — в Таврической обл., в 1797—1802 — в Новороссийской губ., с 1802 — в Симферопольском у. Таврической губ. В 1921—45 — в Крымской АССР, в 1945—54 — в Крымской обл. РСФСР, в 1954—91 — УССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 1969 евреев, в 1857 — 1954, в 1867 — 2064 еврея и 49 караимов, в 1889 — 2678 евреев и 69 караимов, в 1897 — 3097 евреев (в т. ч. 1912 крымчаков) и 47 караимов (24,2%), в 1910 — 4677 евреев (27,3%), в 1912 — 2487 крымчаков, в 1914 — 4680 евреев и 96 караимов, в 1926 — 1232 еврея (в т. ч. 1042 крымчака) (16,1%), в 1939 — 429 евреев, в 1948 — 10 крымчаков.Первые упом. о евреях Б. относятся к 15 в. В 16 в., когда Бахчисарай стал столицей Крымского ханства, мн. евреи переселились в Б., расположенный недалеко от новой столицы. С этого времени Б. — осн. место концентрации евреев-крымчаков. В 1546 в Б. существовала спец. касса для выкупа пленных евреев. С 17 в. осн. занятие евреев Б. — выделка кож. В 1720, во время голода, поразившего весь Крым, община Б. продала предметы культа для оказания помощи всем нуждающимся, вне зависимости от вероисповедания. В 1-й четв. 18 в. раввином Б. был Давид Ляхно (?—1735), автор неск. религ. книг и ряда соч. по истории Крыма и крымчаков.В сер. 19 в. осн. занятия евреев Б. — шорничество, пошив обуви и головных уборов, изготовление ваты. Развивалась мелкая торговля, неск. купцов торговали на ярмарках в разл. городах Новороссии. До появления ашкеназийских евреев действовали 3 синагоги, в к-рых находилось ок. 200 свитков Торы. Существовала развитая система социальных общинных служб. Раввином в 1866—99 был Х.-Х.Медини, усиливший влияние сефардских обычаев на крымчаков.После окончания Крымской войны 1853—56 в Б. появились первые ашкеназийские евреи — отставные солдаты. В 1880-х гг. ашкеназийские евреи построили в Б. свою синагогу. После отъезда Медини возник конфликт между ашкеназами и крымчаками по поводу приглашения нового раввина в Б. В 1903 крымчаки открыли талмуд-тору с преподаванием математики и рус. яз. В нач. 20 в. в Б. — 5 синагог (в т. ч. 2 ашкеназийские), 2 талмуд-торы, частное уч-ще, еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз., дир. к-рой в 1910—21 был И.С.Кая, об-во пособия бедным крымчакам. В 1901—02 в Б. была предпринята попытка издания газ. «Газетхаберперн» на яз. крымчаков.В нач. 1900-х гг. в Б. действовали сионистские кружки, отдельно среди ашкеназов и крымчаков. Работала еврейская б-ка. В 1910-х гг. духовной жизнью караимов руководил симферопольский газан Борис (Берахья-Эзриэль) Саадьевич Ельяшевич (1881, Поневеж — 1971).В 1900-х гг. гор. головой Б. был караим Илья Борисович (Берахович) Шишман (1870—1938), в 1911 первым в Б. удостоенный звания «Почетный гражданин Карасубазара». В 1908 гор. головой был избран караим Иммануил Бабакаевич Бабович (1861—1908), в 1911—21 — его сын Бабакай (Нахаму) (1886—1921).В 1912 в Б. действовало еврейское ссудо- сберегат. т-во, в 1920 — спорт. клуб «Маккаби». В 1921 была закрыта талмуд-тора. В 1920-х гг. Агроджойнт проводил кампанию по переселению крымчаков Б. в с.-х. колонии. В 1928 в Б. при поддержке КОМЗЕТа была организована группа из 30 семей крымчаков для переселения в созд. колонии. В 1930 крымчакская школа перешла с русскоязычной на двуязычную систему обучения. В сер. 1930-х гг. был закрыт крымчакский клуб. После окончания периода нэпа значит. часть крымчаков переселилась в Симферополь. Посл. синагога в Б. и крымчакская школа были закрыты в кон. 1930-х гг.Расстрелы евреев Б. во время герм. оккупации производились с 16 нояб. по 15 дек. 1941. 18 янв. 1942 ок. 2 тыс. крымчаков Б. было убито в газовых камерах спецавтомобилей. Всего в Белогорском р-не было уничтожено ок. 2600 евреев.В Б. сохранилось еврейское кладбище 15 в.В Б. род. Е.И.Пейсах., extra_data=\"{'translat...\")"@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOKRINYCHYE, a village in Shepetovsky district of Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. In 1837, the fact of a \"blood libel\" was noted in Byelorussia: a group of Jews was charged with cutting off from the Ukrainian. peasant tongue and collected blood in the special. bowl."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOKURAKINA, see Belokurakino."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOKURAKINO, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1700. At 19 - early. 20th century - Belokurakin Starobelsky settlement Kharkiv province. In 1939 one Jew lived in B. In 1942 three Jews were killed in B.."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOMORSK, city (since 1938), regional center in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Main in 1938. From 1941 to 1945, it was the capital of the Karelo-Finnish SSR. In 1939, 60 Jews lived in Byelorussia."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOOZERO, see Belozersk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOPOL'E, a city (since 1672), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1111. At 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial town of Sumy district. In Kharkov province, 1 Jew lived in 1868, 96 in 1910, 159 in 1920, 190 (1.1%) in 1926, and 125 Jews in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. 1942 24 Jews remained in Byelorussia, who were shot in June."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELOPOLSKY Yakov Borisovich (1916, Kiev - 1993, Moscow), urban planner, architect, teacher. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute, a student of B.M. Iofan. Main works: architect-sculptor. ensemble in Treptower Park, Berlin (1951, with E.V. Vuchetich), circus on prosp. Vernadsky (1965), library of social sciences in Moscow (1968), memorial ensemble on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd (1967), University of Friendship of Peoples. P. Lumumba (1960s), urban planning of the Yasenevo, Belyaevo, Konkovo-Derevlevo districts in Moscow. Became. (1951) and Len. (1970) pr., Part number of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1983) and MAA (1992), prof., Nar. arch. USSR (1988)."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELORECHENSK, a city (since 1958), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1862 as a Cossack fortress, later - the village of Belorechenskaya in the Kuban Region. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1942 10 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. In 1998, approx. 200 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELORECHENSKAYA, see Belorechensk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELORETSK, city (since 1923), regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1762. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Beloretsk Plant of Verkhneuralsky u. Orenburg province. In 1910 four Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 31 (0.15%), in 1939 - 58 Jews."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "BELORETSK PLANT, see Beloretsk."@en . jlo:hasAbstract "Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛОРУССИЯ (в 14—17 вв. — Белая Русь), историческое название Республики Беларусь. В 10 — нач. 12 в. — в составе Киевской Руси (кн-ва Полоцкое, Турово-Пинское и др.), в 13—14 вв. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой. В результате трех разделов Речи Посполитой (1772, 1793, 1795) в состав Рос. империи вошли земли Вост. Б. с гор. Витебск, Гомель, Могилев, Полоцк, Центр. Б. с гор. Борисов, Минск, Пинск, Слуцк и Зап. Б. с гор. Брест-Литовск (совр. Брест), Гродно, Новогрудок. 1 янв. 1919 образована БССР. Зап. Б. по Рижскому договору отошла к Польше. С 1922 БССР — в составе СССР. В нояб. 1939 Зап. Б. присоединена к БССР. 19 сент. 1991 БССР переим. в Республику Беларусь (Декларация о гос. суверенитете).Евреи появились на белорусской земле, по одной из версий, в кон. 10 — нач. 11 в. Так, Х.Зоненберг пишет: «...город Брест основан приезжающими купцами. Между купцами были и евреи... Евреи остались на месте развивать и увеличивать город, а другие плыли дальше» ([[Зоненберг [[Х. История города Брест-Литовска. 1016—1907. По достоверным источникам и правдоподобным умозаключениям. Варшава, 1908, с. 8). Археолог Нарбут и нек-рые нем. летописцы считают, что евреи пришли в Б. и Литву в 1-й пол. 12 в. первоначально из Киева, откуда были изгнаны за тайные сношения с греками. Историк и этнограф И.Ярошевич упом. найденный в 18 в. в Лидском у. на еврейском кладбище надгробный камень, датированный 1170 (Живописная Россия, Литовское и Белорусское Полесье. Репринт. воспроизв. издания 1882 г. Минск, 1993, с. 16).В сер. 14 в. евреи жили в Бресте, Гродно и др. белорусских городах. Изв. грамота кн. Гродненского и Трокского Витовта, выданная брестским евреям 24 июня 1388 в Луцке, к-рая регулировала порядок рассмотрения судебных дел между христианами и евреями, а также между самими евреями. Дела последних рассматривались в спец. еврейских судах согласно еврейскому праву. Евреи имели равные с другими права. Так, христианин за уголовное преступление против еврея карался, как за преступление против шляхтича. В актовых книгах Литовской Метрики имеется привилегия кн. Витовта, выданная гродненским евреям 18 июня 1389, по к-рой определялись границы поселения гродненской еврейской общины, а синагога и кладбище освобождались от уплаты податей. Документ разрешал гродненским евреям наравне с мещанами заниматься торговлей и ремеслами, готовить и продавать разного рода напитки с уплатой в казну определенной подати. Привилегия 1389 разрешала им свободную торговлю мясом оптом и в розницу, а также пахотными землями и сенокосами.До 1495 в Вел. кн-ве Литовском было всего 5 городов с оседлым еврейским населением. В источниках впервые упом. как еврейские города: Брест (1388), Владимир-Волынский (1388), Гродно (1389), Луцк (1388), Троки (совр. Тракай) (1388). В ряде др. нас. пунктов евреи проживали в этот период только временно: Дрогичин (1487), Каменец (1465), Кричев (1494), Минск (1489), Новогрудок (1445).Сохранились описи (1552—56) ряда экономий: брестской, гродненской, кобринской и пинской. Судя по этим описям, в Бресте было 90 еврейских домов (от общего числа 746 домов — 12%), в Пинске — 43 (6,5%), в Кобрине — 27 (12%), в [[Новом Дворе — 16 (14%), в Клецке — 6, в Городце — 4. Наконец, в 3 небольших местечках Брестского у. в среднем было по 4 дома (3,5%). В 1569 евреи упом. в Новогрудке, Дворце, Индуре, Слониме, Мстибове, Витебске, Полоцке.Александр Ягеллон (с 1492 вел. князь литовский, с 1501 король польский), все более запутываясь в долгах и не имея возможности избавиться от кредиторов-евреев, обнародовал указ, по к-рому в 1495 изгнанию подверглись евреи Бреста, Гродно, Трок, Луцка, Владимира-Волынского и др. В 1503 Александр разрешил евреям вернуться, возвратив им отчужденное имущество, с тем, однако, условием, чтобы они возместили новым владельцам этого имущества затраты на приобретение и хоз. устройство недвижимости.Вел. князь и король Жигимонт I Старый (1506—1548) укрепил правовое положение белорусского еврейства законодательными актами: освободил евреев от обязанности выставлять на войну тысячу всадников, уравнял их в податном отношении с мещанами, предоставил свободу торговли и ремесел, защитил от произвола воевод, старост и их наместников. Нуждаясь в деньгах для войны с Москвой, Жигимонт в фискальных интересах централизовал власть над евреями и назначил в 1514 обер-раввином всех евреев Вел. кн-ва Литовского таможенного откупщика Ицхока-Михла Юзефовича, предоставив ему широкие полномочия. Ввиду невозможности совмещать две функции — сборщика податей и раввина — Юзефовичу было предоставлено право держать при себе помощником раввина.В 1-й четв. 16 в. наиб. состоятельными еврейскими общинами на терр. Б. были общины Бреста, Гродно и Пинска. По статуту Вел. кн-ва Литовского 1529 убийство шляхтича, еврея или горожанина каралось смертной казнью, а семья убийцы обязана была уплачивать семье пострадавшего пеню. В 1551 белорусские евреи получили право избрания раввинов. Раввин Бреста Мендель Франк титуловался «королевским чиновником», а еврей Шлойме Израилович был назначен депутатом при Виленском воеводстве. Наиболее знатные евреи в офиц. документах обычно титуловались «панами». Подобно шляхтичам, евреи носили при себе сабли, цепи и кольца с изображением гербов. Статут 1566 предписывал евреям носить желтые шляпы или шапки, а женам их — повойники из желтого полотна. Евреи не могли избираться членами Литовской рады, назначаться на гос. должности. Они не вправе были владеть крепостными и холопами (христианами) и нанимать христианок-кормилиц.Одно из названий евреев Вел. кн-ва Литовского, к-рое относится гл. обр. к литовским и белорусским евреям, — литваки. Уроженец Воложина израильский историк Хаим-Гилель Бен-Сасон датирует возникновение отд. литвацкого субэтноса нач. 15 в. По мнению М.А.Членова, к литвакам относили евреев Литвы, Белоруссии, зап. районов совр. Брянской, Смоленской и юж. районов Псковской обл. России. Долгое время еврейские историки не выделяли литваков из общности польских евреев и употребляли это название в геогр. смысле. И.Сосис оставил после себя распространенный впоследствии термин «литовско-белорусское еврейство».От других еврейских этногр. групп литваки отличались особыми признаками быта, обычаев, своим сев.-вост. диалектом яз. идиш. По мнению лингвиста и просветителя У.Вайнрайха (1926—1967, сын М.Вайнрайха), история еврейского языка на терр. Б. ведет к началу поселения евреев в Вел. кн-ве Литовском, т. е. не позднее 14 в. Вайнрайх считает район Брест — Новогрудок — Гродно колыбелью белорусского идиша, на формирование и оформление геогр. строя к-рого оказал влияние белорус. яз. и его диалекты. Оперируя историко-фонетич. критериями, еврейская диалектология определила белорусский идиш как сев.-вост. диалект, к-рый охватывал как Б., так Литву и Латвию (Б. наделена особым традиц. еврейским назв. — Райсн, старый еврейский термин — Литэ включает не только терр. этногр. Литвы, но и Б.). Отмечается существование специфич. черт сев.-вост. идиша в фонологии, грамматике и лексике.Своеобразие и нек-рые отличит. черты «литовских» евреев отмечал еще польск. хронист 16 в. Матей из Мехова. Анализируя интеллектуальное и нравств. состояние литвацкого еврейства, особенности религ. мировоззрения и менталитета, изв. ученые-этнографы 19 в. трактуют литваков как отчетливо отличит. часть еврейства. В 19—20 вв. термин «литвак» стал синонимом слова «миснагед» (противник хасидизма). Это связано с незначительным, в отличие от Б., распространением хасидизма в Литве.Общая численность еврейского населения на терр. Вел. кн-ва Литовского в сер. 16 в. достигла 20 тыс. чел., а к 1628 — ок. 40 тыс. По подсчетам белорус. историка З.Ю.Копысского, в городах и местечках Б. евреи составляли от 2 до 10% населения. Во время Ливонской войны после захвата Полоцка в 1563 рус. войсками по приказу Ивана Грозного в Зап. Двине было потоплено все еврейское население города (300 чел.), к-рое отказалось принять христианство.Гл. ярмарки Вел. кн-ва Литовского проходили в этот период в Зельве, Копыле, Сельце. Еврейские сеймы собирались в Бресте, Пружанах, Сельце, Хомске. Наряду с заселением евреями частновладельч. земель шло преобразование несамостоят. поселений в юридич. общины с кагальной организацией. Высш. органом еврейского самоуправления являлись ваады — съезды раввинов и кагальных представителей. Ваад коронных, или польских, евреев существовал в 1580—1764, Литовский ваад — в 1623—1764. В 1580—1623 в сессиях Коронного ваада принимали участие и еврейские общины Вел. кн-ва Литовского.В 1623 в Бресте собрался первый Ваад глав белорус. и лит. общин, маршалком (пред.) к-рого до своей смерти состоял брестский раввин Меир Валь, сын легендарного польского «короля» Шауля Валя.Еврейское население пострадало во времена «хмельнитчины» и последовавших за ней рус.-польск. войны 1654—67 и польско-шведской войны 1656—60.В 1676 в Б. проживало ок. 32 000 евреев, в 1766 — 157 250, в т. ч. в Витебском воеводстве — 11 959, в Новогрудском — 21 101, в Минском — 13 422, в Мстиславльском — 2615, в Виленском — 26 977, в Трокском — 33 738 евреев.«Столицей» евреев Литвы и Б. в 14—18 вв. считался Брест, где в 1784 проживало 3175 евреев (по другим данным — 3353). В Вильне (совр. Вильнюс) в это время проживал 3381 еврей, в Гродно — 2255, в Минске — 1396, в Пинске — 1350 евреев. Евреи составляли значит. процент всего гор. населения Б.После первого раздела Речи Посполитой в составе России оказалось ок. 100 тыс. белорусских евреев. Сенатским указом 1775 было узаконено существование кагалов. По представлению ген.-губернатора З.Г.Чернышева евреи в Б. были выделены в особую податную и сословную единицу, их особо заносили в поголовную перепись в городах, местечках, селах и деревнях, где производились ревизии. В 1783 пр-во признало право евреев, записавшихся в купечество, участвовать в общем гор. самоуправлении, избирать и быть избранными наравне с христианами в члены магистрата, ратуши и гор. судов. В кон. 18 в. в Б. начал распространяться хасидизм (любавичское, слонимское, карлин-столинское и др. направления).Вскоре все евреи Б. вошли в черту оседлости. По спец. указу Екатерины II от 23 дек. 1791 еврейское население удерживалось в границах его расселения. 23 июня 1794 была узаконена расширенная черта оседлости. Евреям разрешалось «отправлять купеческие и мещанские промыслы» в губ.: Минской, Полоцкой (Витебской), Могилевской и др.; Днепр по двум его берегам сделали центр. рекой «еврейской» территории.Немалое число белорусских евреев приняло активное участие в Отеч. войне 1812 на стороне рус. армии. Евреи были разведчиками и поставщиками продовольствия. В 1812—13 при Гл. квартире продвигавшейся на Запад рус. армии находились 2 белорусских еврея: Зундель Зонненберг из Гродно и Лейзер Диллон из Несвижа. Сопровождая квартиру и за пределами